Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T06:42:28.993Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cone visual pigments of monotremes: Filling the phylogenetic gap

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 July 2008

MATTHEW J. WAKEFIELD ,
MARK ANDERSON ,
ELLEN CHANG ,
KE-JUN WEI ,
RAJINDER KAUL ,
JENNIFER A. MARSHALL GRAVES ,
FRANK GRÜTZNER  and
SAMIR S. DEEB
MATTHEW J. WAKEFIELD
Affiliation:
ARC, Centre for Kangaroo Genomics, Bioinformatics, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
MARK ANDERSON
Affiliation:
Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
ELLEN CHANG
Affiliation:
Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
KE-JUN WEI
Affiliation:
ARC, Centre for Kangaroo Genomics, Research School of Biological Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
RAJINDER KAUL
Affiliation:
Genome Centre, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
JENNIFER A. MARSHALL GRAVES
Affiliation:
ARC, Centre for Kangaroo Genomics, Research School of Biological Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
FRANK GRÜTZNER
Affiliation:
School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
SAMIR S. DEEB*
Affiliation:
Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Samir S. Deeb, Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We have determined the sequence and genomic organization of the genes encoding the cone visual pigment of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and the echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), and inferred their spectral properties and evolutionary pathways. We prepared platypus and echidna retinal RNA and used primers of the middle-wave-sensitive (MWS), long-wave-sensitive (LWS), and short-wave sensitive (SWS1) pigments corresponding to coding sequences that are highly conserved among mammals; to PCR amplify the corresponding pigment sequences. Amplification from the retinal RNA revealed the expression of LWS pigment mRNA that is homologous in sequence and spectral properties to the primate LWS visual pigments. However, we were unable to amplify the mammalian SWS1 pigment from these two species, indicating this gene was lost prior to the echidna-platypus divergence (∼21 MYA). Subsequently, when the platypus genome sequence became available, we found an LWS pigment gene in a conserved genomic arrangement that resembles the primate pigment, but, surprisingly we found an adjacent (∼20 kb) SWS2 pigment gene within this conserved genomic arrangement. We obtained the same result after sequencing the echidna genes. The encoded SWS2 pigment is predicted to have a wavelength of maximal absorption of about 440 nm, and is paralogous to SWS pigments typically found in reptiles, birds, and fish but not in mammals. This study suggests the locus control region (LCR) has played an important role in the conservation of photo receptor gene arrays and the control of their spatial and temporal expression in the retina in all mammals. In conclusion, a duplication event of an ancestral cone visual pigment gene, followed by sequence divergence and selection gave rise to the LWS and SWS2 visual pigments. So far, the echidna and platypus are the only mammals that share the gene structure of the LWS-SWS2 pigment gene complex with reptiles, birds and fishes.

Keywords

MonotremesCone pigmentsGene evolutionLocus control regionMarsupials
Type
Research Article
Information
Visual Neuroscience , Volume 25 , Issue 3 , May 2008 , pp. 257 - 264
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Altschul, S.F., Madden, T.L., Schaffer, A.A., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Miller, W. & Lipman, D.J. (1997). Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: A new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Research 25, 3389–3402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arrese, C.A., Beazley, L.D., Ferguson, M.C., Oddy, A. & Hunt, D.M. (2006a). Spectral tuning of the long wavelength-sensitive cone pigment in four Australian marsupials. Gene 381, 13–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arrese, C.A., Beazley, L.D. & Neumeyer, C. (2006b). Behavioural evidence for marsupial trichromacy. Current Biology 16, R193–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arrese, C.A., Hart, N.S., Thomas, N., Beazley, L.D. & Shand, J. (2002). Trichromacy in Australian marsupials. Current Biology 12, 657–660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arrese, C.A., Oddy, A.Y., Runham, P.B., Hart, N.S., Shand, J., Hunt, D.M. & Beazley, L.D. (2005). Cone topography and spectral sensitivity in two potentially trichromatic marsupials, the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) and quenda (Isoodon obesulus). Proceedings. Biological sciences/The Royal Society 272, 791–796.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowmaker, J.K. & Hunt, D.M. (2006). Evolution of vertebrate visual pigments. Current Biology 16, R484–489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clamp, M., Cuff, J., Searle, S.M. & Barton, G.J. (2004). The Jalview Java alignment editor. Bioinformatics 20, 426–427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crooks, G.E., Hon, G., Chandonia, J.M. & Brenner, S.E. (2004). WebLogo: A sequence logo generator. Genome Research 14, 1188–1190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, W.L., Carvalho, L.S., Cowing, J.A., Beazley, L.D., Hunt, D.M. & Arrese, C.A. (2007). Visual pigments of the platypus: A novel route to mammalian colour vision. Current Biology 17, R161–163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deeb, S.S. (2004). Molecular genetics of colour vision deficiencies. Clinical and Experimental Optometry 87, 224–229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deeb, S.S., Liu, Y. & Hayashi, T. (2006). Mutually exclusive expression of the L and M pigment genes in the human retinoblastoma cell line WERI: Resetting by cell division. Visual Neuroscience 23, 371–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deeb, S.S., Wakefield, M.J., Tada, T., Marotte, L., Yokoyama, S. & Marshall Graves, J.A. (2003). The cone visual pigments of an Australian marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii): Sequence, spectral tuning, and evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution 20, 1642–1649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dehal, P. & Boore, J.L. (2005). Two rounds of whole genome duplication in the ancestral vertebrate. PLoS Biology 3, e314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibbs, R.A., Weinstock, G.M., Metzker, M.L., Muzny, D.M., Sodergren, E.J., Scherer, S., Scott, G., Steffen, D., Worley, K.C., Burch, P.E., Okwuonu, G., Hines, S., Lewis, L., DeRamo, C., Delgado, O., Dugan-Rocha, S., Miner, G., Morgan, M., Hawes, A., Gill, R., Holt, R.A., Adams, M.D., Amanatides, P.G., Baden-Tillson, H., Barnstead, M., Chin, S., Evans, C.A., Ferriera, S., Fosler, C., Glodek, A., Gu, Z., Jennings, D., Kraft, C.L., Nguyen, T., Pfannkoch, C.M., Sitter, C., Sutton, G.G., Venter, J.C., Woodage, T., Smith, D., Lee, H.M., Gustafson, E., Cahill, P., Kana, A., Doucette-Stamm, L., Weinstock, K., Fechtel, K., Weiss, R.B., Dunn, D.M., Green, E.D., Blakesley, R.W., Bouffard, G.G., De