Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T21:30:21.875Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effects of Benefin Vaporizing from Soils on Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Foliage

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Y. Yamasue  and
A. D. Worsham
Y. Yamasue
Affiliation:
Weed Sci. Lab., Faculty of Agric, Kyoto Univ., Kyoto 606, Japan
A. D. Worsham
Affiliation:
Dep. Crop Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27607
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In closed vapor exposure chambers, foliar injury on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. ‘Speight G-28’) seedlings was caused by vapors arising from soils in which technical grade benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine) or its commercially-formulated emulsifiable concentrate had been incorporated. The emulsifier alone did not cause injury. Dosages of the herbicide ranged from 0.84 to 6.72 kg/ha or 13.1 to 104.8 ppmw in the concentration in soils, and the lowest dosage was sufficient to induce the foliar injury. Leaves which developed during the exposure were markedly shortened, narrowed, and thickened, distorted in shape, and had an extremely poor lamina expansion and abnormal venation pattern. Severity of the foliar injury increased as the herbicide dosage and soil moisture increased, and as the soil organic matter content decreased. Leaves which were partially expanded before the exposure were affected much less. When exposed to vapors of 14C-benefin, plant seedlings readily absorbed radioactive materials by its entire foliage including the stem tip with a few tiny developing leaves. More than half of the 14C absorbed and adsorbed during a 3-day exposure was recovered by CHCl3 wash of leaves and appeared to be retained by the wax and cutin layers, and also by lipoidal secretion substances of the numerous trichomes on the leaf surface. There was a small fraction of unabsorbed or loosely retained 14C material on the surface of the leaves and stem tip, which was removed by water. That not recovered from H2O and CHCl3 washes appeared to be distributed in the internal tissues. Little acropetal translocation appeared to occur from the expanded leaves toward the stem tip. There was no translocation of 14C-benefin into roots of plants where only a single leaf was exposed to the radioactive vapors.

Keywords

Volatile herbicidesherbicide vapor injury
Type
Research Article
Information
Weed Science , Volume 28 , Issue 3 , May 1980 , pp. 306 - 311
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

1. Bardsley, C. E., Savage, K. E., and Childers, V. O. 1967. Trifluralin behavior in soils. I. Toxicity and persistence as related to organic matter. Agron. J. 59:159–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2. Bardsley, C. E., Savage, K. E., and Walker, J. C. 1968. Trifluralin behavior in soils. II. Volatilization as influenced by concentration, time, soil moisture content and placement. Agron. J. 50:89–92.Google Scholar
3. Danielson, L. L. and Gentner, W. A. 1961. Persistence of soil-incorporated EPTC and other carbamates. Weeds 9:463–476.Google Scholar
4. Deming, J. M. 1962. Determination of volatility losses of 14C-CDAA from soil surface. Weeds 11:91–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Fang, S. C., Theisen, P., and Freed, V. H. 1961. Effects of water evaporation, temperature and rates of application on the retention of ethyl-N,N-n-propylthiocarbamate in various soils. Weeds 9: 569–574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6. Garner, W. W. 1951. The Production of Tobacco. The Blakiston Co., New York. 308 pp.Google Scholar
7. Gray, R. A. and Weierich, A. J. 1965. Factors affecting the vapor loss of EPTC from soils. Weeds 13:141–147.Google Scholar
8. Golab, T., Herberg, R. J., Gramlich, J. V., Raun, A. P., and Probst, G. W. 1970. Fate of benefin in soil, plants, artificial rumen fluid, and the ruminant animal. J. Agric. Food Chem. 18:838–844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9. Koren, E., Foy, C. L., and Ashton, F. M. 1969. Absorption, volatility, and migration of thiocarbamate herbicides in soil. Weed Sci. 17:148–153.Google Scholar
10. Long, J. W., Thompson, L. Jr., and Rieck, C. E., 1974. Absorption, accumulation, and metabolism of benefin, diphenamid, and pebulate by tobacco seedlings. Weed Sci. 22:42–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Parochetti, J. V. and Hein, E. R. 1973. Volatility and photo-decomposition of trifluralin, benefin, and nitralin. Weed Sci. 21:469–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. Strang, R. H. and Rogers, R. L. 1971. A microadioautographic study of 14C-trifluralin absorption. Weed Sci. 19:363–369.Google Scholar
13. Swann, C. W. and Behrens, R. 1962. Phytotoxicity of trifluralin vapors from soil. Weeds 20:143–146.Google Scholar
14. Swann, C. W. and Behrens, R. 1962. Trifluralin vapor emission from soil. Weeds 20:147–149.Google Scholar
15. Upchurch, R. P. 1966. Behavior of herbicides in soil. Residue Rev. 16:46–85.Google Scholar
16. Wathana, S., Corbin, F. T., and Waldrep, T. W. 1972. Absorption and translocation of 2,4-DB in soybean and cocklebur. Weed Sci. 20:120–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17. Weed Science Society of America, Herbicide Handbook Committee, 1974. Herbicide Handbook of The Weed Science Society of America, 3rd ed. Weed Sci. Soc. Am. Champaign, Illinois. 430 pp.Google Scholar
18. Yamaguchi, S. 1960. Absorption and distribution of EPTC-35S. Weeds 9:374–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar