Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T11:33:49.676Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The use of Runoff and Surface Water Transport and Fate Models in the Pesticide Registration Process

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Paul L. Zubkoff
Paul L. Zubkoff*
Affiliation:
Office of Pesticide Programs (H7507C), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street SW, Washington, DC 20460
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In support of the registration and reregistration processes under FIFRA ‘88, numerical models are used to estimate the dissolved runoff and soil erosion loadings of pesticides to surface waters and the subsequent fate and transport of pesticides in the receiving waters. Uses for simulations include:

1. Helping to determine whether additional studies on the fate and distribution of a candidate chemical in the environment and/or ecological effects may be needed when full chemical characterization is incomplete.

2. Helping to more fully integrate data submissions of laboratory and field observations.

3. Estimating probable fate and distribution of an agrochemical after a severe runoff event.

4. Comparing alternative chemical application rates and methods for the same chemical/soil/crop/environmental combinations.

5. Comparing different soil/crop/environmental combinations representing different geographical areas with the same chemical.

6. Evaluating preliminary designs of proposed field studies.

7. Gaining insight into the environmental fate of modern chemicals that are applied at 1 to 2% of the rates of older chemicals when sampling designs and analytical methods are not available.

The Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) commonly employs the SWRRB (45, 46) and PRZM (8, 9) models for runoff and EXAMS II (5), a fate and transport model, for surface waters. These three models are used in conjunction with appropriate databases for soils, chemical properties, and meteorological and other environmental parameters. Registrants are encouraged to clearly state assumptions, identify values for parameters by citation, report results of simulations with summary tables and graphics, and interpret their results in relation to current scientific disciplines.

Keywords

Herbicideenvironmental fatewater qualitymodel registrationleaching
Type
Symposium
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 6 , Issue 3 , September 1992 , pp. 743 - 748
Copyright
Copyright © 1990 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

