Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T14:28:20.645Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Identification of cone classes in Xenopus retina by immunocytochemistry and staining with lectins and vital dyes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 June 2009

Jie Zhang ,
Jochen Kleinschmidt ,
Paranee Sun  and
Paul Witkovsky
Jie Zhang
Affiliation:
Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Medical Center, New York
Jochen Kleinschmidt
Affiliation:
Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Medical Center, New York
Paranee Sun
Affiliation:
Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Medical Center, New York
Paul Witkovsky
Affiliation:
Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Medical Center, New York Department of Physiology and Biophysics, New York University Medical Center, New York
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to determine the number of cone classes in the Xenopus retina. We examined the dimensions and staining properties of cones, utilizing two monoclonal antibodies, COS-1 and OS-2, developed by Szel and Rohlich (1985). Living cones also were reacted with the plant lectins peanut agglutinin (PNA) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and with a fluorescent stilbene dye, DIDS, which binds selectively to red-sensitive cones (Kleinschmidt, 1991; Kleinschmidt & Harosi, 1992a, b). Three cone populations were distinguished based on differences in size and staining properties. Eighty-eight percent of all cones were stained strongly by COS-1, PNA, and DIDS, but weakly by OS-2. The group of cones stained by COS-1 had the largest mean dimensions of outer segment length, width, and oil droplet diameter. COS-1 negative cones were divisible into two groups: a subclass of miniature cones (approximately 4% total cones) was stained strongly by OS-2, PNA, and DIDS. The balance, constituting approximately 9% total cones, were of intermediate size, were not stained by PNA and reacted weakly to OS-2 and DIDS. WGA stained all cones. Large, COS-1 + cones appear to be red-sensitive and belong to the class of anion-tunable cone pigments. We suggest that the intermediate size, COS-1 negative cones are blue-sensitive based on the finding that blue-sensitive chromatic horizontal cells connect to them preferentially (Witkovsky et al., work in progress). The remaining class of miniature cones may be UV-sensitive, since another amphibian, the salamander, has been shown to possess red-, blue-, and UV-sensitive cones (Perry & McNaughton, 1991).

