Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T03:07:59.409Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

PRE- and POST-applied herbicide options for alfalfa interseeded with corn silage

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 September 2020

William R. Osterholz Open the ORCID record for William R. Osterholz [Opens in a new window] ,
José Luiz C. S. Dias Open the ORCID record for José Luiz C. S. Dias [Opens in a new window] ,
John H. Grabber Open the ORCID record for John H. Grabber [Opens in a new window]  and
Mark J. Renz
William R. Osterholz
Affiliation:
Research Soil Scientist, USDA-ARS Soil Drainage Research Unit, Columbus, OH, USA
José Luiz C. S. Dias
Affiliation:
Postdoctoral Researcher, Agronomy Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
John H. Grabber
Affiliation:
Research Agronomist, USDA-ARS Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI, USA
Mark J. Renz*
Affiliation:
Professor and Extension Specialist, Agronomy Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Mark J. Renz; Professor and Extension Specialist, Agronomy Department, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive #371, Madison, WI53706. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Establishment of alfalfa by interseeding it with corn planted for silage can enhance crop productivity but weed management is a challenge to adoption of the practice. Although a simple and effective approach to weed management would be to apply a glyphosate-based herbicide, concerns about herbicide resistance and limitations in available alfalfa varieties exist. Field experiments were conducted to compare the efficacy and selectivity of PRE, POST, and PRE followed by POST herbicide programs to a glyphosate-only strategy when interseeding alfalfa with corn. Experiment 1 compared PRE applications of acetochlor, mesotrione, S-metalochlor, metribuzin, and flumetsulam. Results indicate that acetochlor and metribuzin, and S-metalochlor used at a rate of 1.1 kg ai ha−1 were the most effective and selective PRE herbicides 4 wk after treatment (WAT), but each resulted in greater overall weed cover than glyphosate by 8 WAT. Experiment 2 evaluated applications of bentazon, bromoxynil, 2,4-DB, and mesotrione at early and late POST times. Several herbicides used POST exhibited similar effectiveness and selectivity as glyphosate, including early applications of bromoxynil (0.14 kg ai ha−1) and 2,4-DB (0.84 or 1.68 kg ai ha−1), as well as late applications of bromoxynil (0.42 kg ai ha−1), 2,4-DB (0.84 kg ai ha−1), and mesotrione (0.05 or 0.11 kg ai ha−1). A third experiment compared applications of acetochlor PRE, bromoxynil POST, and a combination of acetochlor PRE with bromoxynil POST. All treatments were effective and safe for use in this interseeded system, although interseeded alfalfa provided 65% to 70% weed suppression in corn planted for silage without any herbicide. Herbicide treatments had no observable impacts on corn and alfalfa yields, so weed management was likely of limited economic importance. However, weed competitiveness can vary based on several different factors including weed species, density, and site-specific factors, and so further investigations under different environments and conditions are needed.

Keywords

acetochlorbentazonbromoxynilflumetsulammesotrionemetribuzinS-metalochlor2,4-DBalfalfaMedicago sativa L.cornZea mays L.Weed controlselectivitypreemergencepostemergencecornalfalfainterseeded system
Type
Research Article
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 35 , Issue 2 , April 2021 , pp. 263 - 270
Creative Commons
To the extent this is a work of the US Government, it is not subject to copyright protection within the United States. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Weed Science Society of America.
Copyright
© USDA-ARS and The Author(s), 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Associate Editor: Kevin Bradley, University of Missouri

References

Abdin, OA, Zhou, XM, Cloutier, D, Coulman, DC, Faris, MA, Smith, LD (2000) Cover crops and interrow tillage for weed control in short season maize (Zea mays). Euro J Agron 12:93–102 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anonymous (2020a) Warrant® DF herbicide product label. EPA Registration No 524-591. St. Louis, MO: Bayer Crop Science LLC. 9 pGoogle Scholar
Anonymous (2020b) Butyrac® 200 herbicide product label. EPA Registration No 42750-38. Ankeny, IA: Albaugh LLC. 12 pGoogle Scholar
Arregui, MC, Sanchez, D, Scotta, R (2001) Weed control in established alfalfa (Medicago sativa) with postemergence herbicides. Weed Technol 15:424–428 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, K, Kallenbach, R, Roberts, CA (2010) Influence of seeding rate and herbicide treatments on weed control, yield and quality of spring-seeded glyphosate-resistant alfalfa. Agron J 102:751–758 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bybee-Finley, KA, Mirsky, SB, Ryan, MR (2017) Crop biomass not species richness drives weed suppression in warm-season annual grass–legume intercrops in the Northeast. Weed Sci 65:669–680 Google Scholar
De Haan, RL, Wyse, DL, Ehlke, NJ, Maxwell, BD, Putnam, DH (1993). Simulation of spring-seeded smother cover crop planting date did not affect maize plants for weed control in corn (Zea mays). Weed Sci 42:35–43 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dillehay, BL, Curran, WS (2010) Comparison of herbicide programs for weed control in glyphosate-resistant alfalfa. Weed Technol 24:130–138 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finney, DM, White, CM, Kaye, JP (2016) Biomass production and carbon/nitrogen ratio influence ecosystem services from cover crop mixtures. Agron J 108:39–52 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glaspie, CF, McCordick, SA, Dietz, TS, Kells, JJ, Leep, RH, Everman, WJ (2011) Effect of seeding rate and weed control on glyphosate resistant alfalfa. Weed Technol 25:230–238 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grabber, JH (2016) Prohexadione-calcium improves stand density and yield of alfalfa interseeded into silage corn. Agron J 108:726–735 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heap, I (2020) The International Herbicide-Resistance Weed Database. http://www.weedscience.org/Home.aspx. Accessed: March 28, 2020Google Scholar
Idaho Department of Agriculture (2020) Section 24© Special Local Need Label. https://agri.idaho.gov/main/wpcontent/uploads/2018/03/DualMagnumOnAlfalfaGrownForSeed6-7-16.pdf. Accessed: August 11, 2020Google Scholar
Kephart, KD, Twidwell, EK, Bortnem, R, Boe, A (1992) Alfalfa yield component responses to seeding rate several years after establishment. Agron J 84:827–831 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleinman, PJ, Salon, P, Sharpley, AN, Saporito, LS (2005) Effect of cover crops established at time of corn planting on phosphorus runoff from soils before and after dairy manure application. J. Soil Water Conserv 60:311–322 Google Scholar
Laboski, CA, Peters, JB (2012) Nutrient application guidelines for field, vegetable, and fruit crops in Wisconsin (A2809). Madison: University of Wisconsin-Extension. https://walworth.extension.wisc.edu/files/2018/11/Nutrient-Application-Guidelines-for-Field-Vegetable-Fruit-Crops-in-WI-A2809.pdf. Accessed: August 11, 2020Google Scholar
McCordick, SA, Hilger, DE, Leep, RH, Kells, JJ (2008) Establishment systems for glyphosate-resistant alfalfa. Weed Technol 22:22–29 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyer, JR (1992) Alfalfa yields in establishment and subsequent years after herbicide and phosphorus application during establishment. Can J Plant Sci 72:619–625 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyer, JR, Cole, DE, Maurice, DC, Darwent, AL (1995) Companion crop, herbicide and weed effects on establishment yields of alfalfa-bromegrass mixture. Can J Plant Sci 75:121–127 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norsworthy, JK, Ward, SM, Shaw, DR, Llewellyn, RS, Nichols, RL, Webster, TM, Bradley, KW, Frisvold, G, Powles, SB, Burgos, NR, Witt, WW, Barrett, M (2012) Reducing the risks of herbicide resistance: Best management practices and recommendations. Weed Sci 60:31–62 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osterholz, WR, Renz, MJ, Lauer, JG, Grabber, JH (2018a) Prohexadione-calcium rate and timing effects on alfalfa interseeded into silage corn. Agron J 110:85–94 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osterholz, WR, Renz, MJ, Grabber, JH (2018b) Adjuvants for prohexadione-calcium applied to alfalfa interseeded into corn. Agron J 110:2687–2690 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osterholz, WR, Renz, MJ, Jokela, WE, Grabber, JH (2019) Interseeded alfalfa reduces soil and nutrient runoff losses during and after corn silage production. J Soil Water Conserv 74:85–90 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prata, F, Tornisielo, L, Cardinali, VC, Regitano, JB (2003) Glyphosate sorption and desorption in soils with different phosphorous levels. Sci Agric 60:175–180 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randall, GW, Huggins, DR, Russelle, MP, Fuchs, DJ, Nelson, WW, Anderson, JL (1997) Nitrate losses through subsurface tile drainage in conservation reserve program, alfalfa, and row crop systems. J Environ Qual 26:1240–1247 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schipanski, ME, Barbercheck, M, Douglas, MR, Finney, DM, Haider, K, Kaye, JP, Kemanian, AR, Mortensen, DA, Ryan, MR, Tooker, J, White, C (2014) A framework for evaluating ecosystem services provided by cover crops in agroecosystems. Agric Syst 125:12–22 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva, W, Vilela, D, Ferreira, RP, Pereira, AV, Cobucci, T (2002) Herbicidas na cultura da alfafa [Herbicides in alfalfa cropping systems]. R Ceres 49:405–418 Google Scholar
Smith, A, Soltani, N, Kaastra, AC, Hooker, DC, Robinson, DE, Sikkema, PH (2019) Isoxaflutole and metribuzin interactions in isoxaflutole-resistant soybean. Weed Sci 67:485–496 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soltani, N, Brown, LR, Sikkema, PH (2019) Weed control in corn and soybean with group 15 (VLCFA Inhibitor) herbicides applied preemergence. Int J Agron 2019:8159671 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanger, TF, Lauer, JG, Chavas, JP (2008) The profitability and risk of long-term cropping systems featuring different rotations and nitrogen rates. Agron J 100:105–113 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toth, JD, Fox, RH (1998) Nitrate losses from a corn-alfalfa rotation: Lysimeter measurement of nitrate leaching. J Environ Qual 27:1027–1033 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, JM, Curran, WS, Mirsky, SB, Ryan, MR (2017) Tolerance of interseeded annual ryegrass and red clover cover crops to residual herbicides in mid-Atlantic corn cropping systems. Weed Technol 31:641–650 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, RG (1997) Downy brome (Bromus tectorum) control in established alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Weed Technol 11:277–282 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, RG, Burgener, PA (2009) Evaluation of glyphosate-tolerant and conventional alfalfa weed control systems during the first year of establishment. Weed Technol 23:257–263 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, RG, Orloff, SB (2008) Winter annual weed control with herbicides in alfalfa orchardgrass mixtures. Weed Technol 22:30–33 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Youngerman, CZ, DiTommaso, A, Curran, WS, Mirsky, SB, Ryan, MR (2018) Corn density effect on interseeded cover crops, weeds, and grain yield. Agron J 110: 2478–2487 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[USDA-NASS] United States Department of Agriculture–National Agriculture Statistics Service (2020) Quick Stats. https://quickstats.nass.usda.gov. Accessed: April 27, 2020Google Scholar