Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T01:11:38.206Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Environmental factors affecting germination of apple of Peru

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Hajime Watanabe ,
Yoshino Kusagaya  and
Masahiko Saigusa
Yoshino Kusagaya
Affiliation:
Experimental Farm of Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan
Masahiko Saigusa
Affiliation:
Experimental Farm of Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of several environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of the invasive weed, apple of Peru. The anatomy of the seed was also investigated in this study. The anatomy of the seed is similar to that of an eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) seed. The seed is albuminous, and consists of a seed coat, endosperm, and an embryo. The seed coat, which consists of both outer and inner integuments, is relatively thick. Fresh and dry stored seeds exhibited strong dormancy. Hot water treatment did not affect the seed germination in the light, but significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the germination rate in the dark. Dry-heat treatment had no significant effect on seed germination in the dark, but it significantly (P < 0.05) increased the germination rate in the light. Cold stratification alone did not influence seed germination under constant temperature (25 C) but affected it under alternating temperature (25–15 C). However, a combination of warm and cold stratification produced significant (P < 0.05) germination in the dark as well as in the light. In addition, the effect of warm stratification followed by cold stratification was more pronounced in the dark than in the light. Gibberellin A3 (GA3) (10–3 and 10–4 M) treatments significantly (P < 0.05) increased the seed germination rate compared with that of the control. Emergence rate was maximum for seeds placed on the soil surfaces; no seedling emergence occurred when seeds were placed at a depth of 5 cm.

Keywords

Apple of Peru, Nicandra physalodes (L.) PersGibberellinseed dormancyseed germinationseedling emergencestratificationplanting depthweed seed
Type
Research Article
Information
Weed Science , Volume 50 , Issue 2 , April 2002 , pp. 152 - 156
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Balyan, R. S. and Bhan, V. M. 1986. Germination of horse pulslane (Trianthema portulacastrum) in relation to temperature, storage conditions, and seedling depths. Weed Sci. 34:513–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. 1998. Seeds: Ecology, Biography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. New York: Academic Press. pp. 89–90.Google Scholar
Cussans, G. W., Raudonius, S., Brain, P., and Cumberworth, S. 1996. Effects of seed burial and soil aggregate size on seedling emergence of Alopecurus myosuroides, Galium aparine, Stellaria media and wheat. Weed Res. 36:133–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egley, G. H. and Duke, S. O. 1985. Physiology of weed seed dormancy and germination. Pages 27–64 In Duke, S. O., ed. Weed Physiology. Volume I. Reproduction and Ecophysiology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Flemion, F. 1934. Physiological and chemical changes preceding and during the after-ripening of Symphoricarpos racemosus seeds. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 6:91–102.Google Scholar
Hawton, D. 1976. Control of apple of Peru (Nicandra physalodes) in maize on the Atherton Tableland, Queensland. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 16:765–770.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, K. M., Van Staden, J., and Bell, W. E. 1992. Seed coat structure and dormancy. Plant Growth Regul. 11:201–209.Google Scholar
Kentzer, H. 1966. Gibberellin-like substances and growth inhibitors in relation to the dormancy and after-ripening of ash seeds (Franxinus excelsior L.). Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 35:575–585.Google Scholar
Kentzer, H. 1967. Gibberellin-like and growth-inhibiting substances in relation to the dormancy and after-ripening of ash seeds (Franxinus excelsior L.). Wiss. Z. Univ. Rostock 16:585–586.Google Scholar
Krauss, N. and Kohler, K. H. 1985. A contribution to the knowledge on stratification and germination of ash seeds (Fraxinus excelsior L.). Flora 177:91–105.Google Scholar
Qi, M. and Upadhyaya, M. K. 1993. Seed germination ecophysiology of meadow salsify (Tragopogon pratensis) and western salsify (T. dablis). Weed. Sci. 41:362–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, E. H. 1962. Dormancy in rice seed. III. The influence of temperature, moisture, and gaseous environment. J. Exp. Bot. 13:75–94.Google Scholar
Saigusa, M., Shibuya, K., and Abe, T. 1993. Ecological study of Nicandra physalodes (L.) Pers. grown on dent corn field. J. Jpn. Soc. Grassl. Sci. 39:71–76.Google Scholar
Schwerzel, P. J. and Thomas, P. E. L. 1971. Weed competition in cotton. PANS 17:30–34.Google Scholar
Shimizu, N. 1998. Recent situation of invasion and diffusion of alien weeds and its control. Jpn. J. Ecol. 48:79–85.Google Scholar
Singh, D. S. and Nagaich, B. B. 1977. Nicandra physaloides Gaertn.—an additional host of Alternaria solani (Ellis and Mart.) Jones & Grout, causing early blight of potato. Sci. Cult. 43:453–454.Google Scholar
Smartt, J. 1961. Weed competition in leguminous grain crops in Northern Rhodesia. Rhod. Agric. J. 58:267–273.Google Scholar
Suteri, B. D., Joshi, G. C., and Bala, S. 1979. Some ornamentals and weeds as reservoirs of potato virus Y and cucumber mosaic virus in Kumaon. Indian Pathol. 32:640–642.Google Scholar
Taylorson, R. B. and Brown, M. M. 1977. Accelerated after-ripening for overcoming seed dormancy in grass weeds. Weed Sci. 25:473–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, P. E. L. and Lindert, H. J. A. 1980. Competition between mixed weeds and soya-beans in Zimbabwe. Zimb. Agric. J. 77:215–219.Google Scholar
Watanabe, N., Nsishiwaki, A., and Sugawara, K. 1999. The mechanism of dormancy breaking of Carec albata Boott seeds. Glassl. Sci. 45:135–139.Google Scholar
Werker, E. 1981. Seed dormancy as explained by the anatomy of embryo envelopes. Isr. J. Bot. 29:22–44.Google Scholar