Keywords

XenopusConeMonoclonal antibodyLectinStilbene dye
Type
Research Articles
Information
Visual Neuroscience , Volume 11 , Issue 6 , November 1994 , pp. 1185 - 1192
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Backstrom, A.C. & Reuter, T. (1975). Receptive field organization of ganglion cells in the frog retina: Contributions from cones, green rods and red rods. Journal of Physiology 246, 79–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanks, J.C., Hageman, G.S., Johnson, L.V. & Spee, C. (1988). Ultra-structural visualization of primate cone photoreceptor matrix sheaths. Journal of Comparative Neurology 270, 288–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridges, C.D.B. (1981). Lectin receptors of rods and cones. Visualization by fluorescent label. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 20, 8–16.Google ScholarPubMed
Cabantchik, Z.I. & Rothstein, A. (1972). The nature of the membrane sites controlling anion permeability of human red blood cells as determined by studies with disulfonic stilbene derivatives. Journal of Membrane Biology 10, 311–330CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cserhati, P., Szel, A. & Rohlich, P. (1989). Four cone types characterized by anti-visual pigment antibodies in the pigeon retina. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 30, 74–81.Google ScholarPubMed
Denton, E. & Pirenne, M.H. (1952). Green-coloured rods and retinal sensitivity. Journal of Physiology 116, 33P.Google ScholarPubMed
Hageman, G.S. & Johnson, L.V. (1986). Biochemical characterization of the major peanut agglutinin-binding glycoproteins in vertebrate retinae. Journal of Comparative Neurology 249, 499–510CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hassin, G. & Witkovsky, P. (1983). Intracellular recording from identified photoreceptors and horizontal cells of the Xenopus retina. Vision Research 23, 921–931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kleinschmidt, J. (1991). Selective fluorescent staining of cone outer segments with chloride transport blockers. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 17, 197.Google Scholar
Kleinschmidt, J. & Harosi, F.I. (1992 a). Anion sensitivity and spectral tuning of cone visual pigments in situ. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 89, 9181–9185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kleinschmidt, J. & Harosi, F.I. (1992 b). Spectral tuning of red-absorbing cone pigments by anions. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 33/34, 1003.Google Scholar
Kojima, D., Okano, T., Fukada, Y., Shichida, Y., Yoshizawa, T. & Ebrey, T.G. (1992). Cone visual pigments are present in gecko rod cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S. A. 89, 6841–6845.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liebman, P.A. & Entine, G. (1968). Visual pigments of frog and tadpole (Rana pipiens). Vision Research 8, 761–775.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matthews, G. (1983). Physiological characteristics of single green rod photoreceptors from toad retina. Journal of Physiology 342, 347–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ogden, T.E., Mascetti, G.G. & Pierantoni, R. (1985). The outer horizontal cell of the frog retina: Morphology, receptor input, and function. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 26, 643–656.Google ScholarPubMed
Okano, T., Kojima, D., Fukada, Y., Shichida, Y. & Yoshizawa, T. (1992). Primary structures of chicken cone pigments: Vertebrate rhodopsins have evolved out of cone visual pigments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 89, 5932–5936.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perry, R.J. & McNaughton, P.A. (1991). Response properties of cones from the retina of the tiger salamander. Journal of Physiology 433, 561–587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rohlich, P., Szel, A. & Papermaster, D.S. (1989 a). Immunocytochemical reactivity of Xenopus laevis retinal rods and cones with several monoclonal antibodies to visual pigments. Journal of Comparative Neurology 290, 105–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rohlich, P., Szel, A., Johnson, L.V. & Hageman, G.S. (1989 b). Carbohydrate components recognized by the cone-specific monoclonal antibody CSA-1 and by peanut agglutinin are associated with red and green-sensitive cone photoreceptors. Journal of Comparative Neurology 289, 395–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saxen, L. (1954). The development of the visual cells. Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae Series A 23, 5–93Google Scholar
Stone, S.L. (1994). White-noise analysis of a chromatic-type horizontal cell in the Xenopus retina. Journal of General Physiology 103, 991–1017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stone, S., Witkovsky, P. & Schutte, M. (1990). A chromatic horizontal cell in the Xenopus retina: Intracellular staining and synaptic pharmacology. Journal of Neurophysiology 64, 1683–1694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szel, A. & Rohlich, P. (1985). Localization of visual pigment antigens to photoreceptor cells with different oil droplets in the chicken retina. Acta Biologica Hungarica 36, 319–324.Google ScholarPubMed
Szel, A., Diamantstein, T. & Rohlich, P. (1988). Identification of the blue-sensitive cones in the mammalian retina by anti-visual pigment antibody. Journal of Comparative Neurology 273, 593–602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szel, A., Takacs, L., Monostori, E., Diamantstein, T., Vigh-Teichmann, I. & Rohlich, P. (1986 a). Monoclonal antibody-recognizing cone visual pigment. Experimental Eye Research 43, 871–883.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szel, A., Rohlich, P. & Govardovskii, V. (1986 b). Immunocytochemical discrimination of visual pigments in the retina of the nocturnal gecko Teratoscincus scincus. Experimental Eye Research 43, 895–904.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Witkovsky, P., Levine, J.S., Engbretson, G.A., Hassin, G. & Mac-Nichol, E.F. Jr. (1981). A microspectrophotometric study of normal and artificial visual pigments in the photoreceptors of Xenopus laevis. Vision Research 21, 867–873.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, C-Y., Hassin, G. & Witkovsky, P. (1983). Blue-sensitive rod input to bipolar and ganglion cells of the Xenopus retina. Vision Research 23, 933–941.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed