Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T03:13:17.328Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Aquatic Plant Management and The Impact of Emerging Herbicide Resistance Issues

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Robert J. Richardson
Robert J. Richardson*
Affiliation:
Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
*
Author's E-mail: E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Aquatic plants provide many benefits to the environment, but must be managed when growth reaches nuisance levels or when invasive plant species are released. Management tactics include biological, chemical, cultural, mechanical, and physical tools. Each specific management technique has advantages and disadvantages. In addition, the implementation of these techniques can become complicated because of the multiple users, managers, and stakeholders that may be present on large bodies of water. As an example, hydrilla is the most economically damaging aquatic weed in the United States. It reproduces through fragmentation, turions, and occasionally seed and can colonize a wide variety of aquatic environments. The most common management tactics for hydrilla include biological, chemical, and mechanical tools. Triploid grass carp have been the primary biological control agent, whereas fluridone has been the only systemic herbicide used. Because of heavy utilization of fluridone, biotypes have developed resistance to this herbicide in Florida. Although several acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides are in development, herbicides with additional modes of action are needed for resistance management. Other aquatic plant management needs include additional control tactics for algae and additional extension resources for public education.

Keywords

Fluridone, hydrilla, Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royletriploid grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella ValEurasian watermilfoilMyriophyllum spicatum L.Brazilian elodeaEgeria densa Planchbrittle naiadNajas minor AllLyngbya spp
Type
Research
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 22 , Issue 1 , March 2008 , pp. 8 - 15
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

[AERF] Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Foundation 2005. Best Management Practices Handbook for Aquatic Plant Management in Support of Fish and Wildlife Habitat. Marietta, GA Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Foundation. January 2005. 78. Available: www.aquatics.org/aquatic_bmp.pdf. Accessed Feb. 19, 2007.Google Scholar
Ames, M. D., Anderson, L. W. J., and Spencer, D. F. 1986. Growth of Monoecious and Dioecious Hydrilla: Effects of Temperature and Light. Research Progress Report WSWS. Pages 298–299.Google Scholar
Anonymous, , 2007. Pesticide Registrations. North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Pesticide Section. Kelly Registration Systems. Available: http://www.kellysolutions.com/NC/pesticideindex.asp. Accessed Feb. 19, 2007.Google Scholar
Arias, R. S., Netherland, M. D., Scheffler, B. E., Puri, A., and Dayan, F. E. 2005. Molecular evolution of herbicide resistance to phytoene desaturase inhibitors in Hydrilla verticillata and its potential use to generate herbicide-resistant crops. Pest Manage. Sci. 61:258–268.Google Scholar
Bain, M. B. 1993. Assessing impacts of introduced aquatic species: grass carp in large systems. Environ. Manage. 17:211–224.Google Scholar
BASF 2007. BASF ProVM granted Experimental Use Permit for Quinclorac targeting aquatic vegetation in Florida. Available: http://www.basf.com/corporate/news2007/062807_ProVM.htm. Accessed July 5, 2007.Google Scholar
Bettoli, P. W., Morris, J. E., and Noble, R. L. 1991. Changes in the abundance of two atherinid species after aquatic vegetation removal. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 120:90–97.Google Scholar
Blackburn, R. D., Weldon, L. W., Yeo, R. R., and Taylor, T. M. 1969. Identification and distribution of certain similar-appearing submersed aquatic weeds in Florida. Hyac. Contr. J. 8:17–23.Google Scholar
Brunson, M. W. 2004. Grass Carp in Mississippi Farm Ponds. Mississippi State University Extension Service. Publication 1894. Available: http://msucares.com/pubs/publications/p1894.htm. Accessed: July 4, 2007.Google Scholar
Carpenter, S. R. and Lodge, D. M. 1986. Effects of submersed macrophytes on ecosystem processes. Aquat. Bot. 26:341–370.Google Scholar
Cassani, J. R. and Caton, W. E. 1986. Efficient production of triploid grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) utilizing hydrostatic pressure. Aquaculture 55:43–50.Google Scholar
Cerexagri 2007. Special local needs label: Aquathol K. Available: http://www.cdms.net/LDat/ld195009.pdf. Accessed: Aug. 22, 2007.Google Scholar
Cook, C. D. K. and Lüönd, R. 1982. A revision of the genus Hydrilla (Hydrocharitaceae). Aquat. Bot. 13:485–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooke, G. D. 1980. Lake level drawdown as a macrophyte control technique. J. Am. Wat. Resourc. Assoc. 16:317–322.Google Scholar
Conner, J. V., Gallagher, R. P., and Chatry, M. F. 1980. Larval evidence for natural reproduction of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in the lower Mississippi River (Louisiana and Arkansas). Washington, DC Office of Biological Services, United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 19.Google Scholar
Dominion 2005. Shoreline Management Plan. Lake Gaston and Roanoke Rapids Construction and Use Procedures. Available: http://www.dom.com/about/companies/ncpower/construction.jsp. Accessed: Feb. 28, 2007.Google Scholar
[EPA] Environmental Protection Agency 2005. Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) for endothall. Publication EPA 738-R-05-008. Available: http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/endothall_red.pdf. Accessed: July 4, 2007.Google Scholar
[EPA] Environmental Protection Agency 2006. Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) for coppers. Publication EPA 738-R-06-020. Available: http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/copper_red.pdf. Accessed: July 4, 2007.Google Scholar
Godfrey, R. K. and Wooten, J. W. 1979. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southeastern United States: Monocotyledons. Athens, GA The University of Georgia Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grodowitz, M. J. 2003. Hydrellia pakistanae and H. balciunasi—Insect biological control agents of hydrilla: Boon or bust???? IPINAMS-EMAPI7. Available: http://abstracts.co.allenpress.com/pweb/esawssa2003/document/ID29230. Accessed: July 4, 2007.Google Scholar
Grodowitz, M. J., Center, T. D., and Snoddy, E. 2000. Potential use of insect biocontrol agents for reducing the competitive ability of Hydrilla verticillata. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Report ERDC/EL SR-00-1. Available: http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/elpubs/pdf/srel00-1.pdf. Accessed: July 4, 2007.Google Scholar
Guillory, V. and Gasaway, R. D. 1978. Zoogeography of the grass carp in the United States. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 107:105–111.Google Scholar
Hanlon, S. G., Hoyer, M. V., Cichra, C. E., and Canfield, D. E. 2000. Evaluation of macrophyte control in 38 Florida lakes using triploid grass carp. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 38:48–54.Google Scholar
Heap, I. The International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds. Available: www.weedscience.com. Accessed: February 20, 2007.Google Scholar
Heilman, M. A. 2006. Field and laboratory research overview for Galleon SC (penoxsulam), a potential new aquatic herbicide. Final Program and Abstracts. Aquatic Plant Management Society. Available online: http://www.apms.org/2006/2006.htm. Accessed: Feb. 28, 2007.Google Scholar
Kay, S. H. 1992. Hydrilla—a rapidly spreading aquatic weed in North Carolina. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Publication AG-449. Raleigh, NC. Pages 11.Google Scholar
Kay, S. H. and Hoyle, S. T. 2001. Mail order, the internet, and invasive aquatic weeds. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 39:88–91.Google Scholar
Killgore, K. J., Kirk, J. P., and Foltz, J. W. 1998. Response of littoral fishes in upper Lake Marion, South Carolina following hydrilla control by triploid grass carp. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 36:82–87.Google Scholar
Kirk, J. P., Morrow, J. V. Jr, Killgore, K. J., De Kozlowski, S. J., and Preacher, J. W. 2000. Population response of triploid grass carp to declining levels of hydrilla in the Santee Cooper reservoirs, South Carolina. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 38:14–17.Google Scholar
Kirk, J. P. and Socha, R. C. 2003. Longevity and persistence of triploid grass carp stocked into the Santee Cooper Reservoirs of South Carolina. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 41:90–92.Google Scholar
Koschnick, T. J., Haller, W. T., and Glasgow, L. 2006. Documentation of landoltia (Landoltia punctata) resistance to diquat. Weed Sci. 54:615–619.Google Scholar
