Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T05:43:29.908Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Seed mass affects the susceptibility of weed and crop species to phytotoxins extracted from red clover shoots

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Matt Liebman  and
David N. Sundberg
David N. Sundberg
Affiliation:
Department of Agronomy, 2538 Agronomy Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1010
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Residues of legume crops used to increase soil fertility may also serve as sources of phytotoxins that can suppress the germination and early growth of weed and crop species. To test the hypothesis that weed and crop susceptibility to extracts of red clover shoots would be inversely proportional to seed mass, we (1) identified 18 weeds and 44 crops whose 100-seed masses ranged from 20 to 26,250 mg; (2) exposed their seeds in petri dishes and filter paper to a 2% aqueous extract of ‘Marathon’ red clover shoots or distilled water; and (3) measured germination percentage and radicle length of germinated seeds after incubation for 4 days. In a second experiment, we assessed germination and radicle growth of four crop and four weed species after exposure to 1% extracts of Marathon or ‘Cherokee’ red clover or distilled water. Germination inhibition by red clover extracts was greatest for lighter seeds and least for heavier seeds in Experiment 1 (P = 0.0005), but was unrelated to seed mass in Experiment 2. Radicle inhibition by red clover extracts was inversely proportional to seed mass in both Experiment 1 (P < 0.0001) and Experiment 2 (P = 0.0047), and, in Experiment 1, was greater for monocots than dicots (P = 0.0002). Our findings corroborate the general relationship between seed mass and stress tolerance observed by other investigators and indicate that small-seeded monocots are most likely to be susceptible to phytotoxins contained in red clover shoots.

Keywords

Red clover, Trifolium pratense L.Allelopathylegume green manurephytotoxinsseed sizeweed management
Type
Weed Management
Information
Weed Science , Volume 54 , Issue 2 , April 2006 , pp. 340 - 345
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Bassett, I. J. and Munro, D. B. 1985. The biology of Can. weeds. 67. Solanum ptycanthum Dun., S. nigrum L., and S. sarrachoides Sendt. Can. J. Plant Sci 65:401–414.Google Scholar
Batish, D. R., Singh, H. P., Kohli, R. K., and Kaur, S. 2001. Crop allelopathy and its role in ecological agriculture. Pages 121–161 in Kohli, R. K., Singh, H. P., and Batish, D. R. eds. Allelopathy in Agroecosystems. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.Google Scholar
Blevins, R. L., Herbek, J. H., and Frye, W. W. 1990. Legume cover crops as a nitrogen source for no-till corn and grain sorghum. Agron. J 82:769–772.Google Scholar
Bruulsema, T. W. and Christie, B. R. 1987. Nitrogen contribution to succeeding corn from alfalfa and red clover. Agron. J 79:96–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgos, N. R. and Talbert, R. E. 2000. Differential activity of allelochemicals from Secale cereale in seedling bioassays. Weed Sci 48:302–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, C., Suzuki, A., Kumai, S., and Tamura, S. 1969. Chemical studies on “clover sickness.” II. Biological functions of isoflavonoids and their related compounds. Agric. Biol. Biochem 33:398–408.Google Scholar
Chon, S. U., Nelson, C. J., and Coutts, J. H. 2004. Osmotic and autotoxic effects of leaf extracts on germination and seedling growth of alfalfa. Agron. J 96:1673–1679.Google Scholar
Chung, I. M. and Miller, D. A. 1995. Natural herbicide potential of alfalfa residue on selected weed species. Agron. J 87:920–925.Google Scholar
Dalton, B. R., Blum, U., and Weed, S. B. 1989. Differential sorption of exogenously applied ferulic p-coumaric p-hydroxybenzoic and vanillic acids in soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J 53:757–762.Google Scholar
Davis, A. S. and Liebman, M. 2001. Nitrogen source influences wild mustard growth and competitive effect on sweet corn. Weed Sci 49:558–566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doolan, K. L. 1997. The allelopathic potential of red clover residue. . University of Maine, Orono, ME.Google Scholar
Dyck, E. and Liebman, M. 1994. Soil fertility management as a factor in weed control: the effect of crimson clover residue, synthetic nitrogen fertilizer, and their interaction on emergence and early growth of lambsquarters and sweet corn. Plant Soil 167:227–237.Google Scholar
Dyck, E., Liebman, M., and Erich, M. S. 1995. Crop-weed interference as influenced by a leguminous or synthetic fertilizer nitrogen source. 1. Doublecropping experiments with crimson clover, sweet corn, and lambsquarters. Agric. Ecosyst. Env 56:93–108.Google Scholar
Fox, R. H. and Piekielek, W. P. 1988. Fertilizer N equivalence of alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, and red clover for succeeding crops. J. Prod. Agric 1:313–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fred, E. B. 1916. Relation of green manures to the failure of certain seedlings. J. Agric. Res 5:1161–1176.Google Scholar
Hartzler, R. G., Battles, B. A., and Nordby, D. 2004. Effect of common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) emergence date on growth and fecundity in soybean. Weed Sci 52:242–245.Google Scholar
Inderjit, , 1996. Plant phenolics in allelopathy. Bot. Rev 62:186–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leishman, M. R., Wright, I. J., Moles, A. T., and Westoby, M. 2000. The evolutionary ecology of seed size. Pages 31–57 in Fenner, M. ed. Seeds: The Ecology of Regeneration in Plant Communities. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liebman, M. and Davis, A. S. 2000. Integration of soil, crop, and weed management in low-external-input farming systems. Weed Res 40:27–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liebman, M. and Gallandt, E. R. 2002. Differential responses to red clover residue and ammonium nitrate by common bean and wild mustard. Weed Sci 50:521–529.Google Scholar
Makino, T., Takahashi, Y., Sakurai, Y., and Nanzyo, M. 1996. Influence of soil chemical properties on adsorption and oxidation of phenolic acids in soil suspension. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. Tokyo 42:867–879.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohler, C. L. 1996. Ecological bases for the cultural control of annual weeds. J. Prod. Agric 9:468–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moles, A. T. and Westoby, M. 2004. Seedling survival and seed size: a synthesis of the literature. J. Ecol 92:372–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohno, T., Doolan, K. L., Zibilske, L. M., Liebman, M., Gallandt, E. R., and Berube, C. 2000. Phytotoxic effects of red clover amended soils on wild mustard seedling growth. Agric. Ecosyst. Env 78:187–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olofsdotter, M. 2001a. Getting closer to breeding for competitive ability and the role of allelopathy—an example from rice (Oryza sativa). Weed Technol 15:798–806.Google Scholar
Olofsdotter, M. 2001b. Rice—a step toward use of allelopathy. Agron. J 93:3–8.Google Scholar
Olofsdotter, M. and Andersen, S. B. 2004. Improvement of allelopathy in crops for weed management: possibilities, breeding strategies and tools. Pages 317–328 in Inderjit, ed. Weed Biology and Management. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Petersen, J., Belz, R., Walker, F., and Hurle, K. 2001. Weed suppression by release of isothiocyanates from turnip-rape mulch. Agron. J 93:37–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pieters, A. J. 1927. Green Manuring: Principles and Practice. New York: Wiley. Pp. 10–15.Google Scholar
Putnam, A. R. and DeFrank, J. 1983. Use of phytotoxic plant residues for selective weed control. Crop Prot 2:173–181.Google Scholar
Randall, R. P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Melbourne: R. G. and F. J. Richardson. 906 p.Google Scholar
Seibert, A. C. and Pearce, R. B. 1993. Growth analysis of weed and crop species with reference to seed weight. Weed Sci 41:52–56.Google Scholar
Singogo, W., Lamont, W. J. Jr., and Marr, C. W. 1996. Fall-planted cover crops support good yields of muskmelons. HortScience 31:62–64.Google Scholar
Siquiera, J. O., Nair, M. G., Hammerschmidt, M. R., and Safir, G. R. 1991. Significance of phenolic compounds in plant–soil–microbial systems. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci 10:63–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tamura, S., Chang, C., Suzuki, A., and Kumai, S. 1969. Chemical studies on “clover sickness.” I. Isolation and structural elucidation of two new isoflavonoids in red clover. Agric. Biol. Chem 33:391–397.Google Scholar
[USDA] U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2005. Germplasm resources information network (GRIN): Taxonomy [on-line database]. National: Genetic Resources Laboratory. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/index.pl.Google Scholar
Westoby, M., Falster, D. S., Moles, A. T., Vesk, P. A., and Wright, I. J. 2002. Plant ecological strategies: some leading dimensions of variation between species. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst 33:125–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westoby, M., Leishman, M., and Lord, J. 1996. Comparative ecology of seed size and dispersal. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 351:1309–1318.Google Scholar
Weston, L. A. 1996. Utilization of allelopathy for weed management in agroecosystems. Agron. J 88:860–866.Google Scholar
White, R. H., Worsham, A. D., and Blum, U. 1989. Allelopathic potential of legume debris and aqueous extracts. Weed Sci 37:674–679.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, L., Hill, M. A., and Vang, E. 1992. SYSTAT: Statistics, version 5.2.1. Evanston, IL: SYSTAT, Inc.Google Scholar
[WSSA] Weed Science Society of America. 2003. Composite list of weeds on disk [computer file]. Lawrence, KS: WSSA.Google Scholar