Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T19:53:32.608Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effects of temperature and photoperiod on tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum Dunal) and its potential range in the U.S.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

David T. Patterson ,
Mike McGowan ,
J. Jeff Mullahey  and
Randy G. Westbrooks
Mike McGowan
Affiliation:
Botany Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
J. Jeff Mullahey
Affiliation:
Southwest Florida Research Education Center, Immokalee, FL 33934
Randy G. Westbrooks
Affiliation:
USDA/APHIS, Whiteville, NC 28472
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Tropical soda apple is an exotic perennial pasture weed currently reported in the U.S. only from Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and South Carolina. In experiments to determine its environmental requirements and potential range, tropical soda apple was grown in growth chambers in 16 day/night temperature regimes ranging from 18/8 to 36/26 C. After 100 d of growth, maximum height, leaf area, and shoot biomass occurred at day/night temperatures ranging from 24/26 to 36/26 C. The plants achieved 50% or more of maximum leaf area, biomass, and height at 18/26, 24/20, 24/26, 30/26, and 36/26 C. Plants survived in 8 C nights with day temperatures of 18 to 36 C, but biomass and leaf area were only 3 to 10% of maximum. Leaf appearance rate was linearly related to mean temperature over the range of 11.3 to 29.3 C, with a slope coefficient of 0.018 leaves/day/degree C. Flowering was delayed by photoperiods shorter than 10 h or temperatures lower than 24/20 C. In favorable temperatures, plants flowered within 60 d after emergence in photoperiods ranging from 8 to 16 h. Artificially pollinated flowers produced fruit with germinable seeds within 6 to 7 wk, at temperatures ranging from 23/17 to 32/26 C. A regression equation relating vegetative growth to day and night temperatures indicated that tropical soda apple could achieve 30% or more of its maximum growth rate during 7 mo of the year in southern Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas and during 4 to 5 mo of the year at sites in Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma. Neither temperature nor photoperiod will limit its further spread in the southern U.S. and adjacent regions.

Keywords

Tropical soda appleSolanum viarum Dunal SOLVIEcological rangeexotic weedSOLVI
Type
Weed Biology and Ecology
Information
Weed Science , Volume 45 , Issue 3 , June 1997 , pp. 404 - 408
Copyright
Copyright © 1997 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Akanda, R. U., Mullahey, J. J., and Schilling, D. G. 1996. Environmental factors affecting germination of tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum). Weed Sci. 44: 570–574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryson, C. T. and Byrd, J. D. Jr. 1996. Tropical soda apple in Mississippi. in Tropical Soda Apple Symposium. Bartow, FL: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, pp. 55–59.Google Scholar
Coile, N. C. 1993. Tropical Soda Apple, Solanum viarum Dunal: The Plant from Hell (Solanaceae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Botany Circular No. 27. Gainesville, FL: Florida Division of Plant Industry.Google Scholar
Dowler, C. C. 1996. Some potential management approaches to tropical soda apple in Georgia. in Tropical Soda Apple Symposium. Bartow, FL: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, pp. 41–53.Google Scholar
Downs, R. J. and Hellmers, H. 1975. In Environment and the Experimental Control of Plant Growth. New York: Academic Press, p. 112.Google Scholar
Kramer, P. J., Hellmers, H., and Downs, R. J. 1970. SEPEL: New phytotrons for environmental research. BioScience 20: 1201–1208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lang, S. P. and Tibbitts, T. W. 1983. Factors controlling intumescence development on tomato plants. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 108: 93–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGovern, R. J., Polston, J. E., Danyluk, G. M., Heibert, E., Abouzid, A. M., and Stansly, P. A. 1994a. Identification of a natural weed host of tomato mottle geminivirus in Florida. Plant Dis. 78: 1102–1106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGovern, R. J., Polston, J. E., and Mullahey, J. J. 1994b. Solanum viarum: weed reservoir of plant viruses in Florida. Int. J. Pest Manage. 40: 270–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, L.M.F. and Davies, M. E. 1979. The characteristics of solasodine accumulation in Solanum khasianum C. B. Clarke var. chatterjeeanum Sengupta and S. laciniatum Ait. Grown under field conditions in Birmingham. in Hawkes, J. G., Lester, R. N., and Skelding, A. D., eds. The Biology and Taxonomy of the Solanaceae. London: Academic Press, pp. 231–235.Google Scholar
Morrow, R. C. and Tibbitts, T. W. 1988. Evidence for involvement of phytochrome in tumor development on plants. Plant Physiol. 88: 1110–1114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mullahey, J. J. and Cornell, J. A. 1994. Biology of tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) an introduced weed in Florida. Weed Tech. 8: 465–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mullahey, J. J., Cornell, J. A., and Colvin, D. L. 1993a. Tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) control. Weed Tech. 7: 723–727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mullahey, J. J., Nee, M., Wunderlin, R. P., and Delaney, K. R. 1993b. Tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum): a new weed threat in subtropical regions. Weed Tech. 7: 783–786.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nee, M. 1991. Synopsis of Solanum section Acanthophora: a group of interest for glycoalkaloids. in Hawkes, J. G., Lester, R. N., Nee, M., and Estrada, N., eds. Solanaceae III: Taxonomy, Chemistry, Evolution. Richmond, Surrey, U.K.: Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, pp. 257–266.Google Scholar
Patterson, D. T. 1993. Effects of day and night temperature on goatsrue (Galega officinalis) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) growth. Weed Sci. 41: 38–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, D. T. 1995. Effects of environmental stress on weed/crop interactions. Weed Sci. 43: 483–490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westbrooks, R. G. and Miller, A. E. 1996. Occurrence and spread of tropical soda apple in the United States: a 1995 update. WSSA Abstr. 36: 100.Google Scholar