Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T15:05:18.022Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Soil Temperature and Water Effects on Dissipation of Commercial and Starch Encapsulated Atrazine Formulations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Gordon D. Vail ,
Michael V. Hickman  and
Marvin M. Schreiber
Gordon D. Vail
Affiliation:
USDA, Agric Res. Serv., Insect and Weed Control Res., Dep. Bot. and Pl. Pathol., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47970-1155
Michael V. Hickman
Affiliation:
USDA, Agric Res. Serv., Insect and Weed Control Res., Dep. Bot. and Pl. Pathol., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47970-1155
Marvin M. Schreiber
Affiliation:
USDA, Agric Res. Serv., Insect and Weed Control Res., Dep. Bot. and Pl. Pathol., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47970-1155
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers to evaluate the effects of temperature and soil water content on the time of dissipation of commercial (CF) and starch encapsulated (SE) atrazine formulations to one-half the original concentration (T50). SE samples were also analyzed for the amount of atrazine remaining within the starch particles (percent encapsulation). The dissipation of CF atrazine was affected by changes in temperature and soil water content. SE atrazine dissipation was most influenced by changes in soil water content rather than temperature. Independent of soil water, there was no atrazine dissipation from any formulation at 15 C. The T50 for CF atrazine at 20% soil water content was 53.4 and 29.9 d for 25 and 35 C, respectively. At 20% soil water content, all SE treatments gave a T50 greater than 60 d. The percent starch encapsulation at 20% soil water content was greater than or equal to 55.8 and 30.4% for SE large and SE small, respectively. This high level of encapsulated atrazine accounts for the reduced SE dissipation observed at 20% soil water content. At 40% soil water content, the dissipation of CF and SE small atrazine were not different for either 25 or 35 C. Compared to the CF, the SE large formulation extended the T50 by 7.4 and 6.7 d at 25 and 35 C, respectively. At 40% soil water content, there was no encapsulated atrazine present in SE formulations 60 DAT.

Keywords

Atrazine, 6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamineCommercial formulationpercent encapsulationsoil water contentstarch encapsulationstarch particle size
Type
Physiology, Chemistry, and Biochemistry
Information
Weed Science , Volume 43 , Issue 4 , December 1995 , pp. 555 - 560
Copyright
Copyright © 1995 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

LITERATURE CITED

1. Andrews, H. P., Snee, R. D., and Sarner, M. H. 1980. Graphical display of means. The American Statistician. 34:195–199.Google Scholar
2. Carr, M. E., Wing, R. E., and Doane, W. M. 1991. Encapsulation of atrazine within a starch matrix by extrusion processing. Cereal Chem. 68:262–266.Google Scholar
3. Fleming, G. F., Simmons, F. W., Wax, L. M., Wing, R. E., and Carr, M. E. 1992. Atrazine movement in soil columns as influenced by starch-encapsulated and acrylic polymer additives. Weed Sci. 40:465–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4. Fleming, G. F., Wax, L. M., and Simmons, F. W. 1992. Leachability and efficacy of starch encapsulated atrazine. Weed Technol. 6:297–302.Google Scholar
5. Hickman, M. V., Vail, G. D., Schreiber, M. M., and Grandt, J. 1991. Release of atrazine from starch encapsulated formulations in soil. North Cent. Weed Sci. Soc. Proc. 46:10.Google Scholar
6. Kladivko, E. J., Van Scoyoc, G. E., Monke, E. J., Oates, K. M., and Pask, W. 1991. Pesticide and nutrient movement into subsurface tile drains on a silt loam soil in Indiana. J. Environ. Qual. 20:264–270.Google Scholar
7. Klute, A. 1986. Water retention: Laboratory methods in Klute, A. J. (ed.) Methods of soil analysis, Part 1, 2nd ed. Agronomy 9:635–662.Google Scholar
8. McCormick, L. L. and Hiltbold, A. E. 1966. Decomposition of atrazine and diuron in soils. Weeds 14:77–82.Google Scholar
9. Mills, M. S. and Thurman, E. M. 1994. Reduction of nonpoint-source contamination of surface and groundwater by starch encapsulated atrazine. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28:73–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. Schreiber, M. M., Hickman, M. V., and Vall, G. V. 1993. Starch-encapsulated pesticide: Efficacy and transport. J. Environ. Qual. 22:443–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Schreiber, M. M., Hickman, M. V., and Vail, G. D. 1994. Efficacy of starch encapsulated formulations of atrazine containing two or three herbicides in same granule. Weed Technol. 8:105–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. Schreiber, M. M., Shasha, B. S., Ross, M. A., Orwick, R. L., and Edgecomb, D. W. Jr. 1978. Efficacy and rate of release of EPTC and butylate from starch encapsulated formulations under greenhouse conditions. Weed Sci. 26:676–686.Google Scholar
13. Schreiber, M. M., Shasha, B. S., Trimnell, D., and White, M. D. 1987. Controlled release herbicides. Pages 177–191 in McWhorter, C. G. and Gebhardt, M. R., eds. Methods of Applying Herbicides. Weed Sci. Soc. Am. Monogr. 4.Google Scholar
14. Schreiber, M. M., White, M. D., and Shasha, B. S. 1987. Efficacy of controlled release formulations of trifluralin in no-till soybeans (Glycine max). Weed Sci. 35:407–411.Google Scholar
15. Shasha, B. S., Doane, W. M., and Russell, C. R. 1976. Starch encapsulated pesticides for slow release. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Letters Edition. 14:417–420.Google Scholar
16. Trimnell, D., Shasha, B. S., and Otey, F. H. 1985. The effect of alpha amylose upon release of trifluralin encapsulated in starch. J. Controlled Rel. 1:183–190.Google Scholar
17. Weinhold, B. J. and Gish, T. J. 1992. Effect of water potential, temperature, and soil microbial activity on release of starch-encapsulated atrazine and alachlor. J. Environ. Qual. 21:382–386.Google Scholar
18. Weinhold, B. J. and Gish, T. J. 1991. Enzymatic pretreatment for extraction of starch encapsulated pesticides from soils. Weed Sci. 39:423–426.Google Scholar
19. Weinhold, B. J., Sadeghi, A. M., and Gish, T. J. 1993. Effect of starch encapsulation and temperature on volatilization of atrazine and alachlor. J. Environ. Qual. 22:162–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20. White, M. D. and Schreiber, M. M. 1984. Herbicidal activity of starch encapsulated trifluralin. Weed Sci. 32:387–394.Google Scholar
21. Wing, R. E., Maiti, S., and Doane, W. M. 1988. Amylose content of starch controls the release of encapsulated bioactive agents. J. Controlled Rel. 7:33–37.Google Scholar