Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T01:57:24.288Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Future Needs in Weed Science

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

C. G. McWhorter
C. G. McWhorter*
Affiliation:
South. Weed Sci. Lab., Agric. Res., U.S. Dep. Agric., Stoneville, MS 38776
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Losses due to weeds in the United States and the cost of their control are now more than $20 billion annually (35). Of this total, $13 billion represents a 10% annual loss in agricultural production that includes not only the direct competition of weeds to reduce crop yields but also the reduced quality of produce, livestock losses, and increased cost of fertilizer, irrigation, harvesting, grain drying, transportation, and storage. In addition, farmers spend more than $7.2 billion to control weeds each year. About 43% of the expenditures to control weeds is the retail cost of herbicides, $3.1 billion, in 1980 (15). The value of herbicides sold in 1984 will probably be about 15% higher than in 1980. An additional $4.1 billion represents the cost of tillage and hand labor required for weed control (35). The total loss of over $20 billion represents an indirect annual weed tax of about $85 on each individual living in the United States.

Type
Special Topics
Information
Weed Science , Volume 32 , Issue 6 , November 1984 , pp. 850 - 855
Copyright
Copyright © 1984 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

1. Andres, L. A. 1982. Integrating weed biological control agents into a pest-management program. Weed Sci. 30:25–30.Google Scholar
2. Anonymous. 1983. Tillage for the times. Agrichemical Age, June. Page 30.Google Scholar
3. Bertrand, A. R. 1980. SEA integrated pest programs. SEA-USDA Progress Publication, Beltsville, MD. 69 pp.Google Scholar
4. Boyette, C. D., Templeton, G. E., and Smith, R. J. Jr. 1979. Control of winged waterprimrose (Jussiaea decurrens) and northern jointvetch (Aeschynomene virginica) with fungal pathogens. Weed Sci. 27:497–501.Google Scholar
5. Buchanan, G. A. 1978. Weed science–the unfinished discipline. Proc. South. Weed Sci. Soc. 31:2–13.Google Scholar
6. Caldwell, B. C. 1978. Disciplinary challenges: Plant breeding. Pages 38–40 in Symposium on Development of Optimum Crop Production Systems for the Mid-South. Univ. Ark. Sp. Rep. 67, Fayetteville, AR.Google Scholar
7. Coffman, C. B. and Gentner, W. A. 1980. Persistence of several controlled-release formulations of trifluralin in greenhouse and field. Weed Sci. 28:21–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. Daniel, J. T., Templeton, G. E., Smith, R. J. Jr., and Fox, W. T. 1973. Biological control of northern jointvetch in rice with an endemic fungal disease. Weed Sci. 21:303–307.Google Scholar
9. Egley, G. H. 1983. New methods for breaking seed dormancy and their application in weed control. Pages 143–151 in Smith, A. E., ed. Wild Oat Symposium Proc., Canadian Plains Proc. 12, Agric. Can. Google Scholar
10. Egley, G. H. and Paul, R. N. Jr. 1981. Development, structure and function of subpalisade cells in water impermeable Sida spinosa seeds. Am. J. Bot. 69:1402–1409.Google Scholar
11. Egley, G. H. and Paul, R. N. Jr. 1981. Morphological observations on the early imbibition of water by sida spinosa (Malvaceae) seed. Am. J. Bot. 68:1056–1065.Google Scholar
12. Egley, G. H., Paul, R. N. Jr., Duke, S. O., and Vaughn, K. C. 1983. Peroxidase involvement in lignin formation in impermeable seed coats of weedy leguminous and malvaceous species. Plant Physiol. Suppl. 72:87.Google Scholar
13. Egley, G. H., Paul, R. N. Jr., Vaughn, K. C., and Duke, S. O. 1983. Role of peroxidase in the development of water-impermeability by prickly sida seed coats. Planta 157:224–232.Google Scholar
14. Eichers, T. R. 1980. The farm pesticide industry. U.S. Dep. Agric., Econ. Stat. Coop. Serv., Agric. Econ. Rep. No. 461. Washington, DC. 24 pp.Google Scholar
15. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980. Pesticide Industry Sales and Usage. Washington, DC. 13 pp.Google Scholar
16. Faulkner, J. S. 1982. Breeding herbicide-tolerant crop cultivars by conventional methods. Pages 235–256 in LeBaron, H. M. and Gressel, J., eds. Herbicide Resistance in Plants. John Wiley and Sons, New York.Google Scholar
17. Fischer, H. and Bellus, D. 1983. Phytotoxicants from microorganisms and related compounds. Pestic Sci. 14:334–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18. Haas, H. and Streibig, J. C. 1982. Changing patterns of weed distribution as a result of herbicide use and other agronomic factors. Pages 57–79 in LeBaron, H. M. and Gressel, Jonathan, eds. Herbicide Resistance in Plants. John Wiley and Sons, New York.Google Scholar
19. Hill, G. D. 1982. Herbicide technology for integrated weed management systems. Weed Sci. 30:35–39.Google Scholar
20. Holm, L. 1976. The importance of weeds in world food production. (Bawden Memorial Lecture) Proc Br. Crop Protec Conf. 3:753–769.Google Scholar
21. Knake, E. L. 1975. Pluck a thistle and plant a flower. Weed Sci. 23:246–252.Google Scholar
22. LeBaron, H. M. 1983. Herbicide resistance in plants–an overview. Weeds Today 14:(2)4–6.Google Scholar
23. LeBaron, H. M. and Gressel, J. 1982. Summary of accomplishments, conclusions, and future needs. Pages 349–362 in LeBaron, H. M. and Gressel, J., eds. Herbicide Resistance in Plants. John Wiley and Sons, New York.Google Scholar
24. McCormick, C. L., Savage, K. E., and Hutchinson, B. 1977. Development of controlled-release polymer systems containing pendant metribuzin. Proc 1977 Int. Controlled Release Pestic Symp. Pages 28–40.Google Scholar
25. McWhorter, C. G. and Shaw, W. C. 1982. Research needs for integrated weed management systems. Weed Sci. 30:40–45.Google Scholar
26. McWhorter, C. G., Thompson, A. C., and Hauser, E. W. 1977. Report of the research planning conference on the role of secondary compounds in plant interactions (allelopathy), Report of a Conf. sponsored by ARS-USDA, Miss. State Univ., March 15–16, 1977. 124 pp.Google Scholar
27. Takahashi, N., Yoshioka, H., Misato, T., and Matsunaka, S., ed. 1983. Pesticide Chemistry: Human Welfare and the Environment, Vol. 2. Natural Products. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 372 pp.Google Scholar
28. Pallos, F. M. and Casida, J. E. 1987. Chemistry and action of herbicide antidotes. Academic Press, New York. 171 pp.Google Scholar
29. Parker, C. 1983. Herbicide antidotes–A review. Pestic. Sci. 14:40–48.Google Scholar
30. Quimby, P. C. Jr. and Walker, H. L. 1982. Pathogens as mechanisms for integrated weed management. Weed Sci. 30:30–34.Google Scholar
31. Ridings, W. H., Mitchell, D. J., Shoulties, C. L., and El-Ghell, N. E. 1976. Biological control of milkweed vine in Florida citrus groves with a pathotype of Phytophthora citrophthora . Pages 224–240 in Freeman, T. E., ed. Proc. IV Int. Symp. Biol. Control of Weeds. Gainesville, FL.Google Scholar
32. Schreiber, M. M. and White, M. D. 1980. Granule structure and rate of release with starch-encapsulated thiocarbamates. Weed Sci. 28:685–690.Google Scholar
33. Shasha, B. S., Doane, W. M., and Russell, C. R. 1976. Starch encapsulated pesticides for slow release. J. Polymer Sci. 14:417–420.Google Scholar
34. Shaw, W. C. 1982. Integrated weed management systems technology for pest management. Weed Sci. 30:2–12.Google Scholar
35. Shaw, W. C. 1983. The ARS national research program. In Hilton, J. L., ed. BARC Symposium No. 8. Rowman and Allanheld. Totowa, NJ. (In press).Google Scholar
36. Stephenson, G. R. and Ezra, G. 1982. The mode of action of herbicide safeners. Proc. Br. Crop Protect. Conf.–Weeds. Vol. 2, Pages 451–459.Google Scholar
37. Torstensson, L. 1980. Role of microorganisms in decomposition. Pages 159–178 in Hance, R. J., ed. Interactions Between Herbicides and the Soil. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
38. Walker, H. L. 1980. Alternaria macrospora as a potential biocontrol agent for spurred anoda: Production of spores for field studies. U.S. Sci. Ed. Admin., Adv. Agric. Technol., South. Ser. (ISSN 0193-3728), No. 12. 5 pp.Google Scholar
39. Walker, H. L. 1982. A seedling blight of sicklepod caused by Alternaria cassiae . Plant Dis. 66:426–428.Google Scholar
40. Walker, H. L. 1981. Fusarium lateritium: A pathogen of spurred anoda (Anoda cristata), prickly sida (Sida spinosa), and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Weed Sci. 29:629–631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41. Walker, H. L. 1981. Granular formulation of Alternaria macrospora for control of spurred anoda (Anoda cristata). Weed Sci. 29:342–345.Google Scholar
42. Walker, R. H. and Buchanan, G. A. 1982. Crop manipulation in integrated weed management systems. Weed Sci. 30:17–24.Google Scholar