Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T05:08:29.408Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Suppression with Buckwheat or Sudangrass Cover Crops and Mowing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Abram J. Bicksler  and
John B. Masiunas
Abram J. Bicksler
Affiliation:
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801
John B. Masiunas*
Affiliation:
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Canada thistle is a perennial spreading weed that is difficult to control in farming systems with reduced reliance upon herbicides for weed management. Experiments were conducted from 2006 to 2008 at Champaign, IL, to evaluate the combined effects of summer annual cover crops and mowing on Canada thistle growth and survival. Whole plot treatments were fallow, buckwheat, sudangrass–cowpea mixture (MIX), and sudangrass. The subplot treatments were mowing frequencies (0 to 2 times). Cover crop and mowing did not interact to suppress Canada thistle. MIX and sudangrass produced more standing biomass, greater regrowth, and more surface mulch following mowing than the buckwheat. A single season with sudangrass or MIX reduced Canada thistle shoot density and mass to less than 20% of the initial values through two growing seasons. Mowing alone only suppressed Canada thistle shoot density and mass on the site with greater initial density. A sudangrass or MIX cover crop alone or combined with mowing suppresses Canada thistle, but intensive management must continue for several years to eliminate patches.

Keywords

Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scopbuckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum Moenchcowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpsudangrass, Sorghum sudanense (Piper) StapfAlternative weed managementorganic agriculturecompetitionperennial weed
Type
Research Article
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 23 , Issue 4 , December 2009 , pp. 556 - 563
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Ang, B. N., Lok, L. T., Holtzman, G. I., and Wolf, D. D. 1994. Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) response to stimulated insect defoliation and plant competition. Weed Sci 42:403–410.Google Scholar
Campbell, C. G. 1997. Buckwheat: Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Promoting the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and Neglected Crops, 19. Rome, Italy: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. 93.Google Scholar
Chamblee, D. S., Green, J. T., and Burns, J. C. 1995. Principle forages of North Carolina: adaptation, characteristics, management, and utilization. Pages 25–27. in Chamblee, D. S. and Green, J. T. Production and Utilization of Pastures and Forages in North Carolina. Raleigh, NC. North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Technical Bulletin No. 305.Google Scholar
Clapp, J. G. and Chamblee, D. S. 1970. Influence of different defoliation systems on the regrowth of pearl millet, hybrid sudangrass, and two sorghum-sudangrass hybrids from terminal, axillary, and basal buds. Crop Sci 10:345–349.Google Scholar
Cormack, W. F. 2002. Effect of mowing a legume fertility-building crop on shoot numbers of creeping thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.]. Pages 225–226. in. UK Organic Research 2002: Proceedings of the COR Conference. Aberystwyth, UK Organic Centre Wales.Google Scholar
Creamer, N. G. and Baldwin, K. R. 2000. An evaluation of summer cover crops for use in vegetable production systems in North Carolina. HortScience 35:600–603.Google Scholar
Donald, W. W. 1994. The biology of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense). Rev. Weed Sci 6:77–101.Google Scholar
Edwardson, S. 1996. Buckwheat: Pseudocereal and nutraceutical. Pages 195–207. in. J. Janick, ed. Progress in New Crops. Alexandria, VA: American Society for Horticultural Science Press.Google Scholar
Einhellig, F. A. and Rasmussen, J. A. 1989. Prior cropping with grain sorghum inhibits weeds. J. Chem. Ecol 15:951–960.Google Scholar
Einhellig, F. A. and Souza, I. F. 1992. Phytotoxicity of sorgoleone found in grain sorghum root exudates. J. Chem. Ecol 18:1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eskelsen, S. R. and Crabtree, G. D. 1995. The role of allelopathy in buckwheat (Fagopyrum sagittatum) inhibition of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense). Weed Sci 43:70–74.Google Scholar
Geneve, R. L. and Weston, L. A. 1988. Growth reduction of eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis L.) seedlings caused by interaction with a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sudex). J. Environ. Hortic 6:24–26.Google Scholar
Graglia, E., Melander, B., and Jensen, R. K. 2006. Mechanical and cultural strategies to control Cirsium arvense in organic arable cropping systems. Weed Res 46:304–312.Google Scholar
Gustavsson, A. D. 1997. Growth and regenerative capacity of plants of Cirsium arvense . Weed Res 37:229–236.Google Scholar
Harbur, M. M. 2005. Canada thistle management in organic field crops. North Cent. Weed Sci. Soc. Proc 60:69.Google Scholar
Hatcher, P. E. and Melander, B. 2003. Combining physical, cultural and biological methods: Prospects for integrated non-chemical weed management strategies. Weed Res 43:303–322.Google Scholar
[HDRA] Henry Doubleday Research Association 2006. Creeping Thistle Management Strategies in Organic Systems. www.organicweeds.org.uk. Accessed: July 15, 2006.Google Scholar
Hodgson, J. M. 1968. The Nature, Ecology, and Control of Canada Thistle. Technical Bulletin 1386. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 32.Google Scholar
Holm, L. G., Plucknett, D. L., Pancho, J. V., and Herberger, J. P. 1977. The World's Worst Weeds. Honolulu, HI: The University Press of Hawaii. 204.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. H. 1996. Control of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) with glyphosate applied at the bud versus rosette stage. Weed Sci 44:934–938.Google Scholar
Jensen, L. A. and Helgeson, E. A. 1957. Perennial weed control—Revised edition. Extension Service Circular, A-194. Fargo, ND: North Dakota Agricultural College. 24.Google Scholar
Kumar, V., Brainard, D. C., and Bellinder, R. R. 2008. Suppression of Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii), shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), and corn chamomile (Anthemis arvensis) by buckwheat residues: role of nitrogen and fungal pathogens. Weed Sci 56:271–280.Google Scholar
Kumar, V., Brainard, D. C., and Bellinder, R. R. 2009. Suppression of Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) by buckwheat residues: role of allelopathy. Weed Sci 57:66–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Littell, R. C., Stroup, W., and Freund, R. J. 2002. SAS for linear models. 4th ed. Cary, NC: SAS Institute. 464.Google Scholar
Marshall, H. G. and Pomeranz, Y. 1982. Buckwheat: description, breeding, production, and utilization. Pages 157–210. in. Y. Pomeranz, ed. Advances in Cereal Science and Technology. St. Paul, MN: Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem.Google Scholar
Moore, R. J. 1975. The biology of Canadian weeds. 13. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Can. J. Plant Sci 55:1033–1048.Google Scholar
Nadeau, L. B. and Vanden Born, W. H. 1989. The root system of Canada thistle. Can. J. Plant Sci 69:1199–1206.Google Scholar
Neild, R. E. and Newman, J. E. 1986. National Corn Handbook. NCH-40 Climate and Weather. Growing Season Characteristics and Requirements in the Corn Belt. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Cooperative Extension. http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/NCH/NCH-40.html. Accessed: July 15, 2009.Google Scholar
Neild, R. E. and Smith, D. T. 1983. Maturity Dates and Freeze Risks Based on Growing Degree Days. http://ianrpubs.unl.edu/fieldcrops/g673.html. Accessed: November 12, 2005.Google Scholar
Netzly, D. H. and Butler, L. G. 1986. Roots of sorghum exude hydrophobic droplets containing biologically active compounds. Crop Sci 26:775–778.Google Scholar
Ngouajio, M., McGiffen, M., and Hutchinson, C. M. 2003. Effect of cover crop and management system on weed populations in lettuce. Crop Prot 22:57–64.Google Scholar
Patriquin, D. G., Hill, N. M., Baines, D., Bishop, M., and Allen, G. 1986. Observations on a mixed farm during the transition to biological husbandry. Biol. Agric. Hortic 3:69–154.Google Scholar
Rogers, C. 1928. Canada Thistle and Russian Knapweed and Their Control. Fort Collins, CO. Colorado Agricultural College Colorado Experiment Station. Bulletin 348. 42.Google Scholar
Saxton, A. M. 1998. A macro for converting mean separation output to letter groupings in Proc Mixed. Pages 1243–1246. in. Proceedings of the 23rd SAS Users Group International. Nashville, TN: SAS Institute.Google Scholar
Snapp, S. S., Swinton, S. M., Labarta, R., Mutch, D., Black, J. R., Leep, R., Niyiraneza, J., and O'Neil, K. 2005. Evaluating cover crops for benefits, costs, and performance within cropping system niches. Agron. J. 97:322–332.Google Scholar
Sooby, J., Landeck, J., and Lipson, M. 2007. National Organic Research Agenda. Santa Cruz, CA: Organic Farming Research Foundation. 74.Google Scholar
Stachon, W. J. and Zimdahl, R. L. 1980. Allelopathic activity of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) in Colorado. Weed Sci 28:83–86.Google Scholar
Thrasher, F. P., Cooper, C. S., and Hodgson, J. M. 1963. Competition of forage species with Canada thistle as affected by irrigation and nitrogen levels. Weeds 11:136–138.Google Scholar
Tworkoski, T. 1992. Developmental and environmental effects on assimilate partitioning in Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense). Weed Sci 40:79–85.Google Scholar
Undersander, D. J., Smith, L. H., Kaminski, A. R., Kelling, K. A., and Doll, J. D. 1990. Sorghum—Forage. Alternative Field Crops Manual. University of Wisconsin Extension. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/. Accessed: September 22, 2006.Google Scholar
[USDA-NRCS] (United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service) 1999. The PLANTS Database. http://plants.usda.gov/plants. Accessed: April 10, 2006.Google Scholar
Wang, Q., Klassen, W., Li, Y., and Codallo, M. 2009. Cover crop and organic mulch to improve tomato yields and soil fertility. Agron. J. 101:345–351.Google Scholar
Welton, F. A., Morris, V. H., and Hartzler, A. J. 1929. Organic food reserves in relation to the eradication of Canada thistles. Wooster, OH: Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. 25.Google Scholar
Weston, L. A., Harmon, R., and Mueller, S. 1989. Allelopathic potential of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sudex). J. Chem. Ecol 15:1855–1865.Google Scholar
Wilson, R. G. and Kachman, S. D. 1999. Effect of perennial grasses on Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) control. Weed Technol 13:83–87.Google Scholar
Wilson, R. G., Martin, A. R., and Kachman, S. D. 2006. Seasonal changes in carbohydrates in the root of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) and the disruption of these changes by herbicides. Weed Technol 20:242–248.Google Scholar
Yang, S., Logan, J., and Coffey, D. 1995. Mathematical formulae for calculating the base temperature for growing degree days. Agric. For. Meteorol 74:61–74.Google Scholar