Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T22:16:40.362Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Seasonal Changes in Carbohydrates in the Root of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) and the Disruption of these Changes by Herbicides

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Robert G. Wilson ,
Alex R. Martin  and
Stephen D. Kachman
Robert G. Wilson*
Affiliation:
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Scottsbluff, NE 69361
Alex R. Martin
Affiliation:
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0910
Stephen D. Kachman
Affiliation:
Department of Biometry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0712
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Roots of Canada thistle were excavated from the soil monthly from 1999 to 2001 near Scottsbluff, NE, to quantify the influence of changing soil temperature on free sugars and fructans in roots. Sucrose concentrations were low from May through August then increased in the fall and remained at high levels during winter and then declined in April as plants initiated spring growth. Changes in sucrose, 1-kestose (DP 3) and 1-nystose (DP 4) were shown to be closely associated with changes in soil temperature. During the second year of the study, average soil temperatures during the winter were colder than the first year and resulted in an increase of sucrose in Canada thistle roots. Experiments were conducted from 2001 to 2004 to determine whether there was a correlation between herbicide efficacy, time of herbicide application, and the resulting herbicide effect on root carbohydrate and Canada thistle control. Clopyralid applied in the fall reduced Canada thistle density 92% 8 months after treatment (MAT) whereas treatment made in the spring reduced plant density 33% 11 MAT. Fall application of clopyralid increased the activity of fructan 1-exohydrolase (1-FEH) in roots and was associated with a decline in sucrose, DP 4, and 1-fructofuranosyl-nystose (DP 5) 35 d after treatment (DAT). Spring application of clopyralid also resulted in a decrease of the same carbohydrates 35 DAT, but by 98 DAT, or early October, sucrose level in roots had recovered and was similar to nontreated plants. Fall application of 2,4-D or clopyralid reduced Canada thistle density 39 and 92% respectively, 8 MAT, but only clopyralid resulted in a reduction of sucrose, DP 4, DP 5, and total sugar and an increase of 1-FEH compared with nontreated plants.

Keywords

Clopyraliddicamba2,4-DglyphosateCanada thistle, Cirsium arvense (L) Scop. #3 CIRARFructanfructoseglucoseinulinsucroseAR(1), first-order autoregressive1-FFT, fructan:fructan 1-fructosyl transferase (EC 2.4.1.99)1-SST, sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyl transferase (EC 2.4.1.99)DP, degree of polymerizationFW, fresh weightHPLC, high-performance liquid chromatographHPAEC-PAD, high-performance anion-exchange chromatography–pulsed amperometric detector
Type
Research Article
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 20 , Issue 1 , March 2006 , pp. 242 - 248
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Amy, A. C. 1932. Variations in the organic reserves in underground parts of five perennial weeds from late April to November. St. Paul: MN: Minn. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 84. Pp. 9–21.Google Scholar
DeRoover, J., Van Laere, A., and Van den Ende, W. 1999. Effect of defoliation on fructan pattern and fructan metabolizing enzymes in young chicory plants (Cichorium intybus L). Physiol. Plant. 106:158–163.Google Scholar
Donald, W. W. 1993. Retreatment with fall-applied herbicides for Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) control. Weed Sci. 41:434–440.Google Scholar
Edelman, J. and Jefford, T. G. 1968. The mechanism of fructan metabolism in higher plants as exemplified in Helianthus tuberosus . New Phytol. 67:517–531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodgson, J. M. 1968. The nature, ecology, and control of Canada thistle. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Tech. Bull. 1386. Washington, DC: USDA. 32 p.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. H. 1995. Effect of bud vs rosette growth stage on translocation of 14 C-glyphosate in Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense). Weed Sci. 43:347–351.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. H. and Smith, L. W. 1972. Environment and herbicide effects on Canada thistle ecotypes. Weed Sci. 20:163–167.Google Scholar
Livingston, D. P. III and Henson, C. A. 1998. Apoplastic sugars, fructans, fructan exolydrolase, and invertase in winter oat; responses to second-phase cold hardening. Plant Physiol. 116:403–408.Google Scholar
Marriage, P. B. 1981. Response of Canada thistle to herbicides. Proc. N. Cent. Weed Control Conf. 36:162–167.Google Scholar
Miller, B. R. and Lym, R. G. 1998. Using the rosette technique for Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) control in row crops. Weed Tech. 12:699–706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ozer, V. Z. and Koch, W. 1977. Yield of roots of the field thistle (Cirsium arvense) to inulin and sugar subject to mechanical and chemical degradation. Bekampfung Z. Pflanzenschutz. 8:169–170. [In German].Google Scholar
Pollock, C. J. and Cairns, A. J. 1991. Fructan metabolism in grasses and cereals. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 42:77–101.Google Scholar
[SAS] Statistical Analysis Systems. 1996. SAS/STAT Software: Changes and enhancements through release 6.11. Cary, NC: Statistical Analysis Systems Institute. 1104 p.Google Scholar
Timmermans, J. W., Van Leeuwen, M. B., Tournois, H., DeWit, D., and Vliegenthart, J. F. 1994. Quantitative analysis of the molecular weight distribution of inulin by means of anion exchange HPLC with pulsed amperometric detection. J. Carbohydr. Chem. 13:881–888.Google Scholar
Tworkoski, T. 1992. Developmental and environmental effects on assimilate partitioning in Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense). Weed Sci. 40:79–85.Google Scholar
Van den Ende, W. and Van Laere, A. 1996a. Fructan synthesizing and degrading activities in chicory roots (Cichorium intybus L.) during field-growth, storage and forcing. J. Plant Physiol. 149:43–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van den Ende, W. and Van Laere, A. 1996b. Variation in the in vitro generated fructan pattern from sucrose as a function of the purified chicory root 1-SST and 1-FFT concentrations. J. Exp. Bot. 47:1797–1803.Google Scholar
Wilson, R. G. 2002. Noxious Weeds of Nebraska Canada Thistle. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension EC020-1715. 6 p.Google Scholar
Wilson, R. G. and Michiels, A. 2003. Fall herbicide treatments affect carbohydrate content in roots of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). Weed Sci. 51:299–304.Google Scholar
Zimdahl, R. L. and Foster, G. 1993. Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) control with disking and herbicides. Weed Tech. 7:146–149.Google Scholar