Jong, P.J., Osoegawa, K., Zhu, B., Marra, M., Schein, J., Bosdet, I., Fjell, C., Jones, S., Krzywinski, M., Mathewson, C., Siddiqui, A., Wye, N., McPherson, J., Zhao, S., Fraser, C.M., Shetty, J., Shatsman, S., Geer, K., Chen, Y., Abramzon, S., Nierman, W.C., Havlak, P.H., Chen, R., Durbin, K.J., Egan, A., Ren, Y., Song, X.Z., Li, B., Liu, Y., Qin, X., Cawley, S., Worley, K.C., Cooney, A.J., D'Souza, L.M., Martin, K., Wu, J.Q., Gonzalez-Garay, M.L., Jackson, A.R., Kalafus, K.J., McLeod, M.P., Milosavljevic, A., Virk, D., Volkov, A., Wheeler, D.A., Zhang, Z., Bailey, J.A., Eichler, E.E., Tuzun, E., Birney, E., Mongin, E., Ureta-Vidal, A., Woodwark, C., Zdobnov, E., Bork, P., Suyama, M., Torrents, D., Alexandersson, M., Trask, B.J., Young, J.M., Huang, H., Wang, H., Xing, H., Daniels, S., Gietzen, D., Schmidt, J., Stevens, K., Vitt, U., Wingrove, J., Camara, F., Mar Alba, M., Abril, J.F., Guigo, R., Smit, A., Dubchak, I., Rubin, E.M., Couronne, O., Poliakov, A., Hubner, N., Ganten, D., Goesele, C., Hummel, O., Kreitler, T., Lee, Y.A., Monti, J., Schulz, H., Zimdahl, H., Himmelbauer, H., Lehrach, H., Jacob, H.J., Bromberg, S., Gullings-Handley, J., Jensen-Seaman, M.I., Kwitek, A.E., Lazar, J., Pasko, D., Tonellato, P.J., Twigger, S., Ponting, C.P., Duarte, J.M., Rice, S., Goodstadt, L., Beatson, S.A., Emes, R.D., Winter, E.E., Webber, C., Brandt, P., Nyakatura, G., Adetobi, M., Chiaromonte, F., Elnitski, L., Eswara, P., Hardison, R.C., Hou, M., Kolbe, D., Makova, K., Miller, W., Nekrutenko, A., Riemer, C., Schwartz, S., Taylor, J., Yang, S., Zhang, Y., Lindpaintner, K., Andrews, T.D., Caccamo, M., Clamp, M., Clarke, L., Curwen, V., Durbin, R., Eyras, E., Searle, S.M., Cooper, G.M., Batzoglou, S., Brudno, M., Sidow, A., Stone, E.A., Venter, J.C., Payseur, B.A., Bourque, G., Lopez-Otin, C., Puente, X.S., Chakrabarti, K., Chatterji, S., Dewey, C., Pachter, L., Bray, N., Yap, V.B., Caspi, A., Tesler, G., Pevzner, P.A., Haussler, D., Roskin, K.M., Baertsch, R., Clawson, H., Furey, T.S., Hinrichs, A.S., Karolchik, D., Kent, W.J., Rosenbloom, K.R., Trumbower, H., Weirauch, M., Cooper, D.N., Stenson, P.D., Ma, B., Brent, M., Arumugam, M., Shteynberg, D., Copley, R.R., Taylor, M.S., Riethman, H., Mudunuri, U., Peterson, J., Guyer, M., Felsenfeld, A., Old, S., Mockrin, S. & Collins, F. (2004). Genome sequence of the Brown Norway rat yields insights into mammalian evolution. Nature 428, 493–521.Google ScholarPubMed
Hayashi, T., Motulsky, A.G. & Deeb, S.S. (1999). Position of a ‘green-red’ hybrid gene in the visual pigment array determines colour-vision phenotype. Nature Genetics 22, 90–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hemmi, J.M. (1999). Dichromatic colour vision in an Australian marsupial, the tammar wallaby. Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology 185, 509–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemmi, J.M. & Grunert, U. (1999). Distribution of photoreceptor types in the retina of a marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). Visual Neuroscience 16, 291–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hubbard, T.J., Aken, B.L., Beal, K., Ballester, B., Caccamo, M., Chen, Y., Clarke, L., Coates, G., Cunningham, F., Cutts, T., Down, T., Dyer, S.C., Fitzgerald, S., Fernandez-Banet, J., Graf, S., Haider, S., Hammond, M., Herrero, J., Holland, R., Howe, K., Howe, K., Johnson, N., Kahari, A., Keefe, D., Kokocinski, F., Kulesha, E., Lawson, D., Longden, I., Melsopp, C., Megy, K., Meidl, P., Ouverdin, B., Parker, A., Prlic, A., Rice, S., Rios, D., Schuster, M., Sealy, I., Severin, J., Slater, G., Smedley, D., Spudich, G., Trevanion, S., Vilella, A., Vogel, J., White, S., Wood, M., Cox, T., Curwen, V., Durbin, R., Fernandez-Suarez, X.M., Flicek, P., Kasprzyk, A., Proctor, G., Searle, S., Smith, J., Ureta-Vidal, A. & Birney, E. (2007). Ensembl 2007. Nucleic Acids Research 35, D610–617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, G.H. & Rowe, M.P. (2004). Evolution of vertebrate colour vision. Clinical and Experimental Optometry 87, 206–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jurka, J., Kapitonov, V.V., Pavlicek, A., Klonowski, P., Kohany, O. & Walichiewicz, J. (2005). Repbase Update, a database of eukaryotic repetitive elements. Cytogenetic and genome research 110, 462–467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lander, E.S., Linton, L.M., Birren, B., Nusbaum, C., Zody, M.C., Baldwin, J., Devon, K., Dewar, K., Doyle, M., FitzHugh, W., Funke, R., Gage, D., Harris, K., Heaford, A., Howland, J., Kann, L., Lehoczky, J., LeVine, R., McEwan, P., McKernan, K., Meldrim, J., Mesirov, J.P., Miranda, C., Morris, W., Naylor, J., Raymond, C., Rosetti, M., Santos, R., Sheridan, A., Sougnez, C., Stange-Thomann, N., Stojanovic, N., Subramanian, A., Wyman, D., Rogers, J., Sulston, J., Ainscough, R., Beck, S., Bentley, D., Burton, J., Clee, C., Carter, N., Coulson, A., Deadman, R., Deloukas, P., Dunham, A., Dunham, I., Durbin, R., French, L., Grafham, D., Gregory, S., Hubbard, T., Humphray, S., Hunt, A., Jones, M., Lloyd, C., McMurray, A., Matthews, L., Mercer, S., Milne, S., Mullikin, J.C., Mungall, A., Plumb, R., Ross, M., Shownkeen, R., Sims, S., Waterston, R.H., Wilson, R.K., Hillier, L.W., McPherson, J.D., Marra, M.A., Mardis, E.R., Fulton, L.A., Chinwalla, A.T., Pepin, K.H., Gish, W.R., Chissoe, S.L., Wendl, M.C., Delehaunty, K.D., Miner, T.L., Delehaunty, A., Kramer, J.B., Cook, L.L., Fulton, R.S., Johnson, D.L., Minx, P.J., Clifton, S.W., Hawkins, T., Branscomb, E., Predki, P., Richardson, P., Wenning, S., Slezak, T., Doggett, N., Cheng, J.F., Olsen, A., Lucas, S., Elkin, C., Uberbacher, E., Frazier, M., Gibbs, R.A., Muzny, D.M., Scherer, S.E., Bouck, J.B., Sodergren, E.J., Worley, K.C., Rives, C.M., Gorrell, J.H., Metzker, M.L., Naylor, S.L., Kucherlapati, R.S., Nelson, D.L., Weinstock, G.M., Sakaki, Y., Fujiyama, A., Hattori, M., Yada, T., Toyoda, A., Itoh, T., Kawagoe, C., Watanabe, H., Totoki, Y., Taylor, T., Weissenbach, J., Heilig, R., Saurin, W., Artiguenave, F., Brottier, P., Bruls, T., Pelletier, E., Robert, C., Wincker, P., Smith, D.R., Doucette-Stamm, L., Rubenfield, M., Weinstock, K., Lee, H.M., Dubois, J., Rosenthal, A., Platzer, M., Nyakatura, G., Taudien, S., Rump, A., Yang, H., Yu, J., Wang, J., Huang, G., Gu, J., Hood, L., Rowen, L., Madan, A., Qin, S., Davis, R.W., Federspiel, N.A., Abola, A.P., Proctor, M.J., Myers, R.M., Schmutz, J., Dickson, M., Grimwood, J., Cox, D.R., Olson, M.V., Kaul, R., Raymond, C., Shimizu, N., Kawasaki, K., Minoshima, S., Evans, G.A., Athanasiou, M., Schultz, R., Roe, B.A., Chen, F., Pan, H., Ramser, J., Lehrach, H., Reinhardt, R., McCombie, W.R., de la Bastide, M., Dedhia, N., Blocker, H., Hornischer, K., Nordsiek, G., Agarwala, R., Aravind, L., Bailey, J.A., Bateman, A., Batzoglou, S., Birney, E., Bork, P., Brown, D.G., Burge, C.B., Cerutti, L., Chen, H.C., Church, D., Clamp, M., Copley, R.R., Doerks, T., Eddy, S.R., Eichler, E.E., Furey, T.S., Galagan, J., Gilbert, J.G., Harmon, C., Hayashizaki, Y., Haussler, D., Hermjakob, H., Hokamp, K., Jang, W., Johnson, L.S., Jones, T.A., Kasif, S., Kaspryzk, A., Kennedy, S., Kent, W.J., Kitts, P., Koonin, E.V., Korf, I., Kulp, D., Lancet, D., Lowe, T.M., McLysaght, A., Mikkelsen, T., Moran, J.V., Mulder, N., Pollara, V.J., Ponting, C.P., Schuler, G., Schultz, J., Slater, G., Smit, A.F., Stupka, E., Szustakowski, J., Thierry-Mieg, D., Thierry-Mieg, J., Wagner, L., Wallis, J., Wheeler, R., Williams, A., Wolf, Y.I., Wolfe, K.H., Yang, S.P., Yeh, R.F., Collins, F., Guyer, M.S., Peterson, J., Felsenfeld, A., Wetterstrand, K.A., Patrinos, A., Morgan, M.J., de Jong, P., Catanese, J.J., Osoegawa, K., Shizuya, H., Choi, S. & Chen, Y.J. (2001). Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409, 860–921.Google ScholarPubMed
