Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-lvwk9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-09-12T09:42:26.111Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Diquat and Copper-ion Residues in Salmon-spawning Channel

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

R. R. Yeo  and
N. Dechoretz
R. R. Yeo
Affiliation:
Agric. Res. Serv., U.S. Dep. of Agric., Davis, CA 95616
N. Dechoretz
Affiliation:
Agric. Res. Serv., U.S. Dep. of Agric., Davis, CA 95616
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A mixture of diquat [6,7-dihydrodipyrido(1,2-α: 2′,1′-c) pyrazinediium ion] and copper sulfate pentahydrate was applied to artificial chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus tshawytscha Wal.) spawning channels to reduce excessive growths of algae [Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kutz]. Juvenile salmon were not harmed by the applications. A concentration of 100 ppb w/w diquat plus 150 ppb copper-ion was maintained for 3 hr. The alga was controlled satisfactorily for distances up to 0.5 km per treatment. Each treatment consisted of one to three applications, each made on consecutive days. Water temperature was 11.2 C during three winter applications and 15.5 C during a spring application. Diquat was rapidly sorbed out of the treated water to 3.8 ppb at 1.6 km. Copper-ion residues dissipated to 60 ppb at 1.6 km.

Type
Research Article
Information
Weed Science , Volume 24 , Issue 4 , July 1976 , pp. 405 - 409
Copyright
Copyright © 1976 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

1. Anonymous. 1971. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 13th Ed. Amer. Pub. Health Assoc. New York, N.Y. 874 pp.Google Scholar
2. Adams, M.S. and Stone, W. 1973. Field studies on photosynthesis of Cladophora glomerata (Chlorophyta) in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Ecology 54:853–862.Google Scholar
3. Bellis, V.J. 1968. Unialgal culture of Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kutz. Response to temperature. J. Phycol. 4:19–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4. Bellis, V.J. and McLarty, D.A. 1967. Ecology of Cladophora glomerate in Southern Ontario. J. Phycol. 3:57–63.Google Scholar
5. Bond, C.E., Lewis, R.H., and Fryer, J.L. 1960. Toxicity of various herbicidal materials to fishes. (1959). Trans. 2nd Sem. on Biol. Problems in Water Polluation. U.S. Public Health Service. Cinn., Ohio. pp. 96–100.Google Scholar
6. Calderbank, A. 1970. Fate of paraquat in water. Outlook Agric. 6:128–130.Google Scholar
7. Coats, G.E., Funderburk, H.H. Jr., Lawrence, J.M., and Davis, D.E. 1966. Factors affecting persistance and inactivation of diquat and paraquat. Weed Res. 6:58–66.Google Scholar
8. Frank, P.A. and Comes, R.D. 1967. Herbicidal residues in pond. water and hydrosoil. Weeds 15:210–213.Google Scholar
9. Hazel, C.R. and Meith, S.J. 1970. Bioassay of king salmon eggs and sac fry in copper solutions. Calif. Fish and Game 56:121–124.Google Scholar
10. Herbst, R.P. 1969. Ecological factors and the distribution of Cladophora glomerata in the Great Lakes. Am. Mid. Naturalist 82:90–98.Google Scholar
11. Hynes, H.B.N. 1970. The Ecology of Running Waters. Univ. of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada. 555 pp.Google Scholar
12. Jones, J.R.E. 1966. Fish and River Pollution. Butterworth & Co. Ltd., London, Great Britain. 203 pp.Google Scholar
13. Judd, J.H. 1969. Comparison of the organism found in Cladophora within Lakes Michigan and Ontario. In Water Resources Research Catalog #WRSIC-70-101, State University, New York, 5:1–167.Google Scholar
14. Lawrence, J.M., Funderburk, H.H., Blackburn, R.D., and Beasley, P.G. 1965. The status of diquat and paraquat as aquatic herbicides. Proc. 16th Ann. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Game and Fish Comm. pp. 247–257.Google Scholar
15. Leitritz, E. 1962. Trout and salmon culture. Calif. Dep. Fish and Game Bull. 107, 169 pp.Google Scholar
16. McKim, J.B. and Benoit, D.A. 1970. Effects of long-term exposure to copper on survival growth, and reproduction of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis . J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 28:655–662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17. Neil, J.H. and Owen, G.E. 1964. Distribution, environmental requirements and significance of Cladophora in the Great Lakes. Pubis. Great Lakes Res. Inst 11:113–121.Google Scholar
18. Nelson, J.L., Bruns, V.F., Coutant, C.C., and Carlile, B.L. 1969. Behavior and reaction of copper sulfate in an irrigation canal. Pest Monitoring J. 3:186–189.Google Scholar
19. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. 1967. Statistical Methods. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa. 593 pp.Google Scholar
20. Sprague, J.B. 1964. Lethal concentrations of copper and zinc for young Atlantic salmon. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 21:17–26.Google Scholar
21. Sutton, D.L., Weldon, L.W., and Blackburn, R.D. 1970. Effect of diquat on uptake of copper in aquatic plants. Weed Sci. 18:703–707.Google Scholar
22. Sutton, D.L., Blackburn, R.D., and Steward, K.K. 1971. Influence of herbicides on the uptake of copper in Hydrilla . Weed Res. 11:99–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23. Van Den Hoek, C. 1963. Revision of the European Species of Cladophora . E. J. Brill Co., Leiden, Netherlands. 248 pp.Google Scholar
24. Warren, C.E. 1960. Progress report–Ecological studies of an experimental stream. Mimeo. Rpt., Ore. State Coll., Corvallis, Ore. 61:193–195.Google Scholar
25. Whitford, L.A. 1960. The current effect and growth of fresh-water algae. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 79:302–309.Google Scholar
26. Whitford, L.A. and Schumacher, G.J. 1961. Effect of current on mineral uptake and respiration by a fresh-water algae. Limnol. Oceanogra. 6:423–425.Google Scholar
27. Whitton, B.A. 1967. Studies on the growth of riverain Cladophora in culture. Arch. Microbiol. 58:21–29.Google Scholar
28. Whitton, B.A. 1970. Biology of Cladophora in freshwaters. Water Res. 4:457–476.Google Scholar
29. Whitton, B.A. 1970. Toxicity of zinc, copper, and lead to Chlorophyta from flowing waters. Arch. Mickrobiol. 72:353–360.Google Scholar
30. Yeo, R.R. 1967. Dissipation of diquat and paraquat and effects on aquatic weeds and fish. Weeds 15:42–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31. Zuraw, E.A. 1969. Culture and physiological requirements of a bacterized Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kutz from Lake Michigan. J. Phycol. 5:83–85.Google Scholar