Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T12:57:09.022Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Annual Changes in Temperature and Light Requirements for Germination of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Seeds Retrieved from Soil

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Prashant Jha ,
Jason K. Norsworthy ,
Melissa B. Riley  and
William Bridges Jr.
Prashant Jha*
Affiliation:
Department of Research Centers, Southern Agricultural Research Center, Montana State University, 748 Railroad Highway, Huntley, MT 59037
Jason K. Norsworthy
Affiliation:
Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1366 West Altheimer Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72704
Melissa B. Riley
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, Soils, and Plant Sciences, Clemson University, 120 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634
William Bridges Jr.
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Economics and Statistics, Clemson University, 243 Barre Hall, Clemson, SC 29634
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Experiments were conducted on Palmer amaranth seeds collected in 2004 and 2006 from a natural population near Pendleton, SC, to determine the temperature and light requirements for germination of seeds retrieved from soil surface or from 10-cm depth in the field. A cyclic change in seed germination of Palmer amaranth in response to temperature and light occurred during a 12-mo after-ripening period. Freshly matured seeds collected in November required mean temperatures ≥ 25 C, and natural or red (R) light for increased germination. Following after-ripening in winter, seeds experienced a reduction in dormancy and germinated higher at 25 to 35 C mean compared with 10 to 15 C mean. With after-ripening for an additional 3 mo in May, seeds experienced a broadening of thermal range (10 to 40 C mean), and germination in natural light or R light was more than twice the germination in the absence of light. Fluctuating temperatures (7.5 C amplitude) improved germination over constant temperatures, except in summer and fall (9 and 12 mo after seed maturation). Exposure of seeds to high temperatures during summer caused secondary dormancy induction. Averaged over thermal amplitudes, seeds retrieved in fall required mean temperatures > 25 C for increased germination. Burial in spring for 3 to 6 mo induced seed dormancy, and the relative germination in fall (12 mo after seed maturation) was at least 50% higher for seeds retrieved from soil surface compared to seeds exhumed from 10-cm soil depth. Seeds retrieved in late summer and fall required natural light or R light for promoting germination, whereas far-red (FR) light or darkness inhibited germination. Furthermore, the effect of R and FR light was reversible, indicating a partially phytochrome-mediated germination response of Palmer amaranth seeds following 9 to 12 mo of after-ripening in the field.

Keywords

Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. AMAPAAfter-ripeninggerminationseed dormancyseed buriallighttemperature
Type
Weed Biology and Ecology
Information
Weed Science , Volume 58 , Issue 4 , December 2010 , pp. 426 - 432
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Baskin, C. C. and Baskin, J. M. 1998. Seeds, Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy, and Germination. San Diego, CA Academic. Pp. 49–67.Google Scholar
Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. 1977. Role of temperature in the germination ecology of three summer annual weeds. Oecologia. 30:377–382.Google Scholar
Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. 1985. The annual dormancy cycle in buried seeds: a continuum. Bioscience. 35:492–498.Google Scholar
Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. 1987. Temperature requirements for after-ripening in buried seeds of four summer annual weeds. Weed Res. 27:385–389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. 1990. The role of light and alternating temperatures on germination of Polygonum aviculare seeds exhumed on various dates. Weed Res. 30:397–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benech-Arnold, R. L., Ghersa, C. M., Sanchez, R. A., and Garcia Fernandez, A. E. 1988. The role of fluctuating temperatures in the germination and establishment of Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. regulation of germination under leaf canopies. Funct. Ecol. 2:311–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benech-Arnold, R. L., Ghersa, C. M., Sanchez, R. A., and Insausti, P. 1990. Temperature effects on dormancy release and germination rate in Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. seeds: a quantitative analysis. Weed Res. 30:81–89.Google Scholar
Benech-Arnold, R. L., Sanchez, R. A., Forcella, F., Kruk, B. C., and Ghersa, C. M. 2000. Environmental control of dormancy in weed seed banks in soil. Field Crops Res. 67:105–122.Google Scholar
Benvenuti, S. and Macchia, M. 1997. Germination ecophysiology of bur beggarticks (Bidens tripartita) as affected by light and oxygen. Weed Sci. 45:696–700.Google Scholar
Benvenuti, S. and Macchia, M. 1998. Phytochrome mediated germination control of Datura stramonium L. seeds. Weed Res. 38:199–205.Google Scholar
Benvenuti, S., Macchia, M., and Miele, S. 2001. Quantitative analysis of emergence of seedlings from buried weed seeds with increasing soil depth. Weed Sci. 49:528–535.Google Scholar
Bouwmeester, H. J. and Karssen, C. M. 1992. The dual role of temperature in the regulation of the seasonal changes in dormancy and germination of seeds of Polygonum persicaria L. Oecologia. 90:88–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burnside, O. C., Wilson, R. G., Weisberg, S., and Hubbard, K. G. 1996. Seed longetivity of 41 weed species buried 17 years in eastern and western Nebraska. Weed Sci. 44:74–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cristaudo, A., Gresta, F., Luciani, F., and Restuccia, A. 2007. Effects of after-harvest period and environmental factors on seed dormancy of Amaranthus species. Weed Res. 47:327–334.Google Scholar
Dillon, S. P. and Forcella, F. 1985. Fluctuating temperatures break seed dormancy of catclaw mimosa (Mimosa pigra). Weed Sci. 33:196–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drew, M. C. 1990. Sensing soil oxygen. Plant Cell Environ. 13:681–693.Google Scholar
Gallagher, R. S. and Cardina, J. 1998a. Phytochrome-mediated Amaranthus germination I: effect of seed burial and germination temperature. Weed Sci. 46:48–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallagher, R. S. and Cardina, J. 1998b. Phytochrome-mediated Amaranthus germination II: development of very low fluence sensitivity. Weed Sci. 46:53–58.Google Scholar
Ghersa, C. M., Benech-Arnold, R. L., and Martinez-Ghersa, M. A. 1992. The role of fluctuating temperatures in germination and establishment of Sorghum halepense. Regulation of germination at increasing depths. Funct. Ecol. 6:460–468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghorbani, R., Seel, W., and Leifert, C. 1999. Effects of environmental factors on germination and emergence of Amaranthus retroflexus . Weed Sci. 47:505–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guo, P. and Al-Khatib, K. 2003. Temperature effects on germination and growth of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), Palmer amaranth (A. palmeri), and common waterhemp (A. rudis). Weed Sci. 51:869–875.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartzler, R. G., Buhler, D. D., and Stoltenberg, D. E. 1999. Emergence characteristics of four annual weed species. Weed Sci. 47:578–584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holm, R. E. 1972. Volatile metabolites controlling weed seed germination in soil. Plant Physiol. 50:293–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Honek, A., Martinkova, Z., and Jarosik, V. 1999. Annual cycles of germinability and differences between primary and secondary dormancy in buried seeds of Echinochloa crus-galli . Weed Res. 39:69–79.Google Scholar
Jha, P. and Norsworthy, J. K. 2009. Soybean canopy and tillage effects on emergence of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) from a natural seed bank. Weed Sci. 57:644–651.Google Scholar
Jha, P., Norsworthy, J. K., Riley, M. B., and Bridges, W. Jr. 2008. Effect of glyphosate timing and soybean row width on Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and pusley (Richardia spp.) demographics in glyphosate-resistant soybean. Weed Sci. 56:408–415.Google Scholar
Karssen, C. M. 1982. Seasonal patterns of dormancy in weed seeds. Pages 243–270. In Khan, A. A. ed. The Physiology and Biochemistry of Seed Development, Dormancy and Germination. Amsterdam Elsevier Biomedical.Google Scholar
Kegode, G. O., Pearce, R. B., and Bailey, T. B. 1998. Influence of fluctuating temperatures on emergence of shattercane (Sorghum bicolor) and giant foxtail (Setaria faberi). Weed Sci. 46:330–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kepczynski, J. and Bihun, M. 2002. Induction of secondary dormancy in Amaranthus caudatus seeds. Plant Growth Regul. 38:135–140.Google Scholar
Leon, R. G., Basshami, D. C., and Owen, M. D. K. 2007. Thermal and hormonal regulation of the dormancy-germination transition in Amaranthus tuberculatus seeds. Weed Res. 47:335–344.Google Scholar
Leon, R. G., Knapp, A. D., and Owen, M. D. K. 2004. Effect of temperature on the germination of common waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus), giant foxtail (Setaria faberi), and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Weed Sci. 52:67–73.Google Scholar
Leon, R. G. and Owen, M. D. K. 2003. Regulation of weed seed dormancy through light and temperature interactions. Weed Sci. 51:752–758.Google Scholar
Milberg, P. and Andersson, L. 1997. Seasonal variation in dormancy and light sensitivity in buried seeds of eight annual weed species. Can. J. Bot. 75:1998–2004.Google Scholar
Nishimoto, R. K. and McCarty, L. B. 1997. Fluctuating temperature and light influence seed germination of goosegrass (Elusine indica). Weed Sci. 45:426–429.Google Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K. 2003. Use of soybean production surveys to determine weed management needs of South Carolina farmers. Weed Technol. 17:195–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K. and Oliveira, M. J. 2007. Role of light quality and temperature on pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) germination with after-ripening. Weed Sci. 55:111–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Omami, E. N., Haigh, A. M., Medd, R. W., and Nicol, H. I. 1999. Changes in germination, dormancy and viability of Amaranthus retroflexus as affected by depth and duration of burial. Weed Res. 39:345–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajapakshe, N. C., McMohan, M. J., and Kelly, J. W. 1993. End of day far-red light reverses height reduction of chrysanthemum induced by CuSO4 spectral filters. Sci. Hortic. 53:249–259.Google Scholar
Sawna, J. T. and Mohler, C. L. 2002. Evaluating seed viability by an unimbibed seed crush test in comparison with the tetrazolium test. Weed Technol. 16:781–786.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steckel, L. E., Sprague, C. L., Stoller, E. W., and Wax, L. M. 2004. Temperature effects on germination of nine Amaranthus species. Weed Sci. 52:217–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, W. E., Burke, I. A., Spears, J. F., and Wilcut, J. 2006. Influence of environmental factors on slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis) germination. Weed Sci. 54:316–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, K. 1987. Seeds and seedbank. New Phytol. 106 (Suppl.):23–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, K. and Grime, J. P. 1983. A comparative study of germination in response to diurnally-fluctuating temperatures. J. Appl. Ecol. 20:141–156.Google Scholar
Webster, T. M. and MacDonald, G. E. 2001. A survey of weeds in various crops in Georgia. Weed Technol. 15:771–790.Google Scholar
Wright, S. R., Coble, H. D., Raper, C. D. Jr., and Rufty, T. W. Jr. 1999. Comparative responses of soybean (Glycine max), sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia), and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) to root zone and aerial temperatures. Weed Sci. 47:167–174.Google Scholar