Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T17:15:36.208Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Sensitivity of coca (Erythroxylum coca var. coca) to ethylene and fungal proteins

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Bryan A. Bailey ,
James C. Jennings  and
James D. Anderson
James C. Jennings
Affiliation:
Weed Science Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705
James D. Anderson
Affiliation:
Weed Science Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Leaves of coca are the primary source of cocaine. There is interest in using Fusarium oxysporum as a mycoherbicide in addition to other measures to control coca production, but information on coca physiology, including the stress responses of coca leaves, is limited. Deleafing coca plants stimulates rapid production of new leaves, and young expanding leaves readily abscise if treated with ethylene. Commercial preparations of cell wall degrading enzymes, as well as a 24-kDa elicitor from Fusarium oxysporum, induced significant levels of ethylene production by coca leaves. Ethylene pretreatment of coca leaves enhanced the production of ethylene by coca leaves in response to the cell wall degrading enzyme preparation, Driselase, and the 24-kDa elicitor. However, ethylene pretreatment did not enhance the rate of necrosis induced in response to either Driselase or purified 24-kDa elicitor. Driselase failed to elicit levels of necrosis comparable to the 24-kDa elicitor even at 30-fold higher protein concentrations. The response of coca leaves to the 24-kDa elicitor saturated at 6.7 μg ml−1. Age of coca leaves influenced both the level of resulting necrosis and the amount of ethylene produced in response to protein. Very young leaves produced the highest levels of ethylene and necrosis in response to Driselase and the 24-kDa elicitor. The data suggest that responsiveness of coca leaves to control measures may be synchronized over the first few weeks following defoliation.

