Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T04:02:31.824Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Environmental Factors and Susceptibility to Herbicides

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

John L. Hammerton
John L. Hammerton*
Affiliation:
Department of Agriculture, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, Great Britain
Get access

Abstract

Both direct and indirect effects of the environment, and the possible role of the crop in modifying the environment of the weeds, are considered. High humidities and high temperatures in general increase susceptibility, and temperature also may have important morphogenetic effects. Low light intensity before, and high intensity after, spraying appear to increase susceptibility. Light also may affect leaf morphogenesis. Soil condition also may affect susceptibility, particularly soil residues of certain herbicides, and crop competition may contribute to weed mortality. The relationship of stage of growth at spraying to susceptibility is also discussed.

Type
Research Article
Information
Weeds , Volume 15 , Issue 4 , October 1967 , pp. 330 - 336
Copyright
Copyright © 1967 Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

1. Åberg, E. 1964. Susceptibility: factors in the plant modifying the response of a given species to treatment, p. 401–422. In Audus, L. J. (ed.). The Physiology and Biochemistry of Herbicides. Academic Press Inc., London and New York.Google Scholar
2. Ashworth, R. de B. and Lloyd, G. A. 1961. Laboratory and field tests for evaluating the efficiency of wetting agents used in Agriculture. J. Sci. Found. Agr. 12:234–240.Google Scholar
3. Åslander, A. 1950. Some factors influencing the effect of 2,4-4 on perennial weeds and crop plants. Svensk. Bot. Tidskr. 44:35–54.Google Scholar
4. Blackman, G. E. 1956. Influence of light and temperature on leaf growth, p. 151–167. In Milthorpe, F. L. (ed.). The growth of leaves. Butterworth, London.Google Scholar
5. Blackman, G. E. 1958. Differential spray retention and the selective action of herbicides. African Weed Control Conf., p. 99–109.Google Scholar
6. Blackman, G. E. and Black, J. N. 1959. Physiological and ecological studies in the analysis of plant environment. XI. A further assessment of the influence of shading on the growth of different species in the vegetative phase. Ann. Bot. N.S. 23:51–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7. Blackman, G. E., Bruce, R. S., and Holly, K. 1958. Studies in the principles of phytotoxicity. V. Interrelationships between specific differences in spray retention and selective toxicity. J. Exp. Bot. 9:175–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. Blackman, G. E., Holly, K., and Roberts, H. A. 1949. The comparative toxicity of phytocidal substances. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 3:283–317.Google Scholar
9. Blackman, G. E., and Robertson-Cunninghame, R. C. 1955. Interrelationships between light intensity and physiological effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the growth of Helianthus annuus . J. Exp. Bot. 6:177–211.Google Scholar
10. Blackman, G. E. and Roberts, H. A. 1950. Studies in selective weed control. II. The control of annual weeds in spring cereals. J. Agr. Sci. 40:70–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Blackman, G. E. and Wilson, G. L. 1951. Physiological and ecological studies in the analysis of plant environment. VI. The constancy for different species of a logarithmic relationship between net assimilation rate and light intensity and its ecological significance. Ann. Bot. N.S. 15:63–94.Google Scholar
12. Blackman, G. E. and Wilson, G. L. 1951. Physiological and ecological studies in the analysis of plant environment. VII. An analysis of the differential effects of light intensity on the net assimilation rate, leaf area ratio and relative growth rate of different species. Ann. Bot. N.S. 15:373–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13. Blackman, G. E. and Wilson, G. L. 1954. Physiological and ecological studies in the analysis of plant environment. IX. Adaptive changes in the vegetative growth and development of Helianthum annuus induced by an alteration in light level. Ann. Bot. N.S. 18:71–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14. Brunskill, R. T. 1956. Physical factors affecting the retention of spray droplets on leaf surfaces. Proc. Brit. Weed Control Conf. 3:593–603.Google Scholar
15. Bula, R. J., Smith, D. and Miller, E. E. 1954. Measurements of light beneath a small-grain companion crop as related to legume establishment. Bot. Gaz. 115:271–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16. Clor, M. A., Crofts, A. S., and Yamaguchi, S. 1962. Effects of high humidity on translocation of foliar-applied labelled compounds in plants. Part 1. Plant Physiol. 37:609–617.Google Scholar
17. Crafts, A. S. 1961. The Chemistry and Mode of Action of Herbicides. Interscience Publishers, New York and London. 269 p.Google Scholar
18. Currier, H. B. and Dybing, C. D. 1959. Foliar penetration of herbicides—review and present status. Weeds 7:195–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19. Currier, H. B., Pickering, E. R., and Foy, C. L. 1964. Relation of stomatal penetration to herbicidal effects using fluorescent dye as a tracer. Weeds 12:301–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20. Dallyn, S. L. and Sawyer, R. L. 1960. Results with eptam on several vegetables. Proc. NEWCC 14:25–28.Google Scholar
21. Dewey, O. R., Gregory, P., and Pfeiffer, R. K. 1956. Factors affecting the susceptibility of peas to selective dinitro herbicides. Proc. Brit. Weed Control Conf. 3:313–326.Google Scholar
22. Dewey, O. R., Hartley, G. S., and McLaughan, J. W. G. 1962. External leaf waxes and their modification by root-treatment of plants with trichloroacetate. Proc. Roy. Soc. (B) 155:432–450.Google Scholar
23. Dorschner, K. P. and Buchholtz, K. P. 1956. Wetting ability of aqueous herbicidal sprays as a factor influencing stands of alfalfa seedlings. Agron. J. 48:59–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24. Dryden, R. D. and Whitehead, C. W. 1963. The effect of TCA on green foxtail in competition with cereals. Can. J. Plant Sci. 43:451–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25. Fogg, G. E. 1944. Diurnal fluctuation in a physical property of leaf cuticle. Nature, Lond. 154:515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26. Fogg, G. E. 1947. Quantitative studies on the wetting of leaves by water. Proc. Roy. Soc. (B) 134:503–522.Google ScholarPubMed
27. Foy, C. L. 1962. Absorption and translocation of dalapon-2-C14 and -Cl36 in Tradescantia fluminensis . Weeds 10:97–100.Google Scholar
28. Gentner, W. A. 1966. The influence of EPTC on external foliage wax deposition. Weeds 14:27–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29. Granström, B. 1962. Studier över ogräs i vårsådda grödor. Statens Jordbruksförsök Medd. 130.Google Scholar
30. Hall, D. M. and Jones, R. L. 1961. Physiological significance of surface wax on leaves. Nature, Lond. 191:95–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31. Hammerton, J. L. 1966. Studies on weed species of the genus Polygonum L. III Variation in susceptibility to 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid within P. lapathifolium . Weed Res. 6:132–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32. Hebblethwaite, P. and Richardson, P. 1966. Spray recovery in cereals. Weed Res. 6:84–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33. Holly, K. 1956. Penetration of chlorinated phenoxyacetic acids into leaves. Ann. Appl. Biol. 44:195–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34. Holly, K. 1964. Herbicide selectivity in relation to formulation and application methods, p. 423–464. In Audus, L. J. (ed.). The Physiology and Biochemistry of Herbicides. Academic Press Inc., London and New York.Google Scholar
35. Jordan, L. S., Dunham, R. S., and Linck, A. J. 1960. Effects of the interaction of varying temperature and light intensities on the response of flax to 2,4-D. Minnesota Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 237. 28 p.Google Scholar
36. Juniper, B. E. 1959. The effect of pre-emergent treatment of peas with trichloroacetic acid on the sub-microscopic structure of the leaf surface. New Phytol. 58:1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37. Juniper, B. E. 1960. Growth, development, and effect of the environment on the ultra-structure of plant surfaces. J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 56:413–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38. Juniper, B. E. and Bradley, D. E. 1958. The carbon replica technique in the study of the ultra-structure of leaf surfaces. J. Ultra-Structure Res. 2:16–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39. Kelly, S. 1949. The effect of temperature on the susceptibility of plants to 2,4-D. Plant Physiol. 24:534–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40. Klebesadel, L. J. and Smith, D. 1959. Light and soil moisture beneath several companion crops as related to the establishment of alfalfa and red clover. Bot. Gaz. 121:39–46.Google Scholar
41. Linskens, H. F. 1952. Über die Änderung der Benetzbarkeit von Blattoberfläcken und deren Ursache. Planta 41:40–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42. Marth, P. C. and Davis, F. F. 1945. Relation of temperature to the selective herbicidal effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Bot. Gaz. 106:463–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43. Mattson, J. O. 1961. Microclimatic observations in and above cultivated crops with special regard to temperature and relative humidity. Lund Stud. Geogr. Ser. A. Phys. Geogr. 16.Google Scholar
44. Mauldin, W. G. and Muzik, T. J. 1964. Formative response of Amsinckia intermedia to the interrelated effects of low temperature, thiamine and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Nature, Lond. 203:427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45. Mauldin, W. G., Muzik, T. J. and Robocker, W. C. 1966. Influence of thiamin on response of coast fiddleneck to 2,4-D at low temperature. Weeds 14:1–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46. Milthorpe, F. L. 1956. The relative importance of the different stages of leaf growth in determining the resultant area, p. 141–148. In Milthorpe, F. L. (ed.). The growth of leaves. Butterworths, London.Google Scholar
47. Morton, H. L. 1966. Influence of temperature and humidity on foliar absorption, translocation and metabolism of 2,4,5-T by mesquite seedlings. Weeds 14:136–141.Google Scholar
48. Muzik, T. J. and Mauldin, W. G. 1964. Influence of environment on the response of plants to herbicides. Weeds 12:142–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49. Njoku, E. 1957. The effect of mineral nutrition and temperature on leaf shape in Ipomoea caerulea . New Phytol. 56:154–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50. Paatela, J. and Dunham, R. S. 1949. The effect of 2,4-D and 2M-2K on some oil flax varieties grown under different environmental conditions. Maataloust. Aikakausk. 21:143–147.Google Scholar
51. Pallas, J. E. 1960. Effects of temperature and humidity on foliar absorption and translocation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and benzoic acid. Plant Physiol. 35:575–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
52. Penman, H. L. and Long, I. F. 1960. Weather in wheat: an essay in micrometeorology. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 86:16–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
53. Pfeiffer, R. K. and Holmes, H. M. 1961. A study of the competition between barley and oats as influenced by barley seed rate, nitrogen level and barban treatment. Weed Res. 1:5–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54. Prasad, R. and Blackman, G. E. 1965. Studies in the physiological action of 2,2-dichloropropionic acid. II. The effects of light and temperature on the factors responsible for the inhibition of growth. J. Exp. Bot. 16:86–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
55. Rademacher, B., Amman, M., and Koch, W. 1962. Control of coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara) by a combination of crop competition and herbicides. Proc. Brit. Weed Control Conf. 6:445–452.Google Scholar
56. Rice, E. L. 1948. Absorption and translocation of ammonium 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate by bean plants. Bot. Gaz. 109:301–314.Google Scholar
57. Riepma, P. 1960. Interrelationships between methods of spray application, retention and weather conditions on the herbicidal efficiency of 2,4-dinitro-ortho-cresol. Plant and Soil 12:223–248.Google Scholar
58. Sargent, J. A. and Blackman, G. E. 1962. Studies on foliar penetration. 1. Factors controlling the entry of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. J. Exp. Bot. 13:348–368.Google Scholar
59. Sargent, J. A. and Blackman, G. E. 1965. Studies on foliar penetration. 2. The role of light in determining the penetration of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. J. Exp. Bot. 16:24–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
60. Schwabe, W. W. 1957. The study of plant development in controlled environments. In Hudson, J. P. (ed.). Control of the plant environment, p. 16–33. Butterworths, London.Google Scholar
61. Schwabe, W. W. 1963. Morphogenetic responses to climate, p. 311–336. In Evans, L. T. (ed.). Environmental Control of Plant Growth. Academic Press Inc., New York and London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62. Skoss, J. D. 1955. Structure and composition of plant cuticle in relation to environmental factors and permeability. Bot. Gaz. 117:55–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
63. Smith, A. E., Zukel, J. W., Stone, G. M., and Riddell, J. A. 1959. Factors affecting the performance of maleic hydrazide. J. Agr. Food Chem. 7:341–344.Google Scholar
64. Suomela, H. and Paatela, J. 1962. The influence of irrigation, fertilizing and MCPA on the competition between spring cereals and weeds. Weed Res. 2:90–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
65. Thurston, J. M. 1962. The effect of competition from cereal crops on the germination and growth of Avena fatua L. in a naturally-infested field. Weed Res. 2:192–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
66. Weaver, M. L. and Nylund, R. E. 1963. Factors influencing the tolerance of peas to MCPA. Weeds 11:142–148.Google Scholar
67. Weaver, M. L. and Nylund, R. E. 1965. The susceptibility of annual weeds and Canada thistle to MCPA applied at different times of day. Weeds 13:110–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
68. Weintraub, R. L., Reinhart, J. H., and Scherff, R. A. 1956. Role of entry, translocation and metabolism in specificity of 2,4-D and related compounds, p. 203–208. In A conference on radioactive isotopes in Agriculture. TID 7512, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.Google Scholar
69. Weintraub, R. L., Yeatman, J. N., Brown, J. W., Throne, J. A., Skoss, J. D., and Conover, J. R. 1954. Studies on entry of 2,4-D into leaves. Proc. NEWCC 8:5–10.Google Scholar
70. Wilson, C. C. 1948. The effect of some environmental factors on the movements of guard cells. Plant Physiol. 23:5–37.Google Scholar
71. Zahnley, J. W. and McCall, G. L. 1948. Control of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) by the use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and bromegrass as a competitive crop. Res. Rep. NCWCC 5:1, 25.Google Scholar