Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T04:35:09.730Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nonconventional Weed Management Strategies for Modern Agriculture

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Ali A. Bajwa ,
Gulshan Mahajan  and
Bhagirath S. Chauhan
Ali A. Bajwa
Affiliation:
School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
Gulshan Mahajan
Affiliation:
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
Bhagirath S. Chauhan*
Affiliation:
The Centre for Plant Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: [email protected].
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Weeds are a significant problem in crop production and their management in modern agriculture is crucial to avoid yield losses and ensure food security. Intensive agricultural practices, changing climate, and natural disasters affect weed dynamics and that requires a change in weed management protocols. The existing manual control options are no longer viable because of labor shortages; chemical control options are limited by ecodegradation, health hazards, and development of herbicide resistance in weeds. We are therefore reviewing some potential nonconventional weed management strategies for modern agriculture that are viable, feasible, and efficient. Improvement in tillage regimes has long been identified as an impressive weed-control measure. Harvest weed seed control and seed predation have been shown as potential tools for reducing weed emergence and seed bank reserves. Development in the field of allelopathy for weed management has led to new techniques for weed control. The remarkable role of biotechnological advancements in developing herbicide-resistant crops, bioherbicides, and harnessing the allelopathic potential of crops is also worth mentioning in a modern weed management program. Thermal weed management has also been observed as a useful technique, especially under conservation agriculture systems. Last, precision weed management has been elaborated with sufficient details. The role of remote sensing, modeling, and robotics as an integral part of precision weed management has been highlighted in a realistic manner. All these strategies are viable for today's agriculture; however, site-specific selection and the use of right combinations will be the key to success. No single strategy is perfect, and therefore an integrated approach may provide better results. Future research is needed to explore the potential of these strategies and to optimize them on technological and cultural bases. The adoption of such methods may improve the efficiency of cropping systems under sustainable and conservation practices.

Keywords

Allelopathybiotechnologycrop nutritionherbicide resistanceprecision agricultureweed management
Type
Review
Information
Weed Science , Volume 63 , Issue 4 , December 2015 , pp. 723 - 747
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

References

Literature Cited

Andersen, J (1997) Experimental trials and modelling of hydrogen and propane burners for use in selective flaming. Biol Agric Hort 14:207–219 Google Scholar
Anderson, GL, Everitt, JH, Richardson, AJ, Escobar, DE (1993) Using satellite data to map false broomweed (Ericamerria austrotexana) infestations on south Texas rangelands. Weed Technol 7:865–871 Google Scholar
Anderson, K, Gaston, KJ (2013) Lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles will revolutionize spatial ecology. Front Ecol Environ 11:138–146 Google Scholar
Andreasen, C, Hansen, L, Streibig, JC (1999) The effect of ultraviolet radiation on the fresh weight of some weeds and crops. Weed Technol 13:554–560 Google Scholar
Ascard, J (1994) Dose–response models for flame weeding in relation to plant size and density. Weed Res 34:377–385 Google Scholar
Ascard, J (1995) Effects of flame weeding in weed species at different developmental states. Weed Res 35:397–411 Google Scholar
Ash, GJ (2010) The science, art and business of successful bioherbicides. Biol Control 52:230–240 Google Scholar
Astrand, B, Baerveldt, AJ (2002) An agricultural mobile robot with vision-based perception for mechanical weed control. Auton Robots 13:21–35 Google Scholar
Auld, BA, Morin, L (1995) Constraints in the development of bioherbicides. Weed Technol 9:638–652 Google Scholar
Awan, IU, Khan, MA, Zareef, M, Khan, EA (2009) Weed management in sunflower with allelopathic water extract and reduced doses of a herbicide. Pak J Weed Sci Res 15:19–30 Google Scholar
Azmi, M, Azlan, S, Yim, KM, George, TV, Chew, SE (2012) Control of weedy rice in direct-seeded rice using the Clearfield production system in Malaysia. Pak J Weed Sci Res 18:49–53 Google Scholar
Bajwa, AA (2014) Sustainable weed management in conservation agriculture. Crop Prot 65:105–113 Google Scholar
Bajwa, AA, Ehsanullah, Anjum, SA, Nafees, W, Tanveer, M, Saeed, HS (2014) Impact of fertilizer use on weed management in conservation agriculture—a review. Pak J Agric Res 27:69–78 Google Scholar
Bajwa, AA, Khalid, S, Sadia, S, Nabeel, M, Nafees, W (2013) Influence of combinations of allelopathic water extracts of different plants on wheat and wild oat. Pak J Weed Sci Res 19:157–166 Google Scholar
Banik, P, Midya, A, Sarkar, BK, Ghose, SS (2006) Wheat and chickpea intercropping systems in an additive series experiment: advantages and weed smothering. Eur J Agron 24:325–332 Google Scholar
Batish, DR, Arora, K, Singh, HP, Kohli, RK (2007) Potential utilization of dried powder of Tagetes minuta as a natural herbicide for managing rice weeds. Crop Prot 26:566–571 Google Scholar
Beckie, HJ, Harker, KN, Hall, LM, Warwick, SI, Légère, A, Sikkema, PH, Clayton, GW, Thomas, AG, Leeson, G, Swartz, S, Simard, J (2006) A decade of herbicide-resistant crops in Canada. Can J Plant Sci 86:1243–1264 Google Scholar
Berling, J (1992) Getting weeds in hot water. A new hot water weed sprayer and soy-based oil help cut herbicide use. Farm Indus News 26:44–49 Google Scholar
Bhadoria, PBS (2011) Allelopathy: a natural way towards weed management. Am J Exp Agric 1:7–20 Google Scholar
Bhattacharyya, R, Prakash, V, Kundu, S, Srivastva, AK, Gupta, HS (2009) Soil aggregation and organic matter in a sandy clay loam soil of the Indian Himalayas under different tillage and crop regimes. Agric Ecosyst Environ 132:126–134 Google Scholar
Blackshaw, RE (2005) Nitrogen fertilizer, manure and compost effects on weed growth and competition with spring weed. Agron J 97:1612–1621 Google Scholar
Blackshaw, RE, Brandt, RN (2008) Nitrogen fertilizer rate effects on weed competitiveness is species dependent. Weed Sci 56:743–747 Google Scholar
Blackshaw, RE, Larney, FJ, Lindwall, CW, Watson, PR, Derksen, DA (2001) Tillage intensity and crop rotation affect weed community dynamics in a winter wheat cropping system. Can J Plant Sci 81:805–813 Google Scholar
Blackshaw, RE, Molnar, LJ, Chevalier, DF, Lindwall, CW (1998) Factors affecting the operation of the weed-sensing Detectspray system. Weed Sci 46:127–131 Google Scholar
Blackshaw, RE, Molnar, LJ, Janzen, HH (2004) Nitrogen fertilizer timing and application method affect weed growth and competition with spring wheat. Weed Sci 52:614–622 Google Scholar
Blasco, J, Aleixos, N, Roger, JM, Rabatel, G, Molto, E (2002) Robotic weed control using machine vision. Biosyst Eng 83:149–157 Google Scholar
Bond, W, Grundy, AC (2001) Non-chemical weed management in organic farming systems. Weed Res 41:383–405 Google Scholar
Borger, CPD, Riethmuller, GP, Michael, A, David, M, Abul, H, Powles, SB (2013) Increased carrier volume improves preemergence control of rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in zero-tillage seeding systems. Weed Technol 27:649–655 Google Scholar
Brain, P, Cousens, R (1990) The effect of weed distribution on predictions of yield loss. J Appl Ecol 27:735–742 Google Scholar
Brainard, DC, Henshaw, B, Snapp, S (2012) Hairy vetch varieties and bicultures influence cover crop services in strip-tilled sweet corn. Agron J 104:629–638 Google Scholar
Brainard, DC, Peachey, RE, Haramoto, ER, Luna, JM, Rangarajan, A (2013) Weed ecology and nonchemical management under strip-tillage: implications for Northern US vegetable cropping systems. Weed Technol 27:218–230 Google Scholar
Brodie, G, Hamilton, S, Woodworth, J (2007) An assessment of microwave soil pasteurization for killing seeds and weeds. Plant Prot Q 22:143–149 Google Scholar
Brodie, G, Ryan, C, Lancaster, C (2011) Microwave technologies as part of an integrated weed management strategy: a review. Int J Agron. DOI: 10.1155/2012/636905.Google Scholar
Brown, RB, Noble, SD (2005) Site-specific weed management: sensing requirements—what do we need to see? Weed Sci 53:252–258 Google Scholar
Carmona, DM, Menalled, FD, Landis, DA (1999) Northern fieldcricket, Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burmeister (Orthoptera: Gryllidae): laboratory weed seed predation and within field activity—density. J Econ Entomol 92:825–829 Google Scholar
Cathcart, RJ, Swanton, CJ (2003) Nitrogen management will influence threshold values of green foxtail (Setaria viridis) in corn. Weed Sci 51:975–986 Google Scholar
Charudattan, R (2001) Biological control of weeds by means of plant pathogens: significance for integrated weed management in modern agro-ecology. Biocontrol 46:229–260 Google Scholar
Charudattan, R (2005) Use of plant pathogens as bioherbicides to manage weeds in horticultural crops. Pages. Pages 208–214 in Proceedings of Florida State Horticultural Society. Lake Alfred, FL: Florida State Horticultural Society Google Scholar
Charudattan, R, Dinoor, A (2000) Biological control of weeds using plant pathogens: accomplishments and limitations. Crop Prot 19:691–695 Google Scholar
Chauhan, BS (2012) Weed ecology and weed management strategies for dry-seeded rice in Asia. Weed Technol 26:1–13 Google Scholar
Chauhan, BS (2013) Strategies to manage weedy rice in Asia. Crop Prot 48:51–56 Google Scholar
Chauhan, BS, Abugho, SB (2013) Fertilizer placement affects weed growth and grain yield in dry-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) systems. Am J Plant Sci 4:1260–1264 Google Scholar
Chauhan, BS, Gill, GS (2014) Ecologically based weed management strategies. Pages 1–11 in Chauhan, BS, Mahajan, G, eds. Recent Advances in Weed Management. New York Springer Google Scholar
Chauhan, BS, Gill, GS, Preston, C (2006) Tillage system effects on weed ecology, herbicide activity and persistence: a review. Aust J Exp Agric 46:1557–1570 Google Scholar
Chauhan, BS, Johnson, DE (2010) The role of seed ecology in improving weed management strategies in the tropics. Adv Agron 105:221–262 Google Scholar
Chauhan, BS, Migo, T, Westerman, PR, Johnson, DE (2010) Post-dispersal predation of weed seeds in rice fields. Weed Res 50:553–560 Google Scholar
Chauhan, BS, Prabhjyot-Kaur, Mahajan, G, Randhawa, RK, Singh, H, Kang, MS (2014) Global warming and its possible impact on agriculture in India. Adv Agron 123:65–121 Google Scholar
Chauhan, BS, Singh, RG, Mahajan, G (2012) Ecology and management of weeds under conservation agriculture: a review. Crop Prot 38:57–65 Google Scholar
Cheema, ZA, Farooq, M, Khaliq, A (2013) Application of allelopathy in crop production: success story from Pakistan. Pages 113–143 in Cheema, ZA, Farooq, M, Wahid, A, eds. Allelopathy: Current Trends and Future Applications. Berlin Springer Verlag.Google Scholar
Cheema, ZA, Khaliq, A (2000) Use of sorghum allelopathic properties to control weeds in irrigated wheat in semi-arid region of Punjab. Agric Ecosyst Environ 79:105–112 Google Scholar
Cheema, ZA, Khaliq, A, Akhtar, S (2001) Use of sorghum water extract as a natural weed inhibitor in spring mungbean. Int J Agric Biol 3:515–518 Google Scholar
Cheema, ZA, Khaliq, A, Saeed, S (2004) Weed control in maize (Zea mays L.) through sorghum allelopathy. J Sustain Agric 23:73–86 Google Scholar
Cheema, ZA, Khaliq, A, Tariq, M (2002) Evaluation of concentrated sorghum water extract alone and in combination with reduced rates of three pre-emergence herbicides for weed control in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Int J Agric Biol 4:549–552 Google Scholar
Chhokar, RS, Sharma, RK, Jat, GR, Pundir, AK, Gathala, MK (2007) Effect of tillage and herbicides on weeds and productivity of wheat under rice–wheat growing system. Crop Prot 26:1689–1696 Google Scholar
Christensen, S, Heisel, T, Walter, A, Graglia, E (2003) A decision algorithm for patch spraying. Weed Res 43:276–284 Google Scholar
Christensen, S, Søgaard, HT, Kudsk, P, Nørremark, M, Lund, I, Nadimi, ES, Jørgensen, R (2009) Site-specific weed control technologies. Weed Res 49:233–241 Google Scholar
Clements, DR, Benoit, DL, Murphy, SD, Swanton, CJ (1996) Tillage effects on weed seed return and seed bank composition. Weed Sci 44:314–322 Google Scholar
Cox, SWR, McLean, KA (1969) Electro-chemical thinning of sugar beet. J Agric Eng Res 14:332–343 Google Scholar
Creamer, NG, Dabney, SM (2002) Killing cover crops mechanically: review of recent literature and assessment of new research results. Am J Altern Agric 17:32–40 Google Scholar
Day, TA, Martin, G, Vogelmann, TC (1993) Penetration of UV-B radiation in foliage: evidence that the epidermis behaves as a non-uniform filter. Plant Cell Environ 16:735–741 Google Scholar
DeVay, J, Stapleton, J, Elmore, C (1991) Soil solarization. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 109. Rome: FAO.Google Scholar
Dill, GM, CaJacob, CA, Padgette, SR (2008) Glyphosate-resistant crops: adoption, use and future considerations. Pest Manag Sci 64:326–331 Google Scholar
Diprose, MF, Benson, FA (1984) Electrical methods of killing plants. J Agric Eng Res 29:197–209 Google Scholar
DiTomaso, JM (1995) Approaches for improving crop competitiveness through the manipulation of fertilization strategies. Weed Sci 43:491–497 Google Scholar
Donald, WW (1990) Primary tillage for foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum) control. Weed Technol 4:318–321 Google Scholar
Downey, D, Giles, DK, Slaughter, DC (2004) Pulsed jet micro-spray applications for high spatial resolution of deposition on biological targets. Atomizat Sprays 14:93–109 Google Scholar
Duerinckx, K, Mouazen, AM, Anthonis, J, Ramon, H (2005) Effects of spring-tine settings and operational conditions on the mechanical performance of a weed harrow tine. Biosyst Eng 91:21–34 Google Scholar
Duke, SO, Powles, SB (2009) Glyphosate-resistant crops and weeds: now and in the future. AgBioFor 12:346–357 Google Scholar
Evans, SP, Knezevic, SZ, Shapiro, C, Lindquist, JL (2003) Nitrogen level affects critical period for weed control in corn. Weed Sci 51:408–417 Google Scholar
Everitt, JH, Alaniz, MA, Escobar, DE, Davis, MR (1992) Using remote-sensing to distinguish common (Isocoma coronopifolia) and drummond goldenweed (Isocoma drummondii). Weed Sci 40:621–628 Google Scholar
Everitt, JH, Escobar, DE, Alaniz, MA, Davis, MR (1987) Using airborne middle-infrared (1.45–2.0 μm) video imagery for distinguishing plant species and soil conditions. Remote Sens Environ 22:423–428 Google Scholar
Everitt, JH, Escobar, DE, Villarreal, R, Alaniz, MA, Davis, MR (1993) Canopy light reflectance and remote-sensing of Shin Oak (Querrcus havardii) and associated vegetation (Isocoma drummondii). Weed Sci 41:291–297 Google Scholar
Farooq, M, Bajwa, AA, Cheema, SA, Cheema, ZA (2013) Application of allelopathy in crop production. Int J Agric Biol 15:1367–1378 Google Scholar
Farooq, M, Jabran, K, Cheema, ZA, Wahid, A, Siddique, KHM (2011) The role of allelopathy in agricultural pest management. Pest Manag Sci 67:493–506 Google Scholar
Fragasso, M, Iannucci, A, Papa, R (2013) Durum wheat and allelopathy: toward wheat breeding for natural weed management. Front Plant Sci 4:368–375 Google Scholar
Franke, AC, Singh, S, McRoberts, N, Nehra, AS, Godara, S, Malik, RK, Marshall, G (2007) Phalaris minor seedbank studies: longevity, seedling emergence and seed production as affected by tillage regime. Weed Res 47:73–83 Google Scholar
Freckleton, RP, Stephens, PA (2009) Predictive models of weed population dynamics. Weed Res 49:225–232 Google Scholar
Garrett, RE (1966) Device designed for synchronous thinning of plants. Agric Eng 47:652–653 Google Scholar
Gealy, DR, Mitten, DH, Rutger, JN (2003) Gene flow between red rice (Oryza sativa) and herbicide-resistant rice (O. sativa): implications for weed management. Weed Technol 17:627–645 Google Scholar
Gerhards, R, Christensen, S (2003) Real-time weed detection, decision making and patch spraying in maize, sugar beet, winter wheat and winter barley. Weed Res 43:385–392 Google Scholar
Getzin, S, Wiegand, K, Schöning, I (2012) Assessing biodiversity in forests using very high-resolution images and unmanned aerial vehicles. Methods Ecol Evol 3:397–404 Google Scholar
Ghosheh, HZ (2005) Constraints in implementing biological weed control: a review. Weed Biol Manag 5:83–92 Google Scholar
Gianessi, LP (2005) Economic and herbicide use impacts of glyphosate-resistant crops. Pest Manag Sci 61:241–245 Google Scholar
Giles, DK, Downey, D, Slaughter, DC, Brevis-Acuna, JC, Lanini, WT (2004) Herbicide micro-dosing for weed control in field grown processing tomatoes. Appl Eng Agric 20:735–743 Google Scholar
Gill, KS, Arshad, MA (1995) Weed flora in the early growth period of spring crops under conventional, reduced, and zero tillage systems on a clay soil in northern Alberta, Canada. Soil Till Res 33:65–79 Google Scholar
Givens, WA, Shaw, DR, Kruger, GR, Johnson, WG, Weller, SC, Young, BG, Wilson, RG, Owen, MDK, Jordan, D (2009) Survey of tillage trends following the adoption of glyphosate-resistant crops. Weed Technol 23:150–155 Google Scholar
Green, JM (2012) The benefits of herbicide-resistant crops. Pest Manag Sci 68:1323–1331 Google Scholar
Guza, AE, Renner, KA, Laboski, C, Davis, AS (2008) Effect of early spring fertilizer nitrogen on weed emergence and growth. Weed Sci 56:714–721 Google Scholar
Haan, RL, Wyse, DL, Ehike, NJ, Maxwell, BD, Putnam, DH (1994) Simulation of spring seeded smother plant for weed control in corn. Weed Sci 42:35–43 Google Scholar
Haidar, MA, Sidahmed, MM (2000) Soil solarization and chicken manure for the control of Orobanche crenata and other weeds in Lebanon. Crop Prot 19:169–173 Google Scholar
Hallett, SG (2005) Where are the bioherbicides? Weed Sci 53:404–415 Google Scholar
Hanks, JE, Beck, JL (1998) Sensor-controlled hooded sprayer for row crops. Weed Technol 12:308–314 Google Scholar
Hansson, D, Ascard, J (2002) Influence of developmental stage and time of assessment on hot water weed control. Weed Res 42:307–316 Google Scholar
Haramoto, ER, Brainard, DC (2012) Strip tillage and oat cover crops affect soil moisture and N mineralization patterns in cabbage. HortScience 47:1596–1602 Google Scholar
Heap, I (2014) Herbicide resistant weeds. Pages 281–301 in Pimentel, D, Peshin, R, eds. Integrated Pest Management. Dordrecht, The Netherlands Springer Google Scholar
Heggenstaller, AH, Menalled, FD, Liebman, M, Westerman, PR (2006) Seasonal patterns in post-dispersal seed predation of Abutilon theophrasti and Setaria faberi in three-cropping systems. J Appl Ecol 43:999–1010 Google Scholar
Hestir, EL, Khanna, S, Andrew, ME, Santos, MJ, Viers, JH, Greenberg, JA, Rajapakse, SS, Ustin, SL (2008) Identification of invasive vegetation using hyperspectral remote sensing in the California Delta ecosystem. Remote Sens Environ 112:4034–4047 Google Scholar
Hoagland, RE (1996) Chemical interactions with bioherbicides to improve efficacy. Weed Technol 10:651–674 Google Scholar
Hoagland, RE, Weaver, MA, Boyette, CD (2007) Myrothecium verrucaria fungus: a bioherbicide and strategies to reduce its non-target risks. Allelopathy J 19:179–192 Google Scholar
Horowitz, J, Regev, Y, Herzlinger, G (1983) Solarization for weed control. Weed Sci 31:170–179 Google Scholar
Iqbal, J, Cheema, ZA, An, M (2007) Intercropping of field crops in cotton for the management of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.). Plant Soil 300:163–171 Google Scholar
Iqbal, J, Cheema, ZA, Mushtaq, MN (2009) Allelopathic crop water extracts reduce the herbicide dose for weed control in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Int J Agric Biol 11:360–366 Google Scholar
Jabran, K, Cheema, ZA, Farooq, M, Hussain, M (2010) Lower doses of pendimethalin mixed with allelopathic crop water extracts for weed management in canola (Brassica napus). Int J Agric Biol 12:335–340 Google Scholar
Jamil, M, Cheema, ZA, Mushtaq, MN, Farooq, M, Cheema, MA (2009) Alternative control of wild oat and canary grass in wheat fields by allelopathic plant water extracts. Agron Sustain Dev 29:475–482 Google Scholar
Jensen, LB, Courtois, B, Olofsdotter, M (2008) Quantitative trait loci analysis of allelopathy in rice. Crop Sci 48:1459–1469 Google Scholar
Khaliq, A, Matloob, A, Irshad, MS, Tanveer, A, Zamir, MSI (2010) Organic weed management in maize through integration of allelopathic crop residues. Pak J Weed Sci Res 16:409–420 Google Scholar
Kise, M, Zhang, Q, Rovira Mais, F (2005) A stereovision-based crop row detection method for tractor-automated guidance. Biosyst Eng 90:357–367 Google Scholar
Knežević, S, Datta, A, Stepanovic, S, Bruening, C, Neilson, B, Gogos, G (2011) Weed control with flaming and cultivation in corn. Phytopathology 101:81–92 Google Scholar
Knežević, S, Ulloa, S (2007) Potential new tool for weed control in organically grown agronomic crops. J Agric Sci Belg 52:95–104 Google Scholar
Kobayashi, H, Miura, S, Oyanagi, A (2004) Effects of winter barley as a cover crop on the weed vegetation in a no-tillage soybean. Weed Biol Manag 4:195–205 Google Scholar
Kyser, GB, DiTomaso, JM (2002) Instability in a grassland community after the control of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) with prescribed burning. Weed Sci 50:648–657 Google Scholar
Lalor, WF, Buchele, WF (1969) Field experiments with an air-curtain flame weeder. Agric Eng 50:358–359 Google Scholar
Lamb, DW, Brown, RB (2001) Precision agriculture: remote-sensing and mapping of weeds in crops. J Agric Eng Res 78:117–125 Google Scholar
Lamb, DW, Weedon, M (1998) Evaluating the accuracy of mapping weeds in fallow fields using airborne digital imaging Panicum efusum in oilseed rape stubble. Weed Res 38:443–451 Google Scholar
Lamb, DW, Weedon, MM, Rew, LJ (1999) Evaluating the accuracy of mapping weeds in seedling crops using airborne digital imaging. Avena spp. in seedling triticale (X triticosecale). Weed Res 39:481–492 Google Scholar
Lamm, RD, Slaughter, DC, Giles, DK (2002) Precision weed control system for cotton. Trans ASAE 45:231–238 Google Scholar
Lass, LW, Callihan, RH (1997) The effect of phenological stage on the detectability of yellow hawkweed (Heiracium pratense) and oxeye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) with remote multispectral digital imagery. Weed Technol 11:248–256 Google Scholar
Lass, LW, Carson, HW, Callihan, RH (1996) Detection of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) and common St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) with multi-spectral digital imagery. Weed Technol 10:466–474 Google Scholar
Lass, LW, Prather, TS, Glenn, NF, Weber, KT, Mundt, JT, Pettingill, J (2005) A review of remote sensing of invasive weeds and example of the early detection of spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) and babysbreath (Gypsophila paniculata) with a hyperspectral sensor. Weed Sci 53:242–251 Google Scholar
Lee, WS, Slaughter, DC, Giles, DK (1999) Robotic weed control system for tomatoes. Precis Agric 1:95–113 Google Scholar
Lindsey, LE, Darryl, D, Warncke, KS, Wesley, JE (2013) Fertilizer and population affect nitrogen assimilation of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). Weed Sci 61:131–135 Google Scholar
Lins, RD, Colquhoun, JB, Mallory-Smith, C (2006) Investigation of wheat as a trap crop for control of Orobanche minor . Weed Res 46:313–318 Google Scholar
López-Granados, F (2011) Weed detection for site-specific weed management: mapping and real-time approaches. Weed Res 51:1–11 Google Scholar
Major, J, Steiner, C, Ditommaso, A, Falcão, NP, Lehmann, J (2005) Weed composition and cover after three years of soil fertility management in the central Brazilian Amazon: compost, fertilizer, manure and charcoal applications. Weed Biol Manag 5:69–76 Google Scholar
Mathiassen, SK, Bak, T, Christensen, S, Kudsk, P (2006) The effect of laser treatment as a weed control method. Biosyst Eng 95:497–505 Google Scholar
Mauchline, AL, Watson, SJ, Brown, VK, Froud-Williams, RJ (2005) Post-dispersal seed predation of non-target weeds in arable crops. Weed Res 45:157–164 Google Scholar
Mauromicale, G, Lo Monaco, A, Longo, AMJ, Restuccia, A (2005) Soil solarization, a nonchemical method to control branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) and improve the yield of greenhouse tomato. Weed Sci 53:877–883 Google Scholar
Mayer, S, Sandvik, A, Jonassen, MO, Reuder, J (2012) Atmospheric profiling with the UAS SUMO: a new perspective for the evaluation of fine-scale atmospheric models. Meteorol Atmos Phys 116:15–26 Google Scholar
McConnachie, AJ, de Wit, MP, Hill, MP, Byrne, MJ (2003) Economic evaluation of the successful biological control of Azollafiliculoides in South Africa. Biol Control 28:25–32 Google Scholar
McLean, KA (1969) Chemical thinning of sugar beet. J Agric Eng Res 14:147–153 Google Scholar
Medlin, CR, Shaw, DR (2000) Economic comparison of broadcast and site-specific herbicide applications in non-transgenic and glyphosate-tolerant Glycine max . Weed Sci 48:653–661 Google Scholar
Medlin, CR, Shaw, DR, Gerard, PD, LaMastus, FE (2000) Using remote sensing to detect weed infestations in Glycine max . Weed Sci 48:393–398 Google Scholar
Meiss, H, Le Lagadec, L, Munier-Jolain, N, Waldhardt, R, Petit, S (2010) Weed seed predation increases with vegetation cover in perennial forage crops. Agric Ecosyst Environ 138:10–16 Google Scholar
Melander, B (1998) Interaction between soil cultivation in darkness, flaming, and brush weeding when used for in-row weed control in vegetables. Biol Agric Hort 16:1–14 Google Scholar
Memon, RA, Khalid, S, Mallah, A, Mirbahar, AA (2011) Use of GPS and GIS technology in surveying and mapping of wheat and cotton weeds in Khairpur district, Sindh, Pakistan. Pak J Bot 43:1873–1878 Google Scholar
Menalled, F, Smith, R, Dauer, J, Fox, T (2007) Impact of agricultural management on carabid communities and weed seed predation. Agric Ecosyst Environ 118:49–54 Google Scholar
Menges, RM, Nixon, PR, Richardson, AJ (1985) Light reflectance and remote-sensing of weeds in agronomic and horticultural crops. Weed Sci 33:569–581 Google Scholar
Mesbah, AO, Miller, SD (1999) Fertilizer placement affects jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) competition in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Weed Technol 13:374–377 Google Scholar
Mohammaddoust-e-Chamanadad, HR, Tulikor, AM, Baghestani, MA (2006) Effect of long term fertilizer application and crop rotation on the infestation of fields weeds. Pak J Weed Sci Res 12:221–234 Google Scholar
Mohler, CL, Frisch, JC, Pleasant, JM (1997) Evaluation of mechanical weed management programs for corn (Zea mays). Weed Technol 11:123–131 Google Scholar
Mortensen, DA, Egan, JF, Maxwell, BD, Ryan, MR, Smith, RG (2012) Navigating a critical juncture for sustainable weed management. BioScience 62:75–84 Google Scholar
Murphy, SD, Clements, DR, Belaoussoff, S, Kevan, PG, Swanton, CJ (2006) Promotion of weed species diversity and reduction of weed seedbanks with conservation tillage and crop rotation. Weed Sci 54:69–77 Google Scholar
Myers, MW, Curran, WS, Van Gessel, MJ, Majek, BA, Mortensen, DA, Calvin, DD, Karsten, HD, Roth, GW (2005) Effect of soil disturbance on annual weed emergence in the Northeastern United States. Weed Technol 19:274–282 Google Scholar
Nagabhushana, GG, Worsham, AD, Yenish, JP (2001) Allelopathic cover crops to reduce herbicide use in sustainable agricultural systems. Allelopathy J 8:133–146 Google Scholar
Naseem, M, Aslam, M, Ansar, M, Azhar, M (2010) Allelopathic effects of sunflower water extract on weed control and wheat productivity. Pak J Weed Sci Res 15:107–116 Google Scholar
Nawaz, A, Farooq, M, Cheema, SA, Cheema, ZA (2014) Role of allelopathy in weed management. Pages 39–61 in Chauhan, BS, Mahajan, G, eds. Recent Advances in Weed Management. New York. Springer Google Scholar
Obert, JC, Ridley, WP, Schneider, RW, Riordan, SG, Nemeth, MA, Trujillo, WA, Breeze, ML, Sorbet, R, Astwood, JD (2004) The composition of grain and forage from glyphosate tolerant wheat MON 71800 is equivalent to that of conventional wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). J Agric Food Chem 52:1375–1384 Google Scholar
Owen, MDK, Zelaya, I (2005) Herbicide-resistant crops and weed resistance to herbicides. Pest Manag Sci 61:301–311 Google Scholar
Ozpinar, S (2006) Effects of tillage systems on weed population and economics for winter wheat production under the Mediterranean dryland conditions. Soil Till Res 87:1–8 Google Scholar
Parish, S (1990) A review of non-chemical weed control techniques. Biol Agric Hort 7:117–137 Google Scholar
Patzoldt, WL, Tranel, PJ, Alexander, AL, Schmizer, PR (2001) A common ragweed population resistant to cloransulam-methyl. Weed Sci 49:485–490 Google Scholar
Peachey, RE, Pinkerton, JN, Ivors, KL, Miller, ML, Moore, LW (2001) Effect of soil solarization, cover crops, and metham on field emergence and survival of buried annual bluegrass (Poa annua) seeds. Weed Technol 15:81–88 Google Scholar
Peachey, RE, William, RD, Mallory-Smith, C (2006) Effect of spring tillage sequence on summer annual weeds in vegetable row crop. Weed Technol 20:204–214 Google Scholar
Peña, JM, Torres-Sánchez, J, de Castro, AI, Kelly, M, López-Granados, F (2013) Weed mapping in early-season maize fields using object-based analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images. PLoS ONE 8:e77151 Google Scholar
Peters, RD, Sturz, AV, Carter, MR, Sanderson, JB (2003) Developing disease-suppressive soils through crop rotation and tillage management practices. Soil Till Res 72:181–192 Google Scholar
Price, JC (1994) How unique are spectral signatures? Remote Sens Environ 49:181–186 Google Scholar
Primicerio, J, Di Gennaro, SF, Fiorillo, E, Genesio, L, Lugato, E, Matese, A, Vaccari, FP (2012) A flexible unmanned aerial vehicle for precision agriculture. Precis Agric 13:517–523 Google Scholar
Rask, AM, Kristoffersen, P (2007) A review of non-chemical weed control on hard surfaces. Weed Res 47:370–380 Google Scholar
Rask, AM, Kristoffersen, P, Andreasen, C (2012) Controlling grass weeds on hard surfaces: effect of time intervals between flame treatments. Weed Technol 26:83–88 Google Scholar
Rehman, A, Cheema, ZA, Khaliq, A, Arshad, M, Mohsan, S (2010) Application of sorghum, sunflower and rice water extract combinations helps in reducing herbicide dose for weed management in rice. Int J Agric Biol 12:901–906 Google Scholar
Rew, LJ, Cousens, RD (2001) Spatial distribution of weeds in arable crops: are current sampling and analytical methods appropriate? Weed Res 41:1–18 Google Scholar
Ruf-Pachta, EK, Rule, DM, Dille, JA (2013) Corn and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) interactions with nitrogen in dryland and irrigated environments. Weed Sci 61:249–258 Google Scholar
Sadia, S, Khalid, S, Qureshi, R, Bajwa, AA (2013) Tagetes minuta L., A useful underutilized plant of family Asteraceae: a review. Pak J Weed Sci Res 19:179–189 Google Scholar
Samarajeewa, KBDP, Horiuchi, T, Oba, S (2006) Finger millet (Eleucine corocana L. Gaertn.) as a cover crop on weed control, growth and yield of soybean under different tillage systems. Soil Till Res 90:93–99 Google Scholar
Sarda-Palomera, F, Bota, G, Vinolo, C, Pallaares, O, Sazatornil, V, Brotons, L, Gomariz, S, Sarda, F (2012) Fine-scale bird monitoring from light unmanned aircraft systems. Int J Avian Sci 154:177–183 Google Scholar
Sartorato, I, Zanin, G, Baldoin, C, De Zanche, C (2006) Observations on the potential of microwaves for weed control. Weed Res 46:1–9 Google Scholar
Scheepens, PC, Müller-Schärer, H, Kempenaar, C (2001) Opportunities for biological weed control in Europe. Biol Control 46:127–138 Google Scholar
Scotford, IM, Miller, PCH (2005) Applications of spectral reflectance techniques in Northern European cereal production: a review. Biosyst Eng 90:235–250 Google Scholar
Shirtliffe, SJ, Entz, MH (2005) Chaff collection reduces seed dispersal of wild oat (Avena fatua) by a combine harvester. Weed Sci 53:465–470 Google Scholar
Singh, HP, Batish, DR, Kohli, RK (2003) Allelopathic interactions and allelochemicals: new possibilities for sustainable weed management. Crit Rev Plant Sci 22:239–311 Google Scholar
Singh, S (2007) Role of management practices on control of isoproturon-resistant littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor) in India. Weed Technol 21:339–346 Google Scholar
Singh, S (2014) Sustainable weed management in cotton. Har J Agron 30:1–14 Google Scholar
Singh, S, Punia, SS, Singh, A, Brar, AP (2012) Weed control efficacy of trifluralin in cotton in N-W. India. Har J Agron 28:1–10 Google Scholar
Slaughter, DC, Chen, P, Curley, RG (1999) Vision guided precision cultivation. Prec Agric 1:199–216 Google Scholar
Slaughter, DC, Giles, DK, Downey, D (2008) Autonomous robotic weed control systems: a review. Comp Elec Agric 61:63–78 Google Scholar
Søgaard, HT (2005) Weed classification by active shape models. Biosyst Eng 91:271–281 Google Scholar
Stafford, JV (2000) Implementing precision agriculture in the 21st century. J Agric Eng Res 76:267–275 Google Scholar
Stigliani, L, Resina, C (1993) SELOMA—expert system for weed management in herbicide-intensive crops. Weed Technol 7:550–559 Google Scholar
Sweeney, AE, Renner, KA, Laboski, C, Davis, A (2008) Effect of fertilizer nitrogen on weed emergence and growth. Weed Sci 56:714–721 Google Scholar
Tarkalson, DD, Bjorneberg, DL, Moore, A (2012) Effects of tillage system and nitrogen supply on sugarbeet production. J Sugar Beet Res 49:79–102 Google Scholar
Thorp, KR, Tian, LF (2004) A review on remote sensing of weeds in agriculture. Prec Agric 5:477–508 Google Scholar
Toler, JE, Murdock, EC, Camberato, JJ (2004) Starter fertilizer effects on cotton development and weed interference. J Cotton Sci 8:33–41 Google Scholar
Torres-Sánchez, J, López-Granados, F, De Castro, AI, Peña-Barragán, JM (2013) Configuration and specifications of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for early site specific weed management. PLoS ONE 8:e58210 Google Scholar
Wallace, RW, Bellinder, RR (1992) Alternative tillage and herbicide options for successful weed control in vegetables. Hort Sci 27:745–749 Google Scholar
Walsh, M, Newman, P, Powles, SB (2013) Targeting weed seeds in-crop: a new weed control paradigm for global agriculture. Weed Technol 27:431–436 Google Scholar
Walsh, MJ, Harrington, RB, Powles, SB (2012) Harrington seed destructor: a new nonchemical weed control tool for global grain crops. Crop Sci 52:1343–1347 Google Scholar
Walsh, MJ, Newman, P (2007) Burning narrow windrows for weed seed destruction. Field Crops Res 104:24–40 Google Scholar
Walsh, MJ, Powles, SB (2007) Management strategies for herbicide resistant weed populations in Australian dryland crop production systems. Weed Technol 21:332–338 Google Scholar
Wazir, I, Sadiq, M, Baloch, MS, Awan, IU, Khan, EA, Shah, IH, Nadim, MA, Khakwani, AA, Bakhsh, I (2011) Application of bio-herbicide alternatives for chemical weed control in rice. Pak J Weed Sci Res 17:245–252 Google Scholar
Weston, LA, Duke, SO (2003) Weed and crop allelopathy. Crit Rev Plant Sci 22:367–389 Google Scholar
White, SS, Renner, KA, Menalled, FD, Landis, DA (2007) Feeding preferences of weed seed predators and effect on weed emergence. Weed Sci 55:606–612 Google Scholar
Wiles, LJ, King, RP, Schweizer, EE, Lybecker, DW, Swinton, SM (1996) GWM: general weed management model. Agric Syst 50:355–376 Google Scholar
Worthington, M, Reberg-Horton, SC (2013) Breeding cereal crops for enhanced weed suppression: optimizing allelopathy and competitive ability. J Chem Ecol 39:213–231 Google Scholar
Wu, H, Pratley, J, Lemerle, D, Haig, T (2000) Laboratory screening for allelopathic potential ofwheat (Triticum aestivum) accessions against annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum). Aust J Agric Res 51:259–266 Google Scholar
Wu, H, Pratley, J, Ma, W, Haig, T (2003) Quantitative trait loci and molecular markers associated with wheat allelopathy. Theoret Appl Genet 107:1477–1481 Google Scholar
Xiang, H, Tian, L (2011) Development of a low-cost agricultural remote sensing system based on an autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Biosyst Eng 108:174–190 Google Scholar
Yin, L, Cai, Z, Zhong, W (2005) Changes in weed composition of winter wheat crops due to long-term fertilization. Agric Ecosyst Environ 107:181–186 Google Scholar
Young, SL (2012) True integrated weed management. Weed Res 52:107–111 Google Scholar
Young, SL, Meyer, GE, Woldt, WE (2014) Future directions for automated weed management in precision agriculture. Pages 249–259 in Young, SL, Pierce, FJ, eds. Automation: The Future of Weed Control in Cropping Systems. Dordrecht, The Netherlands Springer Google Scholar
Zhang, C, Kovacs, J (2012) The application of small unmanned aerial systems for precision agriculture: a review. Prec Agric 13:693–712 Google Scholar
Zhang, L, Li, D, Tong, Q, Zheng, L (1998) Study of the spectral mixture model of soil and vegetation in PoYang Lake area, China. Int J Remote Sens 19:2077–2084 Google Scholar
Zimdahl, RL, ed (2013) Fundamentals of Weed Science Waltham, MA Academic Press. Pp 295–344 Google Scholar