Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T15:18:33.322Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Fall Cultivation and Fertilization to Reduce Winterhardiness of Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Rodney G. Lym  and
Calvin G. Messersmith
Rodney G. Lym
Affiliation:
Crop and Weed Sci. Dep., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND 58105
Calvin G. Messersmith
Affiliation:
Crop and Weed Sci. Dep., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND 58105
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Reduced-tillage practices have allowed leafy spurge to infest cropland. The reduction in leafy spurge infestation and winterhardiness by fall tillage, N application, or herbicide treatment was evaluated. Cultivating leafy spurge twice each fall for 3 yr provided complete control. Cultivation followed by N application at 225 kg ha−1 reduced the stand by 85% after 3 yr, whereas N applied alone had little effect. Picloram plus 2,4-D at 0.6 plus 1 kg ha−1 reduced the infestation to 65% of the untreated control after 2 yr but then the infestation declined rapidly to 1% after a third application. Leafy spurge cold tolerance decreased as root depth increased. The GR50 and LT50, the temperatures required to reduce total dry weight and survival, respectively, by 50% varied by root depth and treatment. For example, the LT50 and GR50 for untreated leafy spurge averaged −19 and < −20 C for crowns, respectively, compared to the −16 and −18 C for roots from 0 to 15 cm deep and −13 and −12.5 C for roots from 15 to 30 cm deep. The GR50 and LT50 temperature after 2 yr of treatment was reduced to 0 C by two cultivations in fall or picloram plus 2,4-D. Carbohydrate content was not a good indicator of winterhardiness. Cultivation reduced the leafy spurge root system faster than herbicide treatment especially at the 15- to 30-cm depth.

Keywords

Picloram, 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid2,4-D, (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acidleafy spurge, Euphorbia esula L. #3 EPHESFreeze resistanceperennialwinterkillcarbohydratepicloramweedEPHES
Type
Weed Control and Herbicide Technology
Information
Weed Science , Volume 41 , Issue 3 , September 1993 , pp. 441 - 446
Copyright
Copyright © 1993 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

1. Agbakoba, C.S.O. and Goodin, J. R. 1969. Effects of stage of growth of field bindweed on absorption and translocation of 14C-labeled 2,4-D and picloram. Weed Sci. 17:436–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2. Arny, A. C. 1932. Variations in the organic reserves in underground parts of five perennial weeds from late April to November. Minn. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 84.Google Scholar
3. Bakke, A. L., Gaessler, W. G., and Loomis, W. E. 1939. Relation of root reserve to control of European bindweed. Pages 114–144 in Iowa Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Bull. 254.Google Scholar
4. Barr, C. G. 1940. Organic reserves in the roots of field bindweed. J. Agric. Res. 60:391–414.Google Scholar
5. Barr, C. G. 1942. Reserve foods in the roots of white weed (Cardaria draba var. repens). J. Agric. Res. 64:725–740.Google Scholar
6. Chen, H. and Li, P. H. 1980. Biochemical changes in tuber-bearing Solanum species in relation to frost hardiness during cold acclimation. Plant Physiol. 66:414–421.Google Scholar
7. Cyr, D. R. and Bewley, J. D. 1989. Carbon and nitrogen reserves of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) roots as related to overwintering strategy. Physiol. Plant. 77:67–72.Google Scholar
8. Cyr, D. R. and Bewley, J. D. 1990. Seasonal variation in nitrogen storage reserves in the roots of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) and response to decapitation and defoliation. Physiol. Plant. 78:361–366.Google Scholar
9. Derscheid, L. A., Wallace, K., and Nash, R. L. 1960. Leafy spurge control with cultivation, cropping and chemicals. Weeds 8:115–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. Derscheid, L. A., Wicks, G. A., and Wallace, W. H. 1963. Cropping, cultivation, and herbicides to eliminate leafy spurge and prevent reinfestation. Weeds 11:105–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Dexter, S. T. 1937. The winter hardiness of weeds. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 29:507–528.Google Scholar
12. Dexter, S. T. 1956. The evaluation of crop plants for winter hardiness. Adv. Agron. 8:203–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13. Dubois, M. K., Gilles, K. A., Hamilton, J. K., Rebers, P. A., and Smith, F. 1956. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal. Chem. 28:350–356.Google Scholar
14. Dunn, P. H. 1979. The distribution of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) and other weedy spurges in the United States. Weed Sci. 27:509–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15. Frazier, J. C. 1943. Amount, distribution and seasonal trend of certain organic reserves in the root system of field bindweed. Plant Physiol. 18:167–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16. Gleir, J. H. and Caruso, J. L. 1973. Low-temperature induction of starch degradation in roots of a biennial weed. Cryobiology 10:328–330.Google Scholar
17. Hanson, H. C. and Rudd, V. E. 1933. Leafy spurge life history and habits. North Dakota Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 249.Google Scholar
18. Hickman, M. V., Messersmith, C. G., and Lym, R. G. 1989. Picloram release from leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) roots in the field. Weed Sci. 37:167–174.Google Scholar
19. Hodgson, J. M. 1968. The nature, ecology, and control of Canada thistle. U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull. 1386.Google Scholar
20. Kacpersku-Palacz, A. 1978. Mechanism of cold acclimation in herbaceous plants. Pages 139–152 in Li, P. H. and Saki, A., eds. Plant Cold Hardiness and Freezing Stress. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
21. Levitt, J. 1980. Responses of plants to environmental stresses. Vol. I. Chilling, Freezing, and High Temperature Stresses. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
22. Lym, R. G. 1992. Propagation of Euphorbia esula for leafy spurge biocontrol agents. Weed Sci. 40:326–332.Google Scholar
23. Lym, R. G. and Kirby, D. R. 1987. Cattle foraging behavior in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula)-infested rangeland. Weed Technol. 1:314–318.Google Scholar
24. Lym, R. G. and Messersmith, C. G. 1987. Carbohydrates in leafy spurge roots as influenced by environment. J. Range Manage. 40:139–144.Google Scholar
25. Lym, R. G. and Messersmith, C. G. 1990. Cost-effective long-term leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) control with herbicides. Weed Technol. 4:635–641.Google Scholar
26. Lym, R. G. and Messersmith, C. G. 1991. Correlation of environment and root carbohydrate content to picloram translocation in leafy spurge. J. Range Manage. 44:254–258.Google Scholar
27. Miller, S. D. and Nalewaja, J. D. 1985. Weed spectrum change and control in reduced-till wheat. North Dakota Farm Res. 43(1): 11–14.Google Scholar
28. Regimbal, G. A. and Martin, A. R. 1985. The influence of growth regulators and nitrogen on leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) control with picloram. Weed Sci. 33:109–113.Google Scholar
29. Saki, A. and Larcher, W. 1987. Frost Survival of Plants, Responses and Adaptation to Freezing Stress. Springer-Verlag, New York.Google Scholar
30. Schimming, W. K. and Messersmith, C. G. 1988. Freezing resistance of overwintering buds for four perennial weeds. Weed Sci. 36:568–573.Google Scholar
31. Seely, C. I. 1952. Controlling perennial weeds with tillage. Idaho Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 288.Google Scholar
32. Smith, D. 1981. Removing and analyzing total nonstructural carbohydrates from plant tissue. Univ. Wisconsin Res. Rep. No. 2107.Google Scholar
33. Story, J. M., Boggs, K. W., and Grahm, D. R. 1989. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on spotted knapweed and competing vegetation in western Montana. J. Range Manage. 42:222–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34. Sutcliffe, J. F. 1977. Plants and Temperature. Camelot Press, Ltd., Southampton, England.Google Scholar
35. Voisey, P. W. and Moulton, F. 1968. Precise temperature control for a domestic freezer. Can. J. Plant Sci. 49:107–110.Google Scholar
36. Welton, F. A., Morris, V. H., and Hartzler, A. J. 1929. Organic food reserves in relation to the eradication of Canada thistles. Ohio Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 441.Google Scholar