Keywords

Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.: Fr. f. sp. erythroxylicoca, Erythroxylum coca var. cocaElicitorethyleneFusarium oxysporum
Type
Weed Management
Information
Weed Science , Volume 45 , Issue 5 , October 1997 , pp. 716 - 721
Copyright
Copyright © 1997 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Arevalo, E., Zuniga, L., and Cabezas, O. 1994. Coca plant wilt and its ecological implications in Alto Huallaga. Tingo Maria, Peru: Resumenes del XIII Congreso Perano de Fitopatologia, p. 17.Google Scholar
Armstrong, G. M. and Armstrong, J. K. 1981. Formae speciales and races of Fusarium oxysporum causing wilt disease. in Nelson, P. E., Toussoun, T. A., and Cook, R. J., eds. Fusarium: Diseases, Biology and Taxonomy. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, pp. 391–399.Google Scholar
Avni, A., Bailey, B. A., Mattoo, A. K., and Anderson, J. D. 1994. Induction of ethylene biosynthesis in Nicotiana tabacum by a Trichoderma viride xylanase is correlated to the accumulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACQ synthase and ACC oxidase transcripts. Plant Physiol. 106: 1049–1055.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, B. A. 1995. Purification of a protein from culture filtrates of Fusarium oxysporum that elicits ethylene and necrosis in leaves of Erythroxylum coca . Phytopathology 85: 1250–1255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, B. A., Avni, A., and Anderson, J. D. 1995. The influence of ethylene and tissue age on the sensitivity of Xanthi tobacco leaves to a Trichoderma viride xylanase. Plant Cell Physiol. 36: 1669–1676.Google Scholar
Bailey, B. A., Dean, J.F.D., and Anderson, J. D. 1990. An ethylene biosynthesis-inducing endoxylanase elicits electrolyte leakage and necrosis in Nicotiana tabacum cv Xanthi leaves. Plant Physiol. 94: 1849–1854.Google Scholar
Beckman, C. H. 1987. The Nature of Wilt Diseases of Plants. St. Paul, MN: The American Phytopathological Society Press. 175 p.Google Scholar
Bohm, B., Ganders, F., and Plowman, T. 1982. Biosystematics and evolution of cultivated coca (Erythroxylaceae). Syst. Bot. 7: 121–133.Google Scholar
Boller, T. 1991. Ethylene in pathogenesis and disease resistance. in Mattoo, A. K. and Suttle, J. C., eds. The Plant Hormone Ethylene. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 293–314.Google Scholar
Cooper, R. M. and Woods, R.K.S. 1975. Regulation of synthesis of cell wall degrading enzymes by Verticillium albo-atrum and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 5: 135–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Wit, P.J.G.M., Van Den Ackerveken, G.F.J.M., Vossen, P.M.J., et al. 1993. Avirulence genes of the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum and their exploitation in molecular breeding for disease resistant plants. in Fritig, B. and Legrand, M., eds. Mechanisms of Plant Defense Responses. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluver Academic Publishers, pp. 24–32.Google Scholar
Ecker, J. R. and Davis, R. W. 1987. Plant defense genes are regulated by ethylene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 5202–5206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Felix, G., Regenass, M., and Boller, T. 1993. Specific perception of subnanomolar concentrations of chitin fragments by tomato cells: induction of extracellular alkalinization, changes in protein phosphorylation, and establishment of a refractory state. Plant J. 4: 307–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuchs, Y., Saxena, A., Gamble, H. R., and Anderson, J. D. 1989. Ethylene iosynthesis-inducing protein from cellulysin is an endoxylanase. Plant Physiol. 89: 138–143.Google Scholar
Heiny, D. K. and Gilchrist, D. G. 1991. Synthesis and biological activity of stemtoxin by Stemphylium botryosum and related fungi. Mycol. Res. 95: 566–570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heiny, D. K. and Templeton, G. E. 1993. Economic compatisons of mycoherbicides to conventional herbicides. in Altman, J., ed. Pesticide Interactions in Crop Production. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 396–408.Google Scholar
Mattoo, A. K. and Suttle, J. C., eds. 1991. The Plant Hormone Ethylene. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 337 p.Google Scholar
Pernollet, J.C., Sallantin, M., Salle-Tourne, M., and Huet, J.-C. 1993. Elicitin isoforms from seven Phytophthora species: comparison of their physico-chemical properties and toxicity to tobacco and other plant species. Physiol. Molec. Plant Pathol. 42: 53–67.Google Scholar
Ricci, P., Panabieres, F., Bonnet, P., et al. 1993. Proteinaceous elicitors of plant defense responses. in Fritig, B. and Legrand, M., eds. Mechanisms of Plant Defense Responses. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluver Academic Publishers, pp. 121–135.Google Scholar
[SAS] Statistical Analysis Systems. 1989. SAS Usets Guide. Version 6, 4th edition, Volume 2. Cary, NC: Statistical Analysis Systems Institute. 846 p.Google Scholar
Schagger, H. and Jagow, G. 1987. Tricine–sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the separation of proteins in the range from 1 to 100 kDa. Anal. Biochem. 166: 368–379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharon, A., Fuchs, Y., and Anderson, J. D. 1993. The elicitation of ethylene biosynthesis by Trichoderma xylanase is not related to the cell wall degradation activity of the enzyme. Plant Physiol. 102: 1325–1329.Google Scholar
Sutherland, M. L. and Pegg, G. F. 1992. The basis of host recognition in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Physiol. Molec. Plant Pathol. 40: 423–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tan, Z. and Boss, W. F. 1992. Association of phosphatidylinositol kinase, phosphatidylinositol monophosphate kinase, and diacylglycerol kinase with the cytoskeleton and F-actin fractions of carrot (Daucus carota L.) cells grown in suspension culture. Plant Physiol. 100: 2116–2120.Google Scholar
Toppan, A. and Esquerre-Tugaye, M.-T. 1984. Cell surfaces in plant–microorganism interactions. IV Fungal glycopeptides which elicit the synthesis of ethylene in plants. Plant Physiol. 75: 1133–1138.Google ScholarPubMed
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 1993. Alternative Coca Reduction Strategies in the Andean Region. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 213 p.Google Scholar
Wei, Z. M., Laby, R. J., Zumoff, C. H., Bauer, D. W., He, S. Y., Collmer, A., and Beer, S. V. 1992. Harpin, elicitor of the hypersensitive response produced by the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora . Science 257: 85–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodson, W. R., Park, K. Y., Drory, A., Larsen, P. B., and Wang, H. 1992. Expression of ethylene biosynthetic pathway transcripts in senescing carnation flowers. Plant Physiol. 99: 526–532.Google Scholar
Wray, W., Boulikas, T., Wray, V. P., and Hancock, R. 1981. Silver staining of proteins in polyacrylamide gels. Anal. Biochem. 118: 197–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed