Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T19:23:09.176Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Weed Management in Organically Grown Kale Using Alternative Cover Cropping Systems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Husrev Mennan ,
Mathieu Ngouajio ,
Emine Kaya  and
Dogan Isık
Husrev Mennan
Affiliation:
Ondokuz Mayıs University, Agriculture Faculty, Department of Plant Protection, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
Mathieu Ngouajio*
Affiliation:
Department of Horticulture, Plant and Soil Science Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
Emine Kaya
Affiliation:
Ondokuz Mayıs University, Agriculture Faculty, Department of Plant Protection, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
Dogan Isık
Affiliation:
Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute, Samsun, Turkey
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Organic vegetable producers have limited options for managing weeds. They cite weed management as their number one research priority. Studies were conducted in 2004 and 2005 at the Black Sea Agricultural Research Institute, Samsun, Turkey, to determine the weed suppressive effects of summer cover crops in organic kale production. Treatments consisted of grain sorghum, sudangrass, hairy vetch, grain amaranth, pea, and fallow. Weed density and total weed dry biomass were assessed before and at 14, 28, and 56 d after incorporation (DAI) of the cover crops. Kale was transplanted 14 DAI and hand weeded once after last weed evaluation (56 DAI). All cover crops produced at least 1 ton/ha (t/ha) biomass; grain sorghum produced more dry matter than all other cover crops in both years. After incorporation of the cover crops, hairy vetch and sorghum treatments showed fewer species, lower weed density, and total weed dry biomass compared with other treatments. Cover crops suppressed emergence of common purslane, common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, European heliotrope, field pennycress, annual sowthistle, black nightshade, shepherd's-purse, wild mustard, sun spurge, Persian speedwell, annual mercury, and jimsonweed up to 56 DAI. Total kale yield in hairy vetch treatments was more than double that of the no cover crop, and was significantly higher than yield from the other cover crop treatments. These results indicate that hairy vetch, grain sorghum, and sudangrass have ability to suppress early-season weeds in organic kale production.

Keywords

Annual mercury, Mercurialis annua L.annual sowthistle, Sonchus oleraceus L. SONOLblack nightshade, Solanum nigrum L. SOLNIcommon lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. CHEALcommon purslane, Portulaca oleracea L. POROLEuropean heliotrope, Heliotropium europaeum L. HEOEUfield pennycress, Thlaspi arvense L. THLARjimsonweed, Datura stramonium L. DATSTPersian speedwell, Veronica persica Poir. VERPEredroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L. AMAREshepherd's-purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris L. Medik. CAPBPsun spurge, Euphorbia helioscopia L. EPHHEwild mustard, Sinapis arvensis L. SINARgrain amaranth, Amaranthus cruentus L.grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench spp. Bicolor SORVUhairy vetch, Vicia villosa Roth.kale, Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DCpea, Pisum sativum L.sudangrass, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. drummondii (Nees ex Steud.) de Wet & HarlanCover cropweed controlorganic production
Type
Weed Management—Other Crops/Areas
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 23 , Issue 1 , March 2009 , pp. 81 - 88
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Akemo, M. C., Regnier, E. E., and Bennet, M. A. 2000. Weed suppression in spring-sown rye (Secale cereale)-pea (Pisum sativum) cover crop mixes. Weed Technol 14:545–549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alsaadawi, L. S., Al-Uqaili, J. K., Alrubeaa, A. J., and Al-Hadithy, S. M. 1986. Allelopathic suppression of weeds and nitrification by selected cultivars of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. J. Chem. Ecol 12:209–219.Google Scholar
Balkaya, A. 2002. Kale growing. Türk-Koop Ekin Dergisi 5:19.Google Scholar
Balkaya, A. and Yanmaz, R. 2005. Promising kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) populations from Black Sea region, Turkey. N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci 33:1–7.Google Scholar
Barberi, P. and Mazzoncini, M. 2001. Changes in weed community composition as influenced by cover crop and management system in continuous corn. Weed Sci 49:491–499.Google Scholar
Beveridge, L. E. and Naylor, R. E. L. 1999. Options for organic weed control-what farmers do. Pages 939–944. in Editors Proceedings of the 1999 Brighton Conference, UK. Brighton, UK British Crop Protection Council.Google Scholar
Brennan, E. B. and Smith, R. F. 2005. Winter cover crop growth and weed suppression on the central coast of California. Weed Technol 19:1017–1024.Google Scholar
Buhler, D. D., Mester, T. C., and Kohler, K. A. 1996. The effect of maize residues and tillage on emergence of Setaria faberi, Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus retroflexus, and Chenopodium album . Weed Res 36:153–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creamer, N. G. and Baldwin, K. R. 2000. An evaluation of summer cover crops for use in vegetable production systems in North Carolina. HortScience 35:600–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crutchfield, D. A., Wicks, G. A., and Burnside, O. C. 1986. Effect of winter wheat straw mulch level on weed control. Weed Sci 34:110–114.Google Scholar
Dabney, S. M., Murphree, C. E., and Meyer, L. D. 1993. Tillage, row spacing, and cultivation affect erosion from soybean cropland. Trans. ASAE 36:87–94.Google Scholar
Einhelling, F. A. and Rasmussen, J. A. 1989. Prior cropping with grain sorghum inhibits weeds. J. Chem. Ecol 15:951–960.Google Scholar
Fisk, J. W., Hesterman, O. B., Shrestha, A., Kells, J. J., Harwood, R. R., Squire, J. M., and Sheaffer, C. C. 2001. Weed suppression by annual legume cover crops in no-tillage corn. Agron. J. 93:319–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forney, D. R. and Foy, C. L. 1985. Phytotoxicity of products from rhizospheres of a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor × Sorghum sudanense). Weed Sci 33:597–604.Google Scholar
Guler, S. 2006. Organic agriculture in Turkey. J. of Fac. of Agric. OMU 21:238–242.Google Scholar
Hajjar, R., Jarvis, D. I., and Gemmill-Herren, B. 2008. The utility of crop genetic diversity in maintaining ecosystem services. Agric., Ecosyst. Environ 123:261–270.Google Scholar
Kumar, V., Brainard, D. C., and Bellinder, R. R. 2008. Suppression of Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii), shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), and corn chamomile (Anthemis arvensis) by buckwheat residues: role of nitrogen and fungal pathogens. Weed Sci 56:271–280.Google Scholar
Lanini, W. T. and Strange, M. L. 1991. Low-input management of weeds in vegetable fields. Calif. Agric 45:11–13.Google Scholar
Lefsrud, M., Kopsell, D., Wenzel, A., and Sheehan, J. 2007. Changes in kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) carotenoid and chlorophyll pigment concentrations during leaf ontogeny. Sci. Hortic 112:136–141.Google Scholar
Légère, A., Stevenson, F. C., and Benoit, D. L. 2005. Diversity and assembly of weed communities: contrasting response across cropping systems. Weed Res 45:303–315.Google Scholar
Mennan, H., Ngouajio, M., Isık, D., and Kaya, E. 2006. Effects of alternative management systems on weed populations in hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.). Crop Prot 25:835–841.Google Scholar
Ngouajio, M., Foko, J., and Fouejio, D. 1997. The critical period of weed control in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Cameroon. Crop Prot 16:127–133.Google Scholar
Ngouajio, M., McGiffen, M. E. Jr., and Hutchinson, C. M. 2003. Effect of cover crop and management system on weed populations in lettuce. Crop Prot 22:57–64.Google Scholar
Ngouajio, M. and Mennan, H. 2005. Weed populations and pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus) yield under summer and winter cover crop systems. Crop Prot 6:521–526.Google Scholar
Putnam, A. R. and DeFrank, J. 1983. Use of phytotoxic plant residues for selective weed control. Crop Prot 2:173–181.Google Scholar
Putnam, A. R., DeFrank, J., and Barnes, J. P. 1983. Exploitation of allelopathy for weed control in annual and perennial cropping systems. J. Chem. Ecol 9:1001–1010.Google Scholar
Reddy, K. N. 2003. Impact of rye cover crop and herbicides on weeds, yield, and net return in narrow-row transgenic and conventional soybean (Glycina max). Weed Technol 17:28–35.Google Scholar
Roberts, H. A., Hewson, R. T., and Ricketts, M. A. 1977. Weed competition in drilled summer lettuce. Hortic. Res 17:39–45.Google Scholar
Sainju, U. M. and Singh, B. P. 1997. Winter cover crops for sustainable agricultural systems: influence on soil properties, water quality, and crop yields. HortScience 32:21–28.Google Scholar
Sainju, U. M. and Singh, B. P. 2008. Nitrogen storage with cover crops and nitrogen fertilization in tilled and nontilled soils. Agron. J. 100:619–627.Google Scholar
Sainju, U. M., Singh, B. P., and Whitehead, W. F. 2001. Comparison of the effects of cover crops and nitrogen fertilization on tomato yield, root growth, and soil properties. Sci. Hortic 91:201–214.Google Scholar
Sainju, U. M., Singh, B. P., and Whitehead, W. F. 2005. Tillage, cover crops, and nitrogen fertilization effects on cotton and sorghum root biomass, carbon, and nitrogen. Agron. J. 97:1279–1290.Google Scholar
SAS. 2003. SAS/STAT User's Guide. Release 9.1. Cary, NC: SAS Institute.Google Scholar
Shrestha, A., Knezevic, S. Z., Roy, R. C., Ball-Coelho, B. R., and Swanton, C. J. 2002. Effect of tillage, cover crop and cover crop rotation on the composition of weed flora in a sandy soil. Weed Res 42:76–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, R. G. and Gross, K. L. 2007. Assembly of weed communities along a crop diversity gradient. J. Appl. Ecol 44:1046–1056.Google Scholar
Streit, B., Rieger, S. B., Stamp, P., and Richner, W. 2005. Weed populations in winter wheat as affected by crop sequence, intensity of tillage and time of herbicide application in a cool and humid climate. Weed Res 43:20–32.Google Scholar
Teasdale, J. R. 1996. Contribution of cover crops to weed management in sustainable agricultural systems. J. Prod. Agric 9:475–479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teasdale, J. R., Beste, C. E., and Potts, W. E. 1991. Response of weeds to tillage and cover crop residue. Weed Sci 39:195–199.Google Scholar
Teasdale, J. R. and Daughtry, C. S. T. 1993. Weed suppression by live and desiccated hairy vetch. Weed Sci 41:207–212.Google Scholar
Teasdale, J. R. and Mohler, C. 1992. Weed suppression by residue from hairy vetch and rye cover crops. Proc. First Int. Weed Control Congress 2:516–518.Google Scholar
Tsuchiya, K. and Ohno, Y. 1992. Analysis of allelopathy in vegetable cultivation. I. Possibility of occurrence of allelopathy in vegetable cultivation. Bull. Natl. Res. Inst. of Vegetables Ornamental Plants and Tea Ser. A. 5:37–44.Google Scholar
Turner, R. J., Davies, G., Moore, H., Grundy, A. C., and Mead, A. 2007. Organic weed management: a review of the current UK farmer perspective. Crop Prot 26:377–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weston, L. A. 1996. Utilization of allelopathy for weed management in agroecosystems. Agron. J. 88:860–866.Google Scholar
Yenish, J. P., Worsham, A. D., and York, A. C. 1996. Cover crops for herbicide replacement in no-tillage corn (Zea mays). Weed Technol 10:815–821.Google Scholar