Lindblad-Toh, K., Wade, C.M., Mikkelsen, T.S., Karlsson, E.K., Jaffe, D.B., Kamal, M., Clamp, M., Chang, J.L., Kulbokas, E.J. 3rd, Zody, M.C., Mauceli, E., Xie, X., Breen, M., Wayne, R.K., Ostrander, E.A., Ponting, C.P., Galibert, F., Smith, D.R., DeJong, P.J., Kirkness, E., Alvarez, P., Biagi, T., Brockman, W., Butler, J., Chin, C.W., Cook, A., Cuff, J., Daly, M.J., DeCaprio, D., Gnerre, S., Grabherr, M., Kellis, M., Kleber, M., Bardeleben, C., Goodstadt, L., Heger, A., Hitte, C., Kim, L., Koepfli, K.P., Parker, H.G., Pollinger, J.P., Searle, S.M., Sutter, N.B., Thomas, R., Webber, C., Baldwin, J., Abebe, A., Abouelleil, A., Aftuck, L., Ait-Zahra, M., Aldredge, T., Allen, N., An, P., Anderson, S., Antoine, C., Arachchi, H., Aslam, A., Ayotte, L., Bachantsang, P., Barry, A., Bayul, T., Benamara, M., Berlin, A., Bessette, D., Blitshteyn, B., Bloom, T., Blye, J., Boguslavskiy, L., Bonnet, C., Boukhgalter, B., Brown, A., Cahill, P., Calixte, N., Camarata, J., Cheshatsang, Y., Chu, J., Citroen, M., Collymore, A., Cooke, P., Dawoe, T., Daza, R., Decktor, K., DeGray, S., Dhargay, N., Dooley, K., Dooley, K., Dorje, P., Dorjee, K., Dorris, L., Duffey, N., Dupes, A., Egbiremolen, O., Elong, R., Falk, J., Farina, A., Faro, S., Ferguson, D., Ferreira, P., Fisher, S., FitzGerald, M., Foley, K., Foley, C., Franke, A., Friedrich, D., Gage, D., Garber, M., Gearin, G., Giannoukos, G., Goode, T., Goyette, A., Graham, J., Grandbois, E., Gyaltsen, K., Hafez, N., Hagopian, D., Hagos, B., Hall, J., Healy, C., Hegarty, R., Honan, T., Horn, A., Houde, N., Hughes, L., Hunnicutt, L., Husby, M., Jester, B., Jones, C., Kamat, A., Kanga, B., Kells, C., Khazanovich, D., Kieu, A.C., Kisner, P., Kumar, M., Lance, K., Landers, T., Lara, M., Lee, W., Leger, J.P., Lennon, N., Leuper, L., LeVine, S., Liu, J., Liu, X., Lokyitsang, Y., Lokyitsang, T., Lui, A., Macdonald, J., Major, J., Marabella, R., Maru, K., Matthews, C., McDonough, S., Mehta, T., Meldrim, J., Melnikov, A., Meneus, L., Mihalev, A., Mihova, T., Miller, K., Mittelman, R., Mlenga, V., Mulrain, L., Munson, G., Navidi, A., Naylor, J., Nguyen, T., Nguyen, N., Nguyen, C., Nguyen, T., Nicol, R., Norbu, N., Norbu, C., Novod, N., Nyima, T., Olandt, P., O'Neill, B., O'Neill, K., Osman, S., Oyono, L., Patti, C., Perrin, D., Phunkhang, P., Pierre, F., Priest, M., Rachupka, A., Raghuraman, S., Rameau, R., Ray, V., Raymond, C., Rege, F., Rise, C., Rogers, J., Rogov, P., Sahalie, J., Settipalli, S., Sharpe, T., Shea, T., Sheehan, M., Sherpa, N., Shi, J., Shih, D., Sloan, J., Smith, C., Sparrow, T., Stalker, J., Stange-Thomann, N., Stavropoulos, S., Stone, C., Stone, S., Sykes, S., Tchuinga, P., Tenzing, P., Tesfaye, S., Thoulutsang, D., Thoulutsang, Y., Topham, K., Topping, I., Tsamla, T., Vassiliev, H., Venkataraman, V., Vo, A., Wangchuk, T., Wangdi, T., Weiand, M., Wilkinson, J., Wilson, A., Yadav, S., Yang, S., Yang, X., Young, G., Yu, Q., Zainoun, J., Zembek, L., Zimmer, A. & Lander, E.S. (2005). Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog. Nature 438, 803–819.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mikkelsen, T.S., Wakefield, M.J., Aken, B., Amemiya, C.T., Chang, J.L., Duke, S., Garber, M., Gentles, A.J., Goodstadt, L., Heger, A., Jurka, J., Kamal, M., Mauceli, E., Searle, S.M., Sharpe, T., Baker, M.L., Batzer, M.A., Benos, P.V., Belov, K., Clamp, M., Cook, A., Cuff, J., Das, R., Davidow, L., Deakin, J.E., Fazzari, M.J., Glass, J.L., Grabherr, M., Greally, J.M., Gu, W., Hore, T.A., Huttley, G.A., Kleber, M., Jirtle, R.L., Koina, E., Lee, J.T., Mahony, S., Marra, M.A., Miller, R.D., Nicholls, R.D., Oda, M., Papenfuss, A.T., Parra, Z.E., Pollock, D.D., Ray, D.A., Schein, J.E., Speed, T.P., Thompson, K., VandeBerg, J.L., Wade, C.M., Walker, J.A., Waters, P.D., Webber, C., Weidman, J.R., Xie, X., Zody, M.C., Baldwin, J., Abdouelleil, A., Abdulkadir, J., Abebe, A., Abera, B., Abreu, J., Acer, S.C., Aftuck, L., Alexander, A., An, P., Anderson, E., Anderson, S., Arachi, H., Azer, M., Bachantsang, P., Barry, A., Bayul, T., Berlin, A., Bessette, D., Bloom, T., Bloom, T., Boguslavskiy, L., Bonnet, C., Boukhgalter, B., Bourzgui, I., Brown, A., Cahill, P., Channer, S., Cheshatsang, Y., Chuda, L., Citroen, M., Collymore, A., Cooke, P., Costello, M., D'Aco, K., Daza, R., De Haan, G., DeGray, S., DeMaso, C., Dhargay, N., Dooley, K., Dooley, E., Doricent, M., Dorje, P., Dorjee, K., Dupes, A., Elong, R., Falk, J., Farina, A., Faro, S., Ferguson, D., Fisher, S., Foley, C.D., Franke, A., Friedrich, D., Gadbois, L., Gearin, G., Gearin, C.R., Giannoukos, G., Goode, T., Graham, J., Grandbois, E., Grewal, S., Gyaltsen, K., Hafez, N., Hagos, B., Hall, J., Henson, C., Hollinger, A., Honan, T., Huard, M.D., Hughes, L., Hurhula, B., Husby, M.E., Kamat, A., Kanga, B., Kashin, S., Khazanovich, D., Kisner, P., Lance, K., Lara, M., Lee, W., Lennon, N., Letendre, F., LeVine, R., Lipovsky, A., Liu, X., Liu, J., Liu, S., Lokyitsang, T., Lokyitsang, Y., Lubonja, R., Lui, A., MacDonald, P., Magnisalis, V., Maru, K., Matthews, C., McCusker, W., McDonough, S., Mehta, T., Meldrim, J., Meneus, L., Mihai, O., Mihalev, A., Mihova, T., Mittelman, R., Mlenga, V., Montmayeur, A., Mulrain, L., Navidi, A., Naylor, J., Negash, T., Nguyen, T., Nguyen, N., Nicol, R., Norbu, C., Norbu, N., Novod, N., O'Neill, B., Osman, S., Markiewicz, E., Oyono, O.L., Patti, C., Phunkhang, P., Pierre, F., Priest, M., Raghuraman, S., Rege, F., Reyes, R., Rise, C., Rogov, P., Ross, K., Ryan, E., Settipalli, S., Shea, T., Sherpa, N., Shi, L., Shih, D., Sparrow, T., Spaulding, J., Stalker, J., Stange-Thomann, N., Stavropoulos, S., Stone, C., Strader, C., Tesfaye, S., Thomson, T., Thoulutsang, Y., Thoulutsang, D., Topham, K., Topping, I., Tsamla, T., Vassiliev, H., Vo, A., Wangchuk, T., Wangdi, T., Weiand, M., Wilkinson, J., Wilson, A., Yadav, S., Young, G., Yu, Q., Zembek, L., Zhong, D., Zimmer, A., Zwirko, Z., Jaffe, D.B., Alvarez, P., Brockman, W., Butler, J., Chin, C., Gnerre, S., MacCallum, I., Graves, J.A., Ponting, C.P., Breen, M., Samollow, P.B., Lander, E.S. & Lindblad-Toh, K. (2007). Genome of the marsupial Monodelphis domestica reveals innovation in non-coding sequences. Nature 447, 167–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nathans, J. (1999). The evolution and physiology of human color vision: Insights from molecular genetic studies of visual pigments. Neuron 24, 299–312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nathans, J., Davenport, C.M., Maumenee, I.H., Lewis, R.A., Hejtmancik, J.F., Litt, M., Lovrien, E., Weleber, R., Bachynski, B., Zwas, F., et al. (1989). Molecular genetics of human blue cone monochromacy. Science 245, 831–838.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ohno, S. (1970). Evolution by Gene Duplication. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qian, J., Esumi, N., Chen, Y., Wang, Q., Chowers, I. & Zack, D.J. (2005). Identification of regulatory targets of tissue-specific transcription factors: Application to retina-specific gene regulation. Nucleic Acids Research 33, 3479–3491.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sambrook, J. & Russell, D.W. (2001). Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.Google Scholar
