Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T17:23:06.374Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Formation and Movement of 14C-Atrazine Degradation Products in a Sandy Loam Soil Under Field Conditions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Brent A. Sorenson ,
Donald L. Wyse ,
William C. Koskinen ,
Douglas D. Buhler ,
William E. Lueschen  and
Michael D. Jorgenson
Brent A. Sorenson
Affiliation:
Dep. Agron. and Plant Gen., Univ. Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
Donald L. Wyse
Affiliation:
Dep. Agron. and Plant Gen., Univ. Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
William C. Koskinen
Affiliation:
Soil and Water Management Res. Unit, and Res. Agron., Plant Sci Res. Unit, U.S. Dep. Agric., Agric. Res. Serv., St. Paul, MN
Douglas D. Buhler
Affiliation:
South. Exp. Stn., Univ. Minnesota, Waseca, MN 56093
William E. Lueschen
Affiliation:
Univ. Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
Michael D. Jorgenson
Affiliation:
Univ. Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Formation and distribution of 14C-atrazine degradation products in the top 120 cm of soil were determined over 16 mo under field conditions in an Estherville sandy loam. After 16 mo, 78% of applied 14C was still present in the soil. By 2 mo after treatment (MAT), 14C had moved to the 30- to 40-cm depth; however, movement to depths greater than 40 cm was not observed. Greater than 98% of the 14C remaining in the soil profile after 16 mo was in the top 20 cm. Twenty-seven percent of the 14C applied was atrazine 16 MAT. Atrazine was the predominant 14C-compound in soil below 10 cm. Hydroxyatrazine (HA) was the major degradation product in the top 10 cm of soil. The proportion of 14C as HA in the top 10 cm increased from 15% 2 MAT to 37% 16 MAT. Deethylatrazine (DEA) was the predominant degradation product at the 10- to 30-cm depth and accounted for up to 23% of the 14C present in the 10- to 20-cm depth. Deisopropylatrazine (DIA) accounted for less than 6% of the radioactivity recovered at any soil depth. The proportion of DEA and DIA increased while the proportion of HA decreased as soil depth increased, indicating that DEA and DIA are more mobile in soil than HA. Detection of HA at depths greater than 10 cm appears to be due to in situ degradation of atrazine previously moved to that soil depth. The large amount of 14C remaining in the soil 16 MAT suggests that a large pool of atrazine and its degradation products are present in the soil for an extended period following application and have the potential to contaminate ground water.

Keywords

Atrazine, 6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diaminedeethylatrazine, 6-chloro-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diaminedeisopropylatrazine, 6-chloro-N-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diaminehydroxyatrazine, 6-hydroxy-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamineLeachingground water quality14C-herbicides
Type
Soil, Air, and Water
Information
Weed Science , Volume 41 , Issue 2 , June 1993 , pp. 239 - 245
Copyright
Copyright © 1993 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

1. Adams, C. D. and Thurman, E. M. 1991. Formation and transport of deethylatrazine in soil and unsaturated zone. J. Environ. Qual. 20:540–547.Google Scholar
2. Armstrong, D. E., Chesters, G., and Harris, R. F. 1967. Atrazine hydrolysis in soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 31:61–66.Google Scholar
3. Armstrong, D. E. and Chesters, G. 1968. Adsorption catalyzed chemical hydrolysis of atrazine. Environ. Sci. Technol. 9:683–689.Google Scholar
4. Barbee, G. C. and Brown, K. W. 1986. Comparison between suction and free-drainage soil solution samplers. Soil Sci. 141:149–154.Google Scholar
5. Barriuso, E., Koskinen, W., Sorenson, B., Wyse, D., and Buhler, D. 1992. Modification of atrazine desorption during field incubation experiments. Sci. Total Environ. 123/124:333–344.Google Scholar
6. Behki, R. M. and Khan, S. U. 1986. Degradation of atrazine by Pseudomonas: N- dealkylation and dehalogenation of atrazine and its metabolites. J. Agric. Food Chem. 34:746–749.Google Scholar
7. Best, J. A. and Weber, J. B. 1974. Disappearance of s-triazine as affected by soil pH using a balance-sheet approach. Weed Sci. 22:364–373.Google Scholar
8. Bowman, B. T. 1990. Mobility and persistence of alachlor, atrazine and metolachlor in plainfield sand, and atrazine and isazofos in honeywood silt loam, using field lysimeters. Environ. Toxic. Chem. 9:453–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9. Brouwer, W.W.M., Boesten, J.J.T.I., and Siegers, W. G. 1990. Adsorption of transformation products of atrazine by soil. Weed Res. 30:123–128.Google Scholar
10. Capriel, P. and Haisch, A. 1983. Persistence of atrazine and its metabolites in soil after a single herbicide application. Z. Pflanzenernaehr. Bodenk. D. 146:474–480.Google Scholar
11. Clay, S. A. and Koskinen, W. C. 1990. Adsorption and desorption of atrazine, hydroxyatrazine, and s-glutathione atrazine in two soils. Weed Sci. 38:262–266.Google Scholar
12. Cook, A. M. and Hutter, R. 1981. s-triazines as nitrogen sources for bacteria. J. Agric. Food Chem. 29:1135–1143.Google Scholar
13. Dao, T. H., Lavy, T. L., and Sorensen, R. C. 1979. Atrazine degradation and residue distribution in soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 43:1129–1134.Google Scholar
14. Giardina, M. C., Giardi, M. T., and Filacchioni, G. 1980. 4-Amino-2-chloro-1,3,5-triazine: A new metabolite of atrazine by soil bacterium. Agric. Biol. Chem. 44:2067–2072.Google Scholar
15. Giardina, M. C., Giardi, M. T., and Filacchioni, G. 1982. Atrazine metabolism by Nocardia: Elucidation of initial pathway and synthesis of potential metabolites. Agric. Biol. Chem. 46:1439–1445.Google Scholar
16. Giardi, M. T., Giardina, M. C., and Filacchioni, G. 1985. Chemical and biological degradation of primary metabolites of atrazine by a Nocardia strain. Agric. Biol. Chem. 49:1551–1558.Google Scholar
17. Goswami, K. P. and Green, R. E. 1973. Simultaneous extraction of hydroxyatrazine, atrazine, and ametryne from some Hawaiian soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 37:702–707.Google Scholar
18. Hall, J. K., Murray, M. R., and Hartwig, N. L. 1989. Herbicide leaching and distribution in tilled and untilled soil. J. Environ. Qual. 18:439–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19. Helling, C. S., Zhuang, W., Gish, T. J., Coffman, C. B., Isensee, A. R., Kearney, P. C., Hoagland, D. R., and Woodward, M. D. 1988. Persistence and leaching of atrazine, alachlor, and cyanazine under no-tillage practices. Chemosphere 17:175–187.Google Scholar
20. Isensee, A. R., Helling, C. S., Gish, T. J., Kearney, P. C., Coffman, C. B., and Zhuang, W. 1988. Groundwater residues of atrazine, alachlor, and cyanazine under no-tillage practices. Chemosphere 17:165–174.Google Scholar
21. Isensee, A. R., Nash, R. G., and Helling, C. S. 1990. Effect of conventional vs. no-tillage on pesticide leaching to shallow groundwater. J. Environ. Qual. 19:434–440.Google Scholar
22. Kaufman, D. D., and Blake, J. 1970. Degradation of atrazine by soil fungi. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2:73–80.Google Scholar
23. Khan, S. U. and Marriage, P. B. 1977. Residues of atrazine and its metabolites in an orchard soil and their uptake by oat plants. J. Agric. Food Chem. 25:1408–1413.Google Scholar
24. Muir, D. C. and Baker, B. E. 1976. Detection of triazine herbicides and their degradation products in tile-drain water from fields under intensive corn (Maize) production. J. Agric. Food Chem. 24:122–125.Google Scholar
25. Muir, D.C.G. and Baker, B. E. 1978. The disappearance and movement of three triazine herbicides and several of their degradation products under field conditions. Weed Res. 18:111–120.Google Scholar
26. Perry, C. P. 1990. Source, extent, and degradation of herbicides in a shallow aquifer near Hesston, Kansas. U.S. Geol. Surv. Water Resources Investigations Rep. 90–4019.Google Scholar
27. Pionke, H. B. and Glotfelty, D. W. 1990. Contamination of groundwater by atrazine and selected metabolites. Chemosphere 21:813–822.Google Scholar
28. Ritter, W. F. 1990. Pesticide contamination of ground water in the United States—A Review. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B. 25:1–29.Google Scholar
29. Schiavon, M. 1988. Studies of the leaching of atrazine, of its chlorinated derivatives, and of hydroxyatrazine from soil using C ring-labeled compounds under outdoor conditions. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 15:46–54.Google Scholar
30. Schiavon, M. 1988. Studies of the movement and the formation of bound residues of atrazine, of its chlorinated derivatives, and of hydroxyatrazine in soil using 14C ring-labeled compounds under outdoor conditions. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 15:55–61.Google Scholar
31. Shimabukuro, R. H. and Swanson, H. R. 1969. Atrazine metabolism, selectivity, and mode of action. J. Agric. Food Chem. 17:199–205.Google Scholar
32. Skipper, H. D., Gilmour, C. M., and Furtick, W. R. 1967. Microbial versus chemical degradation of atrazine in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 31:653–656.Google Scholar
33. Starr, J. L. and Glotfelty, D. E. 1990. Atrazine and bromide movement through a silt loam soil. J. Environ. Qual. 19:552–558.Google Scholar
34. Wolf, D. C. and Martin, J. P. 1975. Microbial decomposition of ring 14C atrazine, cyanuric acid and 2-chloro-4,6-diamino-s-triazine. J. Environ. Qual. 4:134–139.Google Scholar
35. Wright, J. and Bergsrud, F. 1986. Irrigation scheduling; Checkbook method. Univ. Minnesota Ext. Bull. AG-FO-1322.Google Scholar