Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T10:31:11.108Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Plant Growth Regulators Applied in Winter Improve Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) Seedhead Suppression on Golf Greens

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 September 2017

Shawn D. Askew
Shawn D. Askew*
Affiliation:
Associate Professor, Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 675 Old Glade Road, Blacksburg, VA 24060
*
*Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Annual bluegrass seedhead suppression on golf greens by spring-applied plant growth regulators (PGR) has been erratic between years and locations. To effectively suppress annual bluegrass seedheads on greens, current information suggest ethephon must be applied before floral initiation. Rogue seedheads, however, can sometimes be found in late winter indicating that a variable proportion of annual bluegrass plants may induce floral initiation in winter. Studies were conducted in Blacksburg and Harrisonburg, VA at five separate sites between 2011 and 2012 to determine if winter applications of ethephon or mefluidide would improve annual bluegrass seedhead suppression when applied in advance of a spring, two-treatment program. A spring, two-treatment program of ethephon plus trinexapac-ethyl reduced annual bluegrass seedhead cover 22 to 55% depending on trial and less than similar mefluidide programs. Applying an early application of ethephon in January or February prior to the spring treatment program resulted in 5 to 7 times less seedhead cover at cover maxima than the spring treatment program alone. Ethephon did not injure creeping bentgrass and caused only slight and transient discoloration to annual bluegrass. Mefluidide injured both creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass and reduced annual bluegrass population density in late spring. Programs that consisted of an early ethephon application, a spring treatment of triademifon, and two spring treatments of ethephon plus trinexapac ethyl improved seedhead suppression and turf quality but slightly increased annual bluegrass injury. Methiozolin suppressed annual bluegrass seedheads primarily through severe injury to annual bluegrass, which led to a decline in turfgrass quality and NDVI but a substantial increase in creeping bentgrass cover. Applying PGRs in winter is a novel concept and may substantially improve ethephon consistency and performance for annual bluegrass seedhead suppression on greens.

Keywords

Ethephon; mefluidide; methiozolin5-(26-difluorobenzyl)oxymethyl-5-methyl-3-(3-methylthiophen-2-yl)-12-isoxazolinecode names: EK-5229SJK-03and MRC-01; triademifon; trinexapac-ethyl; annual bluegrassPoa annua L. POAAN; creeping bentgrassAgrostis stolonifera L.Gaussiangrowing degree daysnormalized difference vegetation indexrelative cover changeturf quality.
Type
Weed Management-Other Crops/Areas
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 31 , Issue 5 , October 2017 , pp. 701 - 713
Copyright
© Weed Science Society of America, 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Associate Editors for this paper: Patrick E. McCullough, University of Georgia.

References

Literature Cited

Amagasa, T, Suge, H (1987) The mode of flower-inhibiting action of ethylene in Pharbitis nil . Plant Cell Physiol 28:1159–1161 Google Scholar
Askew, SD (2016) A new key to Poa annua seedhead suppression. Golfdom. http://www.golfdom.com/a-new-key-to-poa-annua-seedhead-suppression/. Accessed March 20, 2017Google Scholar
Askew, SD, McNulty, BM (2014) Methiozolin and cumyluron for preemergence annual bluegrass (Poa annua) control on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) putting greens. Weed Technol 28:535–542 Google Scholar
Askew, SD, Willis, JB, Ricker, DB, McCall, DS (2006) Using black sand and GDD50 to improve timing of annual bluegrass seedhead suppression. Page 106 in Proceedings of the 60th Northeastern Weed Science Society Annual Meeting. Providence, RI: Northeastern Weed Science SocietyGoogle Scholar
Askew, WB, Goatley, JM Jr, Askew, SD, Hensler, KL, McKissack, DR (2013) A comparison of turfgrasses for cemeteries and other low-input areas. Int Turf Soc Res J 12:245–250 Google Scholar
Beard, B, Rieke, PE, Turgeon, AJ, Vargas, JM Jr (1978) Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua L.): Description, Adaptation, Culture and Control. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Agriculture Experiment Station Research Report. 352 pGoogle Scholar
Bigelow, CA, Hardebeck, GA (2006). 2006 Annual Report Purdue University Turfgrass Science Program. Publication B-18082. https://turf.purdue.edu/report/2006/ last. Accessed March 16, 2017Google Scholar
Brosnan, JT, Henry, GM, Breeden, GK, Cooper, T, Serensits, TJ (2013) Methiozolin efficacy for annual bluegrass (Poa annua) control on sand-and soil-based creeping bentgrass putting greens. Weed Technol 27:310–316 Google Scholar
Buchenauer, H, Röhner, E (1981) Effect of triadimefon and triadimenol on growth of various plant species as well as on gibberellin content and sterol metabolism in shoots of barley seedlings. Pest Biochem Physiol 15:58–70 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buettner, MR, Ensign, RD, Boe, AA (1976) Plant growth regulator effects on flowering of Poa pratensis L. under field conditions. Agron J 68:410–413 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, CL, Madden, LV (1990) Introduction to Plant Disease Epidemiology. New York: John Wiley & Sons Google Scholar
Colasanti, J, Coneva, V (2009) Mechanisms of floral induction in grasses: something borrowed, something new. Plant Physiol 149:56–62 Google Scholar
Cooper, RJ, Henderlong, PR, Street, JR, Karnok, KJ (1987) Root growth, seedhead production, and quality of annual bluegrass as affected by mefluidide and a wetting agent. Agron J 79:929–934 Google Scholar
Cooper, RJ, Karnok, KJ, Henderlong, PR, Street, JR (1988) Response of annual bluegrass to mefluidide under golf course conditions. Applied Agric Res 3:220–225 Google Scholar
Corbesier, L, Vincent, C, Jang, SH, Fornara, F, Fan, QZ, Searle, I, Giakountis, A, Farrona, S, Gissot, L, Turnbull, C, Coupland, G (2007) FT protein movement contributes to long-distance signaling in floral induction of Arabidopsis. Science 316:1030–1033 Google Scholar
Cox, MC, Rana, SS, Brewer, JR, Askew, SD (2017) Goosegrass and bermudagrass response to rates and tank mixtures of topramezone and triclopyr. Crop Sci 57:1–12 Google Scholar
Danneberger, TK, Branham, BE, Vargas, JM Jr (1987) Mefluidide applications for annual bluegrass seedhead suppression based on degree-day accumulation. Agron J 79:69–71 Google Scholar
Dernoeden, PH, Pigati, RL (2009) Scalping and creeping bentgrass quality as influenced by ethephon and trinexapac-ethyl. Appl Turfgrass Sci 6(1) doi: 10.1094/ATS-2009-0601-01-RS Google Scholar
Eggens, JL, Wright, CPM, Murr, DP, Carey, K (1989) The effect of ethephon on annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass growth. Can J Plant Sci 69:1353–1357 Google Scholar
Frans, RE, Talbert, R, Marx, D, Crowley, H (1986) Experimental design and techniques for measuring and analyzing plant responses to weed control practices. Pages 37–38 in Camper ND ed, Research Methods in Weed Science 3rd edn, Champaign, IL: Southern Weed Science Society Google Scholar
Haguewood, JB, Song, E, Smeda, RJ, Moss, JQ, Xiong, X (2013) Suppression of annual bluegrass seedheads with mefluidide, ethephon, and ethephon plus trinexapac-ethyl on creeping bentgrass greens. Agron J 105:1832–1838 Google Scholar
Holm, LG, Doll, J, Holm, E, Pancho, J, Herberger, J, eds (1997) World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Pp 585–595 Google Scholar
Inguagiato, JC, Murphy, JA, Clark, BB (2010) Anthracnose development on annual bluegrass affected by seedhead and vegetative growth regulators. Appl Turf Sci, 7. doi: 10.1094/ATS-2010-0923-01-RS Google Scholar
Johnson, PG, White, DB (1997) Vernalization requirements among selected genotypes of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.). Crop Sci 37:1538–1542 Google Scholar
Koo, SJ, Hwang, K, Jeon, M, Kim, S, Lim, J, Lee, D, Cho, N (2014) Methiozolin [5‐(2, 6‐difluorobenzyl) oxymethyl‐5‐methyl‐3, 3 (3‐methylthiophen‐2‐yl)‐1, 2‐isoxazoline], a new annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) herbicide for turfgrasses. Pest Manag Sci 70:156–162 Google Scholar
La Mantia, JM, Huff, DR (2011) Instability of the greens-type phenotype in Poa annua L. Crop Sci 51:1784–1792 Google Scholar
Lush, WM (1989) Adaptation and differentiation of golf course populations of annual bluegrass (Poa annua). Weed Sci 37:54–59 Google Scholar
Lycan, DW, Hart, SE (2006) Seasonal effects on annual bluegrass (Poa annua) control in creeping bentgrass with bispyribac-sodium. Weed Technol 20:722–727 Google Scholar
McCullough, PE, Liu, H, McCarty, LB (2005a) Responses of creeping bentgrass to nitrogen and ethephon. HortScience 40:836–838 Google Scholar
McCullough, PE, Liu, H, McCarty, LB (2005b) Ethephon and gibberellic acid inhibitors influence creeping bentgrass putting green quality and ball roll distances. HortScience 40:1902–1903 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCullough, PE, Sidhu, SS (2015) Ethephon absorption and transport associated with annual bluegrass inflorescence suppression. Crop Sci 54:845–850 Google Scholar
McIntosh, MS (1983) Analysis of combined experiments. Agron J 75:153–155 Google Scholar
Ong, CK, Marshall, C (1975) Assimilate distribution in Poa annua L. Ann Bot Lond 39:413–421 Google Scholar
Pukelsheim, F (1994) The three sigma rule. Am Stat 48:88–91 Google Scholar
Rana, SS, Askew, SD (2016) Response of 110 Kentucky bluegrass varieties and winter annual weeds to methiozolin. Weed Technol 30:965–978 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rana, SS, Askew, SD, Brewer, JR (2016). Sources of error that interfere with measuring annual bluegrass influence on ball roll trajectory. Page 193 in Proceedings of the 69th Southern Weed Science Society. San Juan, PR: Southern Weed Science SocietyGoogle Scholar
Ryan, CP, Dernoeden, PH, Grybauskas, AP (2012) Seasonal development of dollar spot epidemics in six creeping bentgrass cultivars in Maryland. HortScience 47:422–426 Google Scholar
Vargas, JM Jr, Turgeon, AJ eds (2004) Poa annua: Physiology, Culture, and Control of Annual Bluegrass. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Google Scholar
Watschke, TL, Long, FW, Duich, JM (1979) Control of poa annua by suppression of seedheads with growth regulators. Weed Sci 27:224–231 Google Scholar
Webster, TM (2012). Weed survey - southern states, grass crops subsection. Pages 267–288 in Proceedings of the 65th Southern Weed Science Society. Charleston, SC: Southern Weed Science SocietyGoogle Scholar
Wilmowicz, E, Kęsy, J, Kopcewicz, J (2008) Ethylene and ABA interactions in the regulation of flower induction in Pharbitis nil . J Plant Physiol 165:1917–1928 Google Scholar
Zhang, W, Wen, C (2010) Preparation of ethylene gas and comparison of ethylene responses induced by ethylene, ACC, and ethephon. Plant Physiol Biochem 48:45–53 Google Scholar