Sankovic, N., Bawden, W., Martyn, J., Graves, J.A.M. & Zuelke, K. (2006). Construction of a marsupial bacterial artificial chromosome library from the model Australian marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). Australian Journal of Zoology 53, 389–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, S., Elnitski, L., Li, M., Weirauch, M., Riemer, C., Smit, A., Green, E.D., Hardison, R.C. & Miller, W. (2003). MultiPipMaker and supporting tools: Alignments and analysis of multiple genomic DNA sequences. Nucleic Acids Research 31, 3518–3524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smallwood, P.M., Wang, Y. & Nathans, J. (2002). Role of a locus control region in the mutually exclusive expression of human red and green cone pigment genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99, 1008–1011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strachan, J., Chang, L.Y., Wakefield, M.J., Graves, J.A. & Deeb, S.S. (2004). Cone visual pigments of the Australian marsupials, the stripe-faced and fat-tailed dunnarts: Sequence and inferred spectral properties. Visual Neuroscience 21, 223–229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, J.D., Higgins, D.G. & Gibson, T.J. (1994). CLUSTAL W: Improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research 22, 4673–4680.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsujimura, T., Chinen, A. & Kawamura, S. (2007). Identification of a locus control region for quadruplicated green-sensitive opsin genes in zebrafish. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, 12813–12818.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wakefield, M.J. & Graves, J.A. (2003). The kangaroo genome. Leaps and bounds in comparative genomics. EMBO Reports 4, 143–147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wakefield, M.J. & Graves, J.A. (2005). Marsupials and monotremes sort genome treasures from junk. Genome Biology 6, 218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walls, G.L. (1942). The vertebrate eye and its adaptive radiation. Bloomfield Hills, Mich.: Cranbrook Institute of Science.Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Macke, J.P., Merbs, S.L., Zack, D.J., Klaunberg, B., Bennett, J., Gearhart, J. & Nathans, J. (1992). A locus control region adjacent to the human red and green visual pigment genes. Neuron 9, 429–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y., Smallwood, P.M., Cowan, M., Blesh, D., Lawler, A. & Nathans, J. (1999). Mutually exclusive expression of human red and green visual pigment-reporter transgenes occurs at high frequency in murine cone photoreceptors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96, 5251–5256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, W.C., Hillier, L.W., Graves, J.A.M., Birney, E., Ponting, C.P., GrÜtzner, F., Belov, K., Miller, W., Clarke, L., Chinwalla, A.T., Yang, S., Heger, A., Locke, D., Miethke, P., Waters, P.D., Veyrunes, F., Fulton, L., Fulton, B., Graves, T., Wallis, J., Puente, X.S., López-Otín, C., Ordóñez, G.R., Eichler, E.E., Chen, L., Cheng, Z., Deakin, J.E., Alsop, A., Thompson, K., Kirby, P., Papenfuss, A.T., Wakefield, M.J., Olender, T., Lancet, D., Huttley, G.A., Smit, A.F., Pask, A., Smith, P.T., Batzer, M.A., Walker, J.A., Konkel, M.K., Harris, R.S., Whittington, C.M., Wong, E.S., Gemmell, N.J., Buschiazzo, E., Jentzsch, I.M.V., Merkel, A., Schmitz, J., Zemann, A., Churakov, G., Kriegs, J.O., Brosius, J., Murchison, E.P., Sachidanandam, R., Smith, C., Hannon, G.J., Tsend-Ayush, E., McMillan, D., Attenborough, R., Rens, W., Ferguson-Smith, M., Lefèvre, C.M., Sharp, J.A., Nicholas, K.R., Ray, D.A., Kube, M., Reinhardt, R., Pringle, T.H., Taylor, J., Jones, R.C., Nixon, B., Dacheux, J., Niwa, H., Sekita, Y., Huang, X., Stark, A., Kheradpour, P., Flicek, P., Chen, Y., Webber, C., Hardison, R., Nelson, J., Hallsworth-Pepin, K., Renfree, M., Washington University Genome Sequencing Center, Mardis, E.R. & Wilson, R.K. (2008). Genome analysis of the platypus reveals unique signatures of evolution. Nature, In Press.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waterston, R.H., Lindblad-Toh, K., Birney, E., Rogers, J., Abril, J.F., Agarwal, P., Agarwala, R., Ainscough, R., Alexandersson, M., An, P., Antonarakis, S.E., Attwood, J., Baertsch, R., Bailey, J., Barlow, K., Beck, S., Berry, E., Birren, B., Bloom, T., Bork, P., Botcherby, M., Bray, N., Brent, M.R., Brown, D.G., Brown, S.D., Bult, C., Burton, J., Butler, J., Campbell, R.D., Carninci, P., Cawley, S., Chiaromonte, F., Chinwalla, A.T., Church, D.M., Clamp, M., Clee, C., Collins, F.S., Cook, L.L., Copley, R.R., Coulson, A., Couronne, O., Cuff, J., Curwen, V., Cutts, T., Daly, M., David, R., Davies, J., Delehaunty, K.D., Deri, J., Dermitzakis, E.T., Dewey, C., Dickens, N.J., Diekhans, M., Dodge, S., Dubchak, I., Dunn, D.M., Eddy, S.R., Elnitski, L., Emes, R.D., Eswara, P., Eyras, E., Felsenfeld, A., Fewell, G.A., Flicek, P., Foley, K., Frankel, W.N., Fulton, L.A., Fulton, R.S., Furey, T.S., Gage, D., Gibbs, R.A., Glusman, G., Gnerre, S., Goldman, N., Goodstadt, L., Grafham, D., Graves, T.A., Green, E.D., Gregory, S., Guigo, R., Guyer, M., Hardison, R.C., Haussler, D., Hayashizaki, Y., Hillier, L.W., Hinrichs, A., Hlavina, W., Holzer, T., Hsu, F., Hua, A., Hubbard, T., Hunt, A., Jackson, I., Jaffe, D.B., Johnson, L.S., Jones, M., Jones, T.A., Joy, A., Kamal, M., Karlsson, E.K., Karolchik, D., Kasprzyk, A., Kawai, J., Keibler, E., Kells, C., Kent, W.J., Kirby, A., Kolbe, D.L., Korf, I., Kucherlapati, R.S., Kulbokas, E.J., Kulp, D., Landers, T., Leger, J.P., Leonard, S., Letunic, I., Levine, R., Li, J., Li, M., Lloyd, C., Lucas, S., Ma, B., Maglott, D.R., Mardis, E.R., Matthews, L., Mauceli, E., Mayer, J.H., McCarthy, M., McCombie, W.R., McLaren, S., McLay, K., McPherson, J.D., Meldrim, J., Meredith, B., Mesirov, J.P., Miller, W., Miner, T.L., Mongin, E., Montgomery, K.T., Morgan, M., Mott, R., Mullikin, J.C., Muzny, D.M., Nash, W.E., Nelson, J.O., Nhan, M.N., Nicol, R., Ning, Z., Nusbaum, C., O'Connor, M.J., Okazaki, Y., Oliver, K., Overton-Larty, E., Pachter, L., Parra, G., Pepin, K.H., Peterson, J., Pevzner, P., Plumb, R., Pohl, C.S., Poliakov, A., Ponce, T.C., Ponting, C.P., Potter, S., Quail, M., Reymond, A., Roe, B.A., Roskin, K.M., Rubin, E.M., Rust, A.G., Santos, R., Sapojnikov, V., Schultz, B., Schultz, J., Schwartz, M.S., Schwartz, S., Scott, C., Seaman, S., Searle, S., Sharpe, T., Sheridan, A., Shownkeen, R., Sims, S., Singer, J.B., Slater, G., Smit, A., Smith, D.R., Spencer, B., Stabenau, A., Stange-Thomann, N., Sugnet, C., Suyama, M., Tesler, G., Thompson, J., Torrents, D., Trevaskis, E., Tromp, J., Ucla, C., Ureta-Vidal, A., Vinson, J.P., Von Niederhausern, A.C., Wade, C.M., Wall, M., Weber, R.J., Weiss, R.B., Wendl, M.C., West, A.P., Wetterstrand, K., Wheeler, R., Whelan, S., Wierzbowski, J., Willey, D., Williams, S., Wilson, R.K., Winter, E., Worley, K.C., Wyman, D., Yang, S., Yang, S.P., Zdobnov, E.M., Zody, M.C. & Lander, E.S. (2002). Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome. Nature 420, 520–562.Google ScholarPubMed
Yamaguchi, T., Motulsky, A.G. & Deeb, S.S. (1997). Visual pigment gene structure and expression in human retinae. Human Molecular Genetics 6, 981–990.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeh, R.F., Lim, L.P. & Burge, C.B. (2001). Computational inference of homologous gene structures in the human genome. Genome Research 11, 803–816.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yokoyama, S. (2000). Molecular evolution of vertebrate visual pigments. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 19, 385–419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed