Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-kw2vx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-11T11:13:32.487Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Dark-adapted rod suppression of cone flicker detection: Evaluation of receptoral and postreceptoral interactions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 September 2006

DINGCAI CAO ,
ANDREW J. ZELE  and
JOEL POKORNY
DINGCAI CAO
Affiliation:
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
ANDREW J. ZELE
Affiliation:
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
JOEL POKORNY
Affiliation:
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Dark-adapted rods in the area surrounding a luminance-modulated field can suppress flicker detection. However, the characteristics of the interaction between rods and each of the cone types are unclear. To address this issue, the effect that dark-adapted rods have on specific classes of receptoral and postreceptoral signals was determined by measuring the critical fusion frequencies (CFF) for receptoral L-, M-, and S-cone and postreceptoral luminance ([L+M+S] and [L+M+S+Rod]) and chromatic ([L/(L+M)]) signals in the presence of different levels of surrounding rod activity. Stimuli were generated with a two-channel photostimulator that has four primaries for a central field and four primaries for the surround, allowing independent control of rod and cone excitation. Measurements were made either with adaptation to the stimulus field after dark adaptation or during a brief period following light adaptation. The results show that dark-adapted rods maximally suppressed the CFF by ∼6 Hz for L-cone, M-cone, and luminance modulation. Dark-adapted rods, however, did not significantly alter the S-cone CFF. The [L/(L+M)] postreceptoral CFF was slightly suppressed at higher surround illuminances, that is, higher than surround luminances resulting in suppression for L-cone, M-cone, or luminance modulation. We conclude that rod-cone interactions in flicker detection occurred strongly in the magnocellular pathway.

Keywords

Rod cone interactionFlicker detection
Type
ROD-CONE INTERACTION
Information
Visual Neuroscience , Volume 23 , Issue 3-4 , May 2006 , pp. 531 - 537
Copyright
© 2006 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Alexander, K.R. & Fishman, G.A. (1984). Rod-cone interaction in flicker perimetry. British Journal of Ophthalmology 68, 303–309.Google Scholar
Buck, S.L. (2004). Rod-cone interaction in human vision. In The Visual Neuroscience, vol. 1, eds. Chalupa, L.M. & Werner, J.S., pp. 863–878. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Cao, D., Pokorny, J., & Smith, V.C. (2005). Matching rod percepts with cone stimuli. Vision Research 45, 2119–2128.Google Scholar
Coletta, N.J. & Adams, A.J. (1984). Rod-cone interaction in flicker detection. Vision Research 24, 1333–1340.Google Scholar
Coletta, N.J. & Adams, A.J. (1985). Loss of flicker sensitivity on dim backgrounds in normal and dichromatic observers. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 187 (abstr.).Google Scholar
Dacey, D.M. (2000). Parallel pathways for spectral coding in primate retina. Annual Review of Neuroscience 23, 743–775.Google Scholar
Dacey, D.M., Lee, B.B., Stafford, D.K., Pokorny, J., & Smith, V.C. (1996). Horizontal cells of the primate retina: Cone specificity without spectral opponency. Science 271, 656–659.Google Scholar
Daw, N.W., Jensen, E.J., & Bunken, W.J. (1990). Rod pathways in the mammalian retinae. Trends in Neuroscience 13, 110–115.Google Scholar
Frumkes, T.E. (1990). Suppressive rod-cone interaction. In The Science of Vision, ed. Leibovic, K.N., pp. 194–210. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Frumkes, T.E. & Eysteinsson, T. (1987). Suppressive rod-cone interaction in distal vertebrate retina—Intracellular records from Xenopus and Necturus. Journal of Neurophysiology 57, 1361–1382.Google Scholar
Frumkes, T.E. & Eysteinsson, T. (1988). The cellular basis for suppressive rod cone interaction. Visual Neuroscience 1, 263–273.Google Scholar
Frumkes, T.E., Naarendorp, F., & Goldberg, S.H. (1988). Abnormalities in retinal neurocircuitry in protanopes: Evidence provided by psychophysical investigation of temporal-spatial interaction. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 29, 163 (abstr.).Google Scholar
Goldberg, S.H., Frumkes, T.E., & Nygaard, R.W. (1983). Inhibitory influence of unstimulated rods in the human retina: Evidence provided by examining cone flicker. Science 221, 180–182.Google Scholar
Granit, R. (1933). The components of the retinal action potential in mammals and their relation to the discharge in the optic nerve. Journal of Physiology (London) 77, 207–239.Google Scholar
Kolb, H. (1977). Organization of outer plexiform layer in retina of cat—Electron-microscopic observations. Journal of Neurocytology 6, 131–153.Google Scholar
Lee, B.B., Martin, P.R., & Valberg, A. (1989). Sensitivity of macaque retinal ganglion cells to chromatic and luminance flicker. Journal of Physiology (London) 414, 223–243.Google Scholar
Lee, B.B., Smith, V.C., Pokorny, J., & Kremers, J. (1997). Rod inputs to macaque ganglion cells. Vision Research 37, 2813–2828.Google Scholar
Lutze, M., Smith, V.C., & Pokorny, J. (1989). Critical flicker frequency in X-chromosome linked dichromats. Documenta Opthalmologica Proceedings Series 52, 69–77.Google Scholar
Lythgoe, R.J. & Tansley, K. (1929). The relation of the critical frequency of flicker to the adaptation of the eye. Proceedings of the Royal Society B (London) 105, 60–92.Google Scholar
MacLeod, D.I. (1972). Rods cancel cones in flicker. Nature 235, 173–174.Google Scholar
Nelson, R. (1977). Cat cones have rod input: A comparison of the response properties of cone-horizontal cell bodies in the retina of the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 172, 109–136.Google Scholar
Pokorny, J. & Smith, V.C. (1972). Luminosity and CFF in deuteranopes and protanopes. Journal of the Optical Society of America 62, 111–117.Google Scholar
Pokorny, J., Smithson, H., & Quinlan, J. (2004). Photostimulator allowing independent control of rods and the three cone types. Visual Neuroscience 21, 263–267.Google Scholar
Pugh, E.N. (1975). Rushton's paradox: Rod dark adaptation after flash photolysis. Journal of Physiology (London) 248, 413–431.Google Scholar
Puts, M.J.H., Pokorny, J., Quinlan, J., & Glennie, L. (2005). Audiophile hardware in vision science: The soundcard as a digital to analog converter. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 142, 77–81.Google Scholar
Schneeweis, D.M. & Schnapf, J.L. (1995). Photovoltage of rods and cones in the macaque retina. Science 268, 1053–1056.Google Scholar
Shapiro, A.G., Pokorny, J., & Smith, V.C. (1996). Cone-rod receptor spaces, with illustrations that use CRT phosphor and light-emitting-diode spectra. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 13, 2319–2328.Google Scholar
Sharpe, L.T. & Stockman, A. (1999). Rod pathways: The importance of seeing nothing. Trends in Neuroscience 22, 497–504.Google Scholar
Smith, R.G., Freed, M.A., & Sterling, P. (1986). Microcircuitry of the dark-adapted cat retina: Functional architecture of the rod-cone network. Journal of Neuroscience 6, 3505–3517.Google Scholar
Smith, V.C. & Pokorny, J. (1975). Spectral sensitivity of the foveal cone photopigments between 400 and 500 nm. Vision Research 15, 161–171.Google Scholar
Sun, H., Pokorny, J., & Smith, V.C. (2001). Brightness induction from rods. Journal of Vision 1, 32–41.Google Scholar
Swanson, W.H., Ueno, T., Smith, V.C., & Pokorny, J. (1987). Temporal modulation sensitivity and pulse detection thresholds for chromatic and luminance perturbations. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 4, 1992–2005.Google Scholar
Twig, G., Levy, H., & Perlman, I. (2003). Color opponency in horizontal cells of the vertebrate retina. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 22, 31–68.Google Scholar
Verweij, J., Peterson, B.B., Dacey, D.M., & Buck, S.L. (1999). Sensitivity and dynamics of rod signals in H1 horizontal cells of the macaque monkey retina. Vision Research 39, 3662–3672.Google Scholar
Wolf, E. & Zigler, M.J. (1954). Location of the break in the dark adaptation curve in relation to pre-exposure brightness and pre-exposure time. Journal of the Optical Society of America 44, 875–879.Google Scholar
Yang, X.L. & Wu, S.M. (1989). Effects of background illumination on the horizontal cell responses in the tiger salamander retina. Journal of Neuroscience 9, 815–827.Google Scholar
Yeh, T., Lee, B.B., & Kremers, J. (1995). The temporal response of ganglion cells of the macaque retina to cone-specific modulation. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 12, 456–464.Google Scholar