Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T20:32:04.203Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Influence of Several Algae on 2,4-D Residues in Water

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

J. P. Valentine  and
S. W. Bingham
J. P. Valentine
Affiliation:
Dep. of Plant Pathol. and Physiol., Virginia Polytech. Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061
S. W. Bingham
Affiliation:
Dep. of Plant Pathol. and Physiol., Virginia Polytech. Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Removal of [2-14C] 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-acetic acid] from water was pronounced with Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Breb. and most effective uptake occurred at pH 4.7. Three other algae were relatively ineffective in removal of 2,4-D. Increasing Scenedesmus cell density increased 2,4-D removal, but the amount absorbed was not a linear function of cell density. Similarly, with a range of herbicide concentrations (0.01 to 1.0 ppmw) the amount removed was greatest at the highest concentration; however, a higher percentage of chemical was removed at lower concentrations. An equilibrium of 14C removal from water and 14C released to the water was reached by 4 hr. More herbicide was removed from water by Scenedesmus in darkness than in light and low temperature (2 C) reduced uptake slightly. Relatively high 2,4-D concentrations were required to reduce growth in any of the four algae and Scenedesmus was most sensitive. Scenedesmus metabolized [ring−14C] in 24 hr to several products which were found in suspension fluid and cells. Quantitatively, 3-OH-2,4-D [3-hydroxy-2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] was the major metabolite, comprising 26% of the radioactivity extracted from cells compared to 15% from suspension fluid. A smaller amount of 5-OH-2,4-D [(5-hydroxy-2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] was isolated from the suspension fluid and none from the cells.

Type
Research Article
Information
Weed Science , Volume 22 , Issue 4 , July 1974 , pp. 358 - 363
Copyright
Copyright © 1974 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

1. Aly, O.M. and Faust, S.D. 1964. Studies on the fate of 2,4-D and ester derivatives in natural surface water. J. Agr. Food Chem. 12:541–546.Google Scholar
2. Barnett, A.P., Hauser, E.W., White, A.W., and Holladay, J.H. 1967. Loss of 2,4-D in washoff from cultivated fallow land. Weeds 15:133–137.Google Scholar
3. Crafts, A.S. and Yamaguchi, S. 1964. The autoradiography of plant materials. Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta., Berkeley, California Manual 35. 143 pp.Google Scholar
4. Feung, C., Hamilton, R.H., and Witham, F.H. 1971. Metabolism of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by soybean callus tissue cultures. J. Agr. Food Chem. 19:475–479.Google Scholar
5. Fulkner, J.K. and Woodcock, D. 1964. Metabolism of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) by Aspergillus niger van Teigh. Nature 203:865.Google Scholar
6. Gramlich, J.V. and Frans, R.E. 1964. Kinetics of Chlorella inhibition by herbicides. Weeds 12:184–189.Google Scholar
7. Hamilton, R.H., Hunter, J., Hall, J.K., and Ercegovich, C.D. 1971. Metabolism of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid by bean plants. J. Agr. Food Chem. 19:480–483.Google Scholar
8. Manigold, D.B. and Schultz, J.A. 1969. Pesticides in selected western streams–a progress report. Pestic. Monit. J. 3:124–135.Google Scholar
9. Mullison, W.R. 1970. Effects of herbicides on water and its inhabitants. Weed Sci. 18:738–750.Google Scholar
10. National Technical Advisory Committee to the Secretary of the Interior. 1968. Water quality criteria. Fed. Water Pollution Cont. Admin., Wash., D.C. 20–83.Google Scholar
11. Pierce, M.E. 1968. The effect of several herbicides on eight test areas in Nobska Pond, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Proc. Northeast. Weed Contr. Conf. 22:195–203.Google Scholar
12. Starr, R.C. 1964. The culture collection of algae at Indiana University. Amer. J. Bot. 51:1013–1044.Google Scholar
13. Sutton, D.L., Durham, D.A., Bingham, S.W., and Foy, C.L. 1969. Influence of simazine on apparent photosynthesis of aquatic plants and herbicide residue removal from water. Weed Sci. 17:56–59.Google Scholar
14. Thomas, E.W. and Loughman, B.C. 1964. Metabolic fate of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the stem tissues of Phaseolus vulgaris . Nature 204:884–885.Google Scholar
15. Trichell, D.W., Morton, H.L., and Merkle, M.G. 1968. Loss of herbicides in runoff water. Weed Sci. 16:447–449.Google Scholar
16. Wedemeyer, G. 1966. Uptake of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by Pseudomonas fluorescens . Appl. Microbiol. 14:486–491.Google Scholar
17. Wojtalik, T.A., Hall, T.F., and Hill, L.O. 1971. Monitoring ecological conditions associated with wide-scale applications of DMA 2,4-D to aquatic environments. Pestic. Monit. J. 4:184–203.Google Scholar