1. Ambrose, R. B. Jr., Wool, T. A., Connolly, J. P., and Schantz, R. W. 1990. WASP4, A hydrodynamic and water quality model—model theory, user's manual and programmer's guide. 317 pp. EPA/600/3-87/039. US EPA. Athens, GA 30613.Google Scholar
2. Barber, M. C. and Suárez, L. A. 1991. FGETS (Food and Gill Exchange of Toxic Substances) user's manual. Version 3.0. 63 pp. in Burns, L. A. et al. 1991. PIRANHA. Pesticide and Industrial chemical Risk ANalysis and Hazard Assessment. Version 2.0. approx. 400 pp. U.S. EPA. Athens, GA 30613.Google Scholar
3. Bird, S. L., Cheplick, J. M. and Carsel, R. F. 1991. PRZM Input Collator. 50 pp. in Burns, L. A. et al. 1991. PIRANHA. Pesticide and Industrial chemical Risk ANalysis and Hazard Assessment. Version 2.0. approx. 400 pp. U.S. EPA. Athens, GA 30613.Google Scholar
4. Budavari, S., O'Neil, M. J., Smith, A. and Heckelman, P. E. 1989. The Merck Index. Merck and Co. Rahway, NJ 07065.Google Scholar
5. Burns, L. A. 1990. Exposure analysis modeling system. User's guide for EXAMS II version 2.94. 94 pp. EPA 600/3-89/084. April 1990. U.S. EPA. Athens, GA 30613.Google Scholar
6. Burns, L. A. and Hartel, D. R. 1991. III. Geographic information systems (GIS) and EcoRisk databases. 36–50. in Burns, L. A. et al. 1991. PIRANHA. Pesticide and Industrial chemical Risk ANalysis and Hazard Assessment. Version 2.0. approx. 400 pp. U.S. EPA. Athens, GA 30613.Google Scholar
7. Burns, L. A., Allen, B. W. Jr., Barber, M. C., Bird, S. L., Cheplick, M. J., Hartel, D. R., Kittner, C. A., Mayer, F. L. Jr., Suárez, L. A. and Wooten, S. E. 1991. PIRANHA. Pesticide and Industrial chemical Risk ANalysis and Hazard Assessment Version 2.0. approx. 400 pp. U.S. EPA. Athens, GA 30613.Google Scholar
8. Carsel, R. F., Mulkey, L. A., Lorber, M. N. and Baskin, L. B. 1985. The Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM): A procedure for evaluating pesticide leaching threats. Ecological Modeling. 30:49–69.Google Scholar
9. Carsel, R. F., Smith, C. N., Mulkey, L. A., Dean, J. D. and Jowise, P. 1984. User's manual for Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM). Release 1. 216 pp. EPA-600/3-84/109. December 1984. U.S. EPA. Athens, GA 30613.Google Scholar
10. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Press. 1991. Crop Protection Chemicals Reference. 7th Edition. 2170 pp. + Supplements. ISBN 0-471-53282-7.Google Scholar
11. Dean, J. D., Huyakorn, P. S., Donigian, A. S. Jr., Meeks, Y. J., Voos, K. A., Schanz, R. W. and Carsel, R. F. 1989a. Risk of Unsaturated/Saturated Transport and Transformation of Chemical concentrations (RUSTIC). Volume I. Theory and code verification. 203 pp. EPA-600/3-89/048b. July 1989. U.S. EPA. Athens, GA 30613.Google Scholar
12. Dean, J. D., Huyakorn, P. S., Donigian, A. S. Jr., Voos, K. A., Schanz, R. W. and Carsel, R. F. 1989b. Risk of Unsaturated/Saturated Transport and Transformation of Chemical concentrations (RUSTIC). Volume H. User's guide. 340 pp. EPA-600/3-89/048b. July 1989. U.S. EPA. Athens, GA 30613.Google Scholar
13. DeCoursey, D. G. and Rojas, K. W. 1990. RZWQM—A model for simulating the movement of water and solutes in the root zone. 819–821. in Proceedings of the international symposium on water quality modeling of agricultural non-point sources. Parts 1 and 2. 881 pp. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service. ARS-81. June 1990.Google Scholar
14. Donigian, A. S. Jr., Imhoff, J. C., Bicknell, B. R. and Kittle, J. L. Jr. 1984. Application guide for Hydrological Simulation Program—Fortran (HSPF). EPA 600/3-84-065. June 1984. U.S. EPA. Athens, GA.Google Scholar
15. Donigian, A. S. Jr., Meier, D. W. and Jowise, P. P. 1986. Stream transport and agricultural runoff of pesticides for exposure assessment: a methodology. Part A.—Text and Appendices A through F. 109 pp + appendices. EPA 600/3-86/011a. U.S. EPA. Athens, GA 30613.Google Scholar
16. Goss, D. W. and Wauchope, R. D. 1991. The SCS/ARS/CES pesticide properties database: II. Using it with soils data in a screening procedure. 471–493. Pesticides in the Next Decade: The Challenges Ahead. Proc. of the third national research conference on pesticides. Weigmann, D. L. (Ed.) November 8–9, 1990. Virginia Water Resources Research Center. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Blacksburg, VA.Google Scholar
17. Griggs, R. H. and Estes, J. K. 1990. Early research screening model for experimental agricultural pesticides. ASAE meeting presentation 902594. Am. Soc. Agri. Engin. St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659.Google Scholar
18. Imhoff, J. C., Kittle, J. L. Jr., Donigian, A. S. Jr. and Johanson, R. C. 1984. Hydrological Simulation Program—Fortran (HSPF): User's manual for release 8.0. EPA 600/3-84-066. June 1984. U.S. EPA. Athens, GA.Google Scholar
19. Imhoff, J. C., Carsel, R. F., Kittle, J. L. Jr. and Hummel, P. R. 1990. Data Base Analyzer and Parameter Estimator (DBAPE) interactive computer program user's manual. 241 pp. EPA/600/3-89/083. U.S. EPA. Athens, OH 30613.Google Scholar
20. Kenimer, A. L., Mostaghimi, S., Dillaha, T. A. and Shanholtz, V. O. 1989. PLIERS: Pesticide Losses in Erosion and Runoff Simulator. Trans. ASAE. 32:127–136.Google Scholar
21. Knisel, W. G. (Ed.). 1980. CREAMS: A field scale model for Chemicals, Runoff and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems. Conservation Research Report No. 26. 643 pp. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Science and Education Administration.Google Scholar
22. Laskowski, D. A., Tillotson, P. M., Fontaine, D. D. and Martin, E. J. 1990. Probability modelling. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. (1990) 329, 383–389.Google Scholar
23. Leonard, R. A., Knisel, W. G. and Still, D. A. 1987. GLEAMS: Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 30:1403–1418.Google Scholar
24. Lyman, W. J., Reehl, W. F. and Rosenblatt, D. H. 1990. Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Environmental Behavior of Organic Compounds. American Chemical Society. Washington, DC 20036.Google Scholar
25. Mayer, F. L. Jr. 1991. Toxicological Levels of Concern for Fishes. Extrapolating Toxicological Data to Non-Target Species, pp 51–62 in Burns, L. A. et al. 1991. PIRANHA. Pesticide and Industrial chemical Risk ANalysis and Hazard Assessment. Version 2.0. approx. 400 pp. U.S. EPA. Athens, GA 30613.Google Scholar
26. Meister Publishing Co. 1991. Farm Chemicals Handbook '91. Meister Publishing Co. Willoughby, OH 44094.Google Scholar
27. Mills, W. B., Porcella, D. B., Ungs, M. J., Gherini, S. A., Summers, K. V., Mok, L., Rupp, G. L., Bowie, G. L. and Haith, D. A. 1985a. Water Quality Assessment: A screening procedure for toxic and conventional pollutants in surface and ground water (revised 1985). Part I. 609 pp. EPA/600/6-85/002a. September 1985. U.S. EPA. Athens, GA 30613.Google Scholar
28. Mills, W. B., Porcella, D. B., Ungs, M. J., Gherini, S. A., Summers, K. V., Mok, L., Rupp, G. L., Bowie, G. L. and Haith, D. A. 1985b. Water Quality Assessment: A Screening Procedure for Toxic and Conventional Pollutants in Surface and Ground Water (Revised 1985). Part II. 444 pp. EPA/600/6-85/002b. September 1985. U.S. EPA. Athens, GA 30613.Google Scholar
29. Novatny, V. and Chesters, G. 1981. Handbook of Nonpoint Pollution. Sources and Management. 555 pp. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. New York, NY.Google Scholar
30. Sharpley, A. N. and Williams, J. R., Eds. 1990. EPIC—Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator. 1. Model Documentation USDA Tech. Bull. No. 1768. 235 pp.Google Scholar
31. Smith, C. N., Brown, D. S., Dean, J. D., Parrish, R. S., Carsel, R. F. and Donnigian, A. S. Jr. 1985. Field Agricultural Runoff Monitoring (FARM) Manual. 230 pp. EPA 600/3-85/043. June 1985.Google Scholar
32. Syracuse Research Corporation. 1987. Using Syracuse Research Corporation's environmental fate data bases. DATALOG©—CHEMFATE©BIOLOG©—BIODEG©—BIODEG Summary© . 63 pp. Syracuse Research Corporation. Merill Lane. Syracuse, NY 13210-4080.Google Scholar
33. Tillotson, P., Fontaine, D., Martin, E. 1991. A User's Guide to GRASP Geographically-Based Risk Analysis System for Pesticides. 185 pp. University of Georgia—Griffin. Griffin, GA 30223-1797.Google Scholar
34. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Soil Conservation Service. 1981. Land Resource Regions and Major Land Resource Areas of the United States. Agricultural Handbook 296. 156 pp.Google Scholar
35. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1988. The federal insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide act as amended. EPA/540/09-89-012. Office of Pesticide Programs. Washington, DC 20460.Google Scholar
36. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1990. Reevaluation and update of pesticide assessment guidelines. Subdivision N, Chemistry: environmental fate. Federal Register. 55:(No. 235). Thursday, December 6, 1990. Notices. U.S. Department of Commerce. Washington, DC.Google Scholar
37. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. PIRANHA Icthyofaunal Database—Geographic Range Documentation. 60 pp. in Burns, L. A. et al. 1991. PIRANHA. Pesticide and Industrial chemical Risk ANalysis and Hazard Assessment. Version 2.0. approx. 400 pp. U.S. EPA. Athens, GA 30613.Google Scholar
38. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. Environmental fate one liner database. Physical properties of registered pesticides (selected values). Floppy Disk available from Freedom of Information Office/Office of Pesticide Programs/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC 20460.Google Scholar
39. U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of Interior. 1967 and subsequent editions. Techniques of water-resources investigations of the United States Geological Survey. Superintendent of Documents, Washington, DC 20460.Google Scholar
40. Urban, D. J. and Cooke, N. J. 1986. Hazard Evaluation Division. Standard evaluation procedure. Ecological risk assessment. 96 pp. EPA 540/9-85/001. U.S. EPA. Washington, DC 20460.Google Scholar
41. Wagenet, R. J. and Hutson, J. L. 1987. LEACHM: Leaching Estimation and CHemistry Model. 2: 80 pp. Center for Environmental Research. Cornell University. Ithaca, NY 14853.Google Scholar
42. Wauchope, R. D., Hornsby, A. G., Goss, D. W. and Burt, J. P. 1991. The SCS/ARS/CES Pesticide Properties Database: I. A set of parameter values for first-tier comparative water pollution risk analysis. 455–470. Pesticides in the next decade: the challenges ahead. Proc. of the Third National Research Conference on Pesticides. Weigmann, D. L. (Ed.) November 8–9, 1990. Virginia Water Resources Research Center. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Blacksburg, VA.Google Scholar
43. Wauchope, R. D., Butler, T. M., Hornsby, A. G., Augustijn-Beckers, P.W.M. and Burt, J. P. 1992. The SCS/ARS/CES pesticide properties database for environmental decision-making. Revs. Environ. Cont. Toxicol. 123:1–155.Google Scholar
44. Weed Society of America. 1989. Herbicide Handbook, 6th Edition. 301 pp. Weed Society of America. Champaign, IL.Google Scholar
45. Williams, J. R., Dyke, P. T., Fuchs, W. W., Benson, V. W., Rice, O. W. and Taylor, E. D. 1990. 2. User Manual. 127 pp. in Sharpley, A. N. and Williams, J. R., Eds., EPIC—Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator. USDA Tech. Bull. No. 1768. 235 pp.Google Scholar
46. Williams, J. R., Nicks, A. D. and Arnold, J. G. 1985. Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins. J. Hydraulic Eng. ASCE. 111:970–986.Google Scholar