Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T00:18:53.041Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Surface gloss and color perception of 3D objects

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 July 2008

BEI XIAO*
Affiliation:
Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
DAVID H. BRAINARD
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Bei Xiao, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Suite 330C, 3401 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Two experiments explore the color perception of objects in complex scenes. The first experiment examines the color perception of objects across variation in surface gloss. Observers adjusted the color appearance of a matte sphere to match that of a test sphere. Across conditions we varied the body color and glossiness of the test sphere. The data indicate that observers do not simply match the average light reflected from the test. Indeed, the visual system compensates for the physical effect of varying the gloss, so that appearance is stabilized relative to what is predicted by the spatial average. The second experiment examines how people perceive color across locations on an object. We replaced the test sphere with a soccer ball that had one of its hexagonal faces colored. Observers were asked to adjust the match sphere have the same color appearance as this test patch. The test patch could be located at either an upper or lower location on the soccer ball. In addition, we varied the surface gloss of the entire soccer ball (including the test patch). The data show that there is an effect of test patch location on observers' color matching, but this effect is small compared to the physical change in the average light reflected from the test patch across the two locations. In addition, the effect of glossy highlights on the color appearance of the test patch was consistent with the results from Experiment 1.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Arend, L.E. & Reeves, A. (1986). Simultaneous color constancy. Journal of Optical Society of America A 3, 17431751.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bauml, K.H. (1999). Simultaneous color constancy: How surface color perception varies with the illuminant. Vision Research 39, 15311550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, J. (1964). The effect of gloss on perceived lightness. The American Journal of Psychology 77, 5463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bloj, M., Kersten, D. & Hurlbert, A.C. (1999). Perception of three-dimensional shape influences colour perception through mutual illumination. Nature 402, 877879.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bloj, M., Ripamonti, C., Mitha, K., Hauck, R., Greenwald, S. & Brainard, D.H. (2004). An equivalent illuminant model for the effect of surface slant on perceived lightness. Journal of Vision 4, 735746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyaci, H., Doerschner, K. & Maloney, L.T. (2004). Perceived surface color in binocularly viewed scenes with two light sources differing in chromaticity. Journal of Vision 4, 664679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyaci, H., Maloney, L.T. & Hersh, S. (2003). The effect of perceived surface orientation on perceived surface albedo in binocularly viewed scenes. Journal of Vision 3, 541553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brainard, D.H. (1998). Color constancy in the nearly natural image. 2. Achromatic loci. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 15, 307325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brainard, D.H. (2003). Color appearance and color difference specification. In The Science of Color, ed. Shevell, S.K., pp. 191216. Washington, DC: Optical Society of America.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brainard, D.H., Brunt, W.A. & Speigle, J.M. (1997). Color constancy in the nearly natural image. 1. Asymmetric matches. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 14, 20912110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brainard, D.H., Peili, D.G. & Robson, T. (2002). Display characterization. In Encyclopedia of Imaging Science and Technology, ed. Hornak, J., pp. 172188. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Brainard, D.H. & Wandell, B.A. (1992). Asymmetric color-matching: How color appearance depends on the illuminant. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 9, 14331448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burnham, R.W., Evans, R.M. & Newhall, S.M. (1957). Prediction of color appearance with different adaptation illuminations. Journal of the Optical Society of America 47, 3542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CIE. (1986). Colorimetry. 2nd edition. Vienna: Bureau Central de la CIE.Google Scholar
Delahunt, P.B. & Brainard, D.H. (2004). Does human color constancy incorporate the statistical regularity of natural daylight? Journal of Vision 4, 5781.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derefeldt, G. (1991). Colour appearance systems. In The Perception of Colour, ed. Gouras, P., pp. 218261. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc.Google Scholar
Doerschner, K., Boyaci, H. & Maloney, L.T. (2004). Human observers compensate for secondary illumination originating in nearby chromatic surfaces. Journal of Vision 4, 92105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dror, R.O., Willsky, A.S. & Adelson, E.H. (2004). Statistical characterization of real-world illumination. Journal of Vision 4, 821837.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleming, R.W. & Büthoff, H.H. (2005). Low-level image cues in the perception of translucent materials. ACM Transaction on Applied Perception 2, 346382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleming, R.W., Dror, R.O. & Adelson, E.H. (2003). Real-world illumination and the perception of surface reflectance. Journal of Vision 3, 347368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foster, D.H. & Nascimento, S.M.C. (1994). Relational colour constancy from invariant cone-excitation ratios. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 257, 115121.Google ScholarPubMed
Griffin, L.D. (1999). Partitive mixing of images: A tool for investigating pictorial perception. Journal of the Optical Society of America 16, 28252835.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, T., Sebastian, W. & Gegenfurtner, K.R. (2007). Effects of spatial and temporal context on color categories and color constancy. Journal of Vision 7, 115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helson, H. (1940). Fundamental problems in color vision. II. Hue, lightness, and saturation of selective samples in chromatic illumination. Journal of Experimental Psychology 26, 127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, R.S. & Harold, R.W. (1987). The Measurement of Appearance. 2nd edition. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Hurlbert, A.C., Lee, H.C. & Bülthoff, H.H. (1989). Cues to the color of the illuminant. Investigative Opthalmology and Visual Science 30, 221.Google Scholar
Johnson, M.K. & Farid, H. (2007). Exposing digital forgeries in complex lighting environments. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 2, 450461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khang, B.G. & Zaidi, Q. (2002). Cues and strategies for color constancy: Perceptual scission, image junctions and transformational color matching. Vision Research 42, 211226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, H.C. (1986). Method for computing the scene-illuminant chromaticity from specular highlights. Journal of Optical Society of America A 3, 16941699.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacAdam, D.L. (1942). Visual sensitivities to color differences in daylight. Journal of the Optical Society of America 32, 247274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maloney, L.T. (1999). Physics-based approaches to modeling surface color perception. In Color Vision: From Genes to Perception, ed. Gegenfurtner, K.R. & Sharpe, L.T., pp. 387416. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McCann, J.J. (1976). Quantitative studies in retinex theory: A comparison between theoretical predictions and observer responses to the ‘color mondrian’ experiments. Vision Research 16, 445458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Motoyoshi, I., Nishida, S., Sharan, L. & Adelson, E.H. (2007). Image statistics and the perception of surface qualities. Nature 447, 206209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nishida, S. & Shinya, M. (1998). Use of image-based information in judgments of surface-reflectance properties. Journal of Optical Society of America A 15, 29512965.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Obein, G., Knoblauch, K. & Viénot, F. (2004). Difference scaling of gloss: Nonlinearity, binocularity, and constancy. Journal of Vision 4, 711720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pellacini, F., Ferwerda, J.A. & Greenberg, D.P. (2000). Toward a psychophysically-based light reflection model for image synthesis. In SIGGRAPH '00: Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques, pp. 5564. Toronto, Canada: ACM Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pessoa, L., Mingolla, E. & Arend, L.E. (1996). The perception of lightness in 3-d curved objects. Perception and Psychophysics 58, 12931305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramamoorthi, R. & Hanrahan, P. (2001). A signal-processing framework for inverse rendering. In SIGGRAPH '01: Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques, pp. 117128. Toronto, Canada: ACM Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ripamonti, C., Bloj, M., Hauck, R., Mitha, K., Greenwald, S., Maloney, S.I. & Brainard, D.H. (2004). Measurements of the effect of surface slant on perceived lightness. Journal of Vision 4, 747763.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shevell, S.K. (2003). Color appearance. In The Science of Color, ed. Shevell, S.K., pp. 149190. Washington, DC: Optical Society of America.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
sRGB standard (1999). International Electrotechnical Commission Standard 61966-2-1. Geneva: International Electrotechnical Commission.Google Scholar
Todd, J.T., Norman, J.F. & Mingolla, E. (2004). Lightness constancy in the presence of specular highlights. Psychological Science 15, 3339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, G.J. (1992). Measuring and modeling anisotropic reflection. In SIGGRAPH '92: Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques, pp. 265272. Toronto, Canada: ACM Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, G.J. (1994). The radiance lighting simulation and rendering system. In SIGGRAPH '94: Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques, pp. 459472. Toronto, Canada: ACM Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wyszecki, G. (1986). Color appearance. In Handbook of Perception and Human Performance: Sensory Processes and Perception, ed. Boff, K.R., Kaufman, L. & Thomas, J.P., pp. 9.19.56. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Xiao, B. & Brainard, D.H. (2006). Color perception of 3D objects: Constancy with respect to variation of surface gloss. In APGV '06: Proceedings of the 3rd symposium on applied perception in graphics and visualization, pp. 6368. Toronto, Canada: ACM Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, J.N. & Maloney, L.T. (2001). Illuminant cues in surface color perception: Tests of three candidate cues. Vision Research 41, 25812600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, J.N. & Shevell, S.K. (2002). Stereo disparity improves color constancy. Vision Research 42, 19791989.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed