Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T02:03:44.590Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Kalmia angustifolia: Ecology and Management

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

A. U. Mallik  and
Inderjit
A. U. Mallik*
Affiliation:
Biology Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada P7B 5E1
Inderjit
Affiliation:
Botany Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Kalmia angustifolia is a problematic understory shrub in boreal forests of eastern Canada. In this article, we discuss the nature of its interference with conifer regeneration, and control measures using herbicides. Although laboratory studies suggest the leaching of water-soluble phenolic compounds from Kalmia, allelopathic interference cannot be invoked as a cause of conifer regeneration failure because of lack of field evidences. Because of severe inhibitory effects of Kalmia on conifer growth and its role in long-term habitat degradation, the development of strategies for Kalmia management is a priority research area. Neither prescribed burning, plowing, scarification, nor 2,4-D application was proven effective in Kalmia control. Two studies were carried out using transplanted Kalmia to determine the efficacy of several herbicides and a herbicide plus burning treatment to control Kalmia. In one experiment, eight treatments were applied. They were control, glyphosate (3.36 kg/ha), glyphosate (2.88 kg/ha) plus surfactant Tween 20 (0.2%), glyphosate (2.88 kg/ha) plus surfactant Triton XR (0.2%), fosamine ammonium (5.38 kg/ha), triclopyr (4 kg/ha), hexazinone (2.2 kg/ha), and hexazinone (5 kg/ha). Triclopyr (4 kg/ha) provided the best control with significant reduction in the number and dry weight of sprouts, rhizomes, and current-year foliage of Kalmia compared with control. In another experiment, triclopyr (4 kg/ha), hexazinone (5 kg/ha), and hexazinone (2.2 kg/ha) plus burning treatments were applied. To determine the response of black spruce seedlings to the herbicide treatments, black spruce seedlings were planted in all the Kalmia pots except the ones that received the hexazinone (2.2 kg/ha) plus burning treatment. Triclopyr (4 kg/ha) caused the maximum damage to Kalmia, affecting all the above- and below-ground components of the plant. We recommend that an experimental field trial be established using triclopyr to test its efficacy for Kalmia control under field conditions.

Keywords

Glyphosatefosamine ammoniumtriclopyrhexazinoneTriton XRTween 20Kalmia, Kalmia angustifolia (L.)black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) BSPAllelopathyregeneration failuresurfactants
Type
Symposium
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 15 , Issue 4 , December 2001 , pp. 858 - 866
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Anonymous. 1988. Efficacy of Glyphosate in Controlling Competing Vegetation in Nova Scotia. Forest Research Report. Nova Scotia Department of Lands and Forests, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. pp. 1–8.Google Scholar
Blum, U. 1996. Allelopathic interactions involving phenolic acids. J. Nematol. 28: 259–267.Google Scholar
Blum, U. 1997. Benefits of citrate over EDTA for extracting phenolic acids from soil and plant debris. J. Chem. Ecol. 23: 347–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Candy, R. H. 1951. Reproduction on Cutover and Burned-Over Land in Canada. Canada Department of Research & Development, Forest Research Division, Silviculture Research Note 92. 224 p.Google Scholar
Dakshini, K.M.M., Foy, C. L., and Inderjit, . 1999. Allelopathy: One component in a multifaceted approach to ecology. In Inderjit, , Dakshini, K.M.M., and Foy, C. L., eds. Principles and Procedures in Plant Ecology: Allelochemical Interactions. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 3–14.Google Scholar
Damman, A.W.H. 1971. Effects of vegetation changes on the fertility of a Newfoundland forest site. Ecol. Monogr. 41: 253–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damman, A.W.H. 1975. Permanent change in the chronosequence of a boreal forest habitat. In Schmidt, W., ed. Sukessionsforschung. Vanduz, Germany: Cramer. pp. 499–515.Google Scholar
Duke, S. O. and Hoagland, R. E. 1978. Effect of glyphosate on metabolism of phenolic compounds. I. Induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in dark-grown maize roots. Plant Sci. Lett. 11: 185–190.Google Scholar
Engler, F. E. 1947. Effects of 2,4-D on woody plants in Connecticut. J. For. 45: 449–452.Google Scholar
Engler, F. E. 1948. 2,4-D effects in Connecticut vegetation. Ecology 29: 382–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
English, B. and Hackett, R. 1994. The Impact of Kalmia on Plantation Performance in Central Newfoundland. Newfoundland Forest Service, Silviculture Notebook No. 2. 12 p.Google Scholar
FRDA. 1990. Impact of Chemical and Manual Treatments on Salal and Conifer Development. Project 2.17 FERDA Memo. Vegetation Management Memo Nos. 155 and 158. British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Burnaby, BC.Google Scholar
Gallet, C. and Lebreton, P. 1995. Evolution of phenolic patterns in plants and associated litters and humus of a mountain forest ecosystem. Soil Biol. Biochem. 27: 157–165.Google Scholar
Hall, I. V., Jackson, L. P., and Evertt, C. F. 1973. The biology of Canadian weeds. 1. Kalmia angustifolia L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53: 865–873.Google Scholar
Hoagland, R. E., Duke, S. O., and Elmore, C. D. 1979. Effect of glyphosate on metabolism of phenolic compounds. III. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, free amino acids, soluble protein and hydroxyphenolic compounds in axes of dark-grown soybeans. Physiol. Plant. 46: 357–366.Google Scholar
Inderjit, . 2001. Soil: effect of environment on allelochemical activity. Agron. J. In press.Google Scholar
Inderjit, and Del Moral, R. 1997. Is separating resource competition from allelopathy realistic? Bot. Rev. 63: 221–230.Google Scholar
Inderjit, and Mallik, A. U. 1996a. Growth and physiological responses of black spruce (Picea mariana) to sites dominated by Ledum groenlandicum . J. Chem. Ecol. 22: 575–585.Google Scholar
Inderjit, and Mallik, A. U. 1996b. The nature of interference potential of Kalmia angustifolia . Can. J. For. Res. 26: 1899–1904.Google Scholar
Inderjit, and Mallik, A. U. 1999. Nutrient status of black spruce (Picea mariana) forest soils dominated by Kalmia angustifolia . Acta Oecol. 20: 87–92.Google Scholar
Jobiodon, R. 1991. Control of Kalmia with bialaphos, a microbially produced phytotoxin. North. J. Appl. For. 8: 147–149.Google Scholar
Krause, H. H. 1986. Ericaceous vegetation as a site factor in jack pine growth of New Brunswick plantation. Proc. IUFRO Workshop, 7-10 October 1985, Fredericton, NB, Canadian Forest Service, Fredericton, NB. 182 p.Google Scholar
Kuiters, A. T. and Denneman, C.A.J. 1987. Water-soluble phenolic substances in soils under several coniferous and deciduous tree species. Soil Biol. Biochem. 19: 765–769.Google Scholar
Lydon, J. and Duke, S. O. 1988. Glyphosate of elevated levels of hydrobenzoic acids in higher plants. J. Agric. Food Chem. 36: 813–818.Google Scholar
Lydon, J. and Duke, S. O. 1989. Pesticide effects on secondary metabolism of higher plants. Pestic. Sci. 25: 361–373.Google Scholar
Malik, N. and Vanden Born, W. H. 1987. Use of Herbicides in Forest Management. Canadian Forestry Service, Information Rep. NOR-X-282, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB. 18 p.Google Scholar
Mallik, A. U. 1987. Allelopathic potential of Kalmia angustifolia to black spruce. For. Ecol. Manage. 20: 43–51.Google Scholar
Mallik, A. U. 1991. Cutting, burning, and mulching to control Kalmia: results of a greenhouse experiment. Can. J. For. Res. 67: 1309–1316.Google Scholar
Mallik, A. U. 1993. Ecology of a forest weed of Newfoundland: vegetative regeneration strategies of Kalmia angustifolia . Can. J. Bot. 71: 161–166.Google Scholar
Mallik, A. U. 1994. Autecological response of Kalmia angustifolia to forest types and disturbance regimes. For. Ecol. Manage. 65: 231–249.Google Scholar
Mallik, A. U. 1995. Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants. Environ. Manage. 19: 675–684.Google Scholar
Mallik, A. U. and Gimingham, C. H. 1985. Ecological effects of heather burning: II. Effects on seed germination and vegetative regeneration. J. Ecol. 73: 633–644.Google Scholar
Mallik, A. U. and Roberts, B. A. 1994. Natural regeneration of red pine on burned and unburned sites in Newfoundland. J. Veg. Sci. 5: 179–186.Google Scholar
Meades, W. J. 1986. Successional Status of Ericaceous Dwarf-Shrub Heath in Eastern Newfoundland. . University of Connecticut. 355 p.Google Scholar
Meades, W. J. and Moores, L. 1989. Forest Site Classification Manual. Forest Resource Development Agreement No. 003. Canadian Forest Service, St. John's, Newfoundland. p. 235.Google Scholar
Page, G. 1970. The Development of Kalmia angustifolia on a Black Spruce Cutover in Central Newfoundland. Forest Research Laboratory, St. John's, NF, Internal Report N-27. 7 p.Google Scholar
Prescott, C. E., Coward, L. P., Weetman, G. F., and Gessel, S. P. 1993. Effects of repeated nitrogen fertilization on the ericaceous shrub, salal (Gaultheria shallon), in two coastal Douglas-fir forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 61: 45–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prescott, C. E., Kumi, J. W., and Weetman, G. F. 1995. Long-term effects of repeated N fertilization and straw application in a jack pine forest. 2. Changes in the ericaceous ground vegetation. Can. J. For. Res. 25:1,984–1,990.Google Scholar
Richardson, J. 1979. A Comparison of Methods of Reforesting Sites Invaded by Kalmia angustifolia, using Black Spruce. Environment Canada, Canadian Forestry Service, Information Report N-X-206. 36 p.Google Scholar
Titus, B. D. and English, B. 1996. Growth response of conifers following control of Kalmia angustifolia L. Proc. 1996 National Meeting of the Expert Committee on Weeds, Dec. 9-12, Victoria, BC. pp. 141–147.Google Scholar
Tomaszewski, M. and Thimann, K. V. 1966. Interactions of phenolic acids, metallic ions and chelating agents on auxin-induced growth. Plant Physiol. 41: 1443–1454.Google Scholar
Van Nostrand, R. S. 1971. Strip cutting black spruce in central Newfoundland to induce regeneration. Can. For. Ser., Publ. No. 1294. 21 p.Google Scholar
Yamasaki, S. H., Fyles, J. W., Egger, K. N., and Titus, B. D. 1998. The effect of Kalmia angustifolia on the growth, nutrition, and ectomycorrhizal symbiont community of black spruce. For. Ecol. Manage. 105: 197–207.Google Scholar
Zenk, M. H. and Muller, G. 1963. In vivo destruction of exogenously applied indol-3-acetic acid as influenced by naturally occurring phenolic acids. Nature 23: 761–763.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhu, H. and Mallik, A. U. 1994. Interactions between Kalmia and black spruce: isolation and identification of allelopathic compounds. J. Chem. Ecol. 20: 407–421.Google Scholar