Langeland, K. A. 1996. Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle (Hydrocharitaceae), “the perfect aquatic weed.”. Castanea 61:293–304.Google Scholar
Langeland, K. A. and Schiller, D. L. 1983. Hydrilla in North Carolina. Aquatics 5:8–14.Google Scholar
Langeland, K. A. and Smith, C. B. 1984. Hydrilla produces viable seed in North Carolina lakes—a mechanism for long-term dispersal. Aquatics 6:20–21.Google Scholar
Langeland, K. A. and Sutton, D. L. 1980. Regrowth of hydrilla from axillary buds. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 18:27–29.Google Scholar
Leslie, A. J., Van Dyke, J. M., and Nall, L. E. 1982. Current velocity for transport of grass carp eggs. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 111:99–101.Google Scholar
Leslie, A. J., Nall, L. E., and Van Dyke, J. M. 1983. Effects of vegetation control by grass carp on selected water-quality variables in four Florida lakes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 112:777–787.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loxdale, H. D. and Lushai, G. 2003. Rapid changes in clonal lines: the death of a ‘sacred cow.’. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 79:3–16.Google Scholar
Lushai, G. and Loxdale, H. D. 2002. The biological improbability of a clone. Genet. Res. Camb. 79:1–9.Google Scholar
Madsen, J. D. 1997. Methods for management of nonindigenous aquatic plants. Pages 145–171. in Luken, J. O. and Thieret, J. W., editors. Assessment and Management of Plant Invasions. New York Springer.Google Scholar
Madsen, J. D., Stewart, R. M., Way, A., and Owens, C. S. 2004. Distribution of hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) and native submersed macrophytes in Lake Gaston, North Carolina and Virginia. Proc. S. Weed Sci. Soc. 57:313–316.Google Scholar
McComas, S. 2002. Lake and Pond Management Guidebook. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press. 286.Google Scholar
McKnight, S. K. and Hepp, G. R. 1995. Potential effect of grass carp herbivory on waterfowl foods. J. Wildl. Manage. 59:720–727.Google Scholar
Michel, A., Arias, R. S., Scheffler, B. E., Duke, S. O., Netherland, M., and Dayan, F. E. 2004. Somatic mutation-mediated evolution of herbicide resistance in the nonindigenous invasive plant hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata). Mol. Ecol. 13:3229–3237.Google Scholar
Michigan Sea Grant 2007. Prohibited and restricted species. Available online: http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/ais/ais-mi-laws.html. Accessed: July 2, 2007.Google Scholar
Mishra, S. R. and Sabat, S. C. 1995. Photosynthetic electron transport in Hydrilla verticillata (L.) is insensitive to methylviologen (paraquat) inhibition. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 212:132–137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mudge, C. R. and Haller, W. T. 2006. Flumioxazin: A new EUP for aquatic weed control. Final Program and Abstracts. Aquatic Plant Management Society. Available online: http://www.apms.org/2006/2006.htm. Accessed: Feb. 28, 2007.Google Scholar
Nelson, L. S., Shearer, J. F., and Netherland, M. D. 1998. Mesocosm evaluation of integrated fluridone-fungal pathogen treatment on four submersed plants. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 36:73–77.Google Scholar
Noble, R. L., Bertolli, P. W., and Betsill, R. J. 1986. Considerations for the use of grass carp in large, open systems. Pages 265–295. in Redfield, G., Taggart, J. F., and Moore, L. M., editors. Proceedings of the 5th Annual Conference and International Symposium on Lake and Reservoir Management: Vol. II. Washington, DC North American Lake Management Society.Google Scholar
Orr, B. K. and Resh, V. H. 1992. Influence of Myriophyllum aquaticum cover on Anopheles mosquito abundance, oviposition, and larval microhabitat. Oecologia 90:474–482.Google Scholar
Pennington, T. G., Skogerboe, J. G., and Getsinger, K. D. 2001. Herbicide/copper combinations for improved control of Hydrilla verticillata . J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 39:56–58.Google Scholar
Pine, R. T. and Anderson, W. J. 1991. Plant preferences of triploid grass carp. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 29:80–82.Google Scholar
Puri, A., MacDonald, G. E., and Haller, W. T. 2007. Stability of fluridone-resistant hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) biotypes over time. Weed Sci. 55:12–15.Google Scholar
Reimer, D. N. 1984. Introduction to freshwater vegetation. Westport, CT AVI Publishing Co. 207.Google Scholar
Richardson, R. J. and Getsinger, K. 2006. Aquatic weed control. in. 2007 North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual. Publication AG-1. Pp. 465–471. Raleigh, NC College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University.Google Scholar
Ryan, F. J., Coley, C. R., and Kay, S. H. 1995. Coexistence of monoecious and dioecious hydrilla in Lake Gaston, North Carolina and Virginia. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 33:8–12.Google Scholar
[SCDNR] South Carolina Department of Natural Resources 2007. South Carolina aquatic invasive species management plan. Available: http://www.dnr.sc.gov/water/envaff/aquatic/ais.htm. Accessed: Feb. 28, 2007.Google Scholar
SePRO Corporation 2007. SePRO corporation introduces Galleon* SC aquatic herbicide. Available: http://www.sepro.com/default.phppagenewsdetailnewsid07242007. Accessed: Aug. 22, 2007.Google Scholar
Shireman, J. V., Colle, D. E., and Canfield, D. E. Jr. 1986. Efficacy and cost of aquatic weed control in small ponds. J. Am. Wat. Resourc. Assoc. 22:43–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shufran, K. A., Mayo, Z. B., and Crease, T. J. 2003. Genetic changes within an aphid clone: homogenization of rDNA intergenic spacers after insecticide selection. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 79:101–105.Google Scholar
Slade, J. G., Poovey, A. G., and Getsinger, K. D. 2006. Bispyribac-sodium: emerging herbicide for aquatic plant management. Program. Mid-South Aquatic Plant Management Society. Available online: http://www.msapms.org/new/0620annual20meeting/Final20Program.pdf. Accessed: Feb. 28, 2007.Google Scholar
Steward, K. K. and Van, T. K. 1987. Comparative studies of monoecious and dioecious hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) biotypes. Weed Sci. 34:34–39.Google Scholar
Sutton, D. L., Van, T. K., and Portier, K. M. 1992. Growth of dioecious and monoecious hydrilla from single tubers. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 30:15–20.Google Scholar
Sutton, D. L. and Vandiver, V. V. 1986. Grass carp: a fish for biological management of hydrilla and other weeds in Florida. Univ. Florida Agric. Exper. Sta. Bull. 867. Gainesville, FL. Pages 10.Google Scholar
[TVA] Tennessee Valley Authority 2002. Reservoir Operations Study—Environmental Impact Statement. Available: http://www.tva.gov/environment/reports/ros_eis/. Accessed Feb. 28, 2007.Google Scholar
[USGS] United States Geological Survey 2003. Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. Non-indigenous Aquatic Species. Available: http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/plants/docs/hy_verti.html. Accessed Feb. 19, 2007.Google Scholar
Van, T. K., Haller, W. T., and Bowes, G. 1976. Comparison of the photosynthetic characteristics of three submersed aquatic plants. Plant Physiol. 58:761–768.Google Scholar
Van, T. K. and Steward, K. K. 1990. Longevity of monoecious hydrilla propagules. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 28:74–76.Google Scholar
Van Dyke, J. M., Leslie, A. J. Jr, and Nall, L. E. 1984. The effects of the grass carp on aquatic macrophytes of four Florida lakes. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 22:87–95.Google Scholar
Vencill, W. K. 2002. Herbicide Handbook. 8th ed. Lawrence, KS Weed Science Society of America.Google Scholar
Vincelli, P. and Dixon, E. 2002. Resistance to QOI (strobilurin-like) fungicides in isolates of Pyricularia grisea from perennial ryegrass. Plant Dis. 86:235–240.Google Scholar
Vollmer, J. G. and Patten, K. D. 2006. Review of ClearcastTM (Imazamox) aquatic EUP and research results for the Western U.S. Final Program and Abstracts. Aquatic Plant Management Society. Available online: http://www.apms.org/2006/2006.htm. Accessed: Feb. 28, 2007.Google Scholar
[W-DNR] Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 2000. Chapter NR 107 aquatic plant management. Available online: http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/code/nr/nr107.pdf. Accessed: July 4, 2007.Google Scholar
[W-DNR] Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 2007. Wisconsin's aquatic plant management and protection program. Available online: http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/water/fhp/lakes/aquaplan.htm. Accessed: July 4, 2007.Google Scholar
Wattendorf, R. J. and Anderson, R. S. 1986. Hydrilla consumption by triploid grass carp. Proc. A. Conf. SE Fish Wildl. Agencies 38:319–326.Google Scholar
Williams, M. C. 1980. Purposefully introduced plants that have become noxious or poisonous weeds. Weed Sci. 28:300–305.Google Scholar