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¹² The same paradigm also undergirds the great majority of formal models of electoral behavior.

¹⁵ Mau-Kuei Chang, “Middle Class and Social and Political Movements in Taiwan,” in Hsiao (fh. 8).

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²⁸ See fn. 24.

²⁹ Mau-kuai, Chang and Hsin-yi, Wu, “You Guan Min Zu yu Zu Qun Lun Shu Zhong de Ren Tong yu Qing Xu,” in Chia-lung, Lin and Yong-nian, Zheng, eds., Min Zu Zhu Yiyu Liang An Guan Xi [Nationalism and Cross-Strait Relations] (Taipei: Xin Zhi Ran Zhu Yi, 2001), 170Google Scholar.

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³⁸ Ibid., 1327. In fact these figures do not reflect the full extent of American military assistance to Taiwan. For example, in 1986 the U.S. announced that General Dynamics would provide technical assistance to Taiwan's U.S.S1 billion indigenous fighter program, in addition to direct sales of antisubmarine equipment and armored vehicles. See Copper, John, “Taiwan in 1986: Back on Top Again,” Asian Survey 27 (January 1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³⁹ Author telephone interview with James A. Leach, Princeton, N.J., May 8,2007.

⁴⁰ Chao and Myers (fn. 35), 120.

⁴¹ This information was supplied by Hu Fu, a leading Taiwanese political scientist and longtime adviser to President Chiang Ching-kuo. Interview with the author, Taipei, Taiwan, June 27,2004.

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⁴⁵ For example, Shin (fn. 21).

⁴⁶ An excellent account of these “part-time proletarians” in Taiwan is found in Gates, Hill, Chinese Working Class Lives: Getting by in Taiwan (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1988)Google Scholar; the author found that the lifestyles of workers and small proprietors were almost indistinguishable. These findings are closely echoed by studies of working-class communities in the rest of the developing world.

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⁵¹ That is to say, the difference between categories is measured by the difference between their average incomes, educational levels, and subjective class identifications, measured as a distance in Cartesian space.

⁵² Let me comment briefly on the interpretation of the dendrograms. The vertical axis measures the social distance between clusters in the Cartesian space defined by the clustering variables (for example, the three-dimensional space defined by income, education, and subjective class identity in the basic demographic model). The location of the horizontal branch connecting two clusters indicates the distance between them, which is measured—under average linkage—by the distance between the average characteristics of the two clusters. In Figure 1, for example, the social distance between service and industrial workers is the smallest, and they are therefore clustered together. The self-employed are more similar to the industrial and service workers than any other group; they are therefore clustered together. And the distance between the popular sector (the rightmost four groups) and the cluster formed of all other groups is the greatest, and they are joined only at the top of the tree. Empirically speaking, the self-employed are differentiated from the bourgeoisie by their lower incomes and subjective class identifications and from the low-level white-collar workers by their lower educational attainments as well as by subjective identifications.

⁵³ Gates (fn. 46), 228, also 61.

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⁶³ Pan (fn. 59), 123.

⁶⁴ Taiwan, Ministry of Interior, National Police Agency, Mei Zhu Lian Bang Fen Zi Xiao Shen Dengjie Ying Pan Guo Fen Zi Xu Xin Liang Fan Tai [American United Bamboo Gang Member “Little Shen” and Others to Welcome the Traitor Xu Xin-liang Back to Taiwan], Academia Historica Catalog no. 134–2, File no. 140–2 (1986). It should be noted that the demonstration, organized in conjunction with the opposition leader Xu Xin-liang's attempted return to Taiwan from exile in America, was a “purely political” event that did not involve any specific economic issues.

⁶⁵ For example, Jie-min, Wu, “Zheng Ti Zhuan Xing Qj de She Hui Kang Yi: Taiwan 1980 Nian Dai” [Social Protests in the Period of Political Transition: Taiwan in the 1980s] (Master's thesis, Department of Political Science, National Taiwan University, 1990)Google Scholar.

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⁹⁵ Zhang (fn. 83), 140–41.

⁹⁶ Based on the 1983 and 1986 electoral surveys.

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