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TRANSFORMATIONS OF BYRON IN THE LITERATURE OF BRITISH INDIA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 June 2014

Máire ní Fhlathúin*
Affiliation:
University of Nottingham

Extract

This essay examines the reception of Byron's work, and some responses to it, among the poets of the British community in India during the first half of the nineteenth century. The first section sketches some of the routes by which Byron's work and accounts of his life were circulated and read in India and demonstrates the impact of his work on the poets of British India. These poets co-opted Byronic texts into their own writings in the form of epigraphs and other citations and allusions, composed responses to Byron and his work, and imitated the tropes, formats and themes of Byron's poetry. The second section of the essay looks in more detail at selected examples of the many adaptations and imitations of Byron's work that proliferated during this period. In these poems, Byronic models are appropriated by writers whose chosen professions or relationships have the effect of aligning them with the colonial project of the East India Company. They re-imagined the encounter with the romanticized Orient that characterizes many of Byron's works in response to the specific political and cultural contexts of British India in the nineteenth century.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

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References

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Bengal Annual [1831] 319–20; [1834] 198–99; [1830] 347; [1830] 348; [1836] 196;[1835] 382Google Scholar
Bombay Courier 4 Dec. 1846Google Scholar
Bombay Gazette 30 Aug. 1820; 6 Sept., 20 Sept., 25 Oct., 6 Dec., 27 Dec. 1820Google Scholar
Calcutta Journal 30 Dec. 1819; Jan. 1820; 8 Dec. 1819; 20 May 1822; 14 Feb. 1822; 10 Sept. 1822; 22 Jan., 1 Feb.,16 Feb. 1822; 1 Feb. 1822; 25 November 1819; 31 Jan. 1819; 17 Jan. 1822; 1 Aug. 1820; 22 Jan. 1822; 27 May 1822; 4 Jul., 13 Jul. 1 Aug., 4 Aug., 19 Aug., 26 Sept. 1819; 2 Jan. 1821; 29 Apr. 1823; 3 Jan. 1821Google Scholar
Calcutta Literary Gazette 1834Google Scholar
Calcutta Magazine 1831, i-ii.123–33; 1831, 593–94; [1830] 422–26; [1831] 155–71Google Scholar
Madras Literary Gazette [1834] 455Google Scholar
Meerut Universal Magazine 3 [1836] 293; 3 [1836] 291–92; 1 [1835] 125; 2 (1836) 42; 2 [1836] 43Google Scholar
Mofussilite 5 Nov. 1847Google Scholar
Orient Pearl 1835Google Scholar
Oriental Observer 2 Aug. 1829; 15 Aug. 1830; 16 Sept. 1832; 14 Aug. 1831;7 Sept., 5 Oct. 1828; 5 Oct. 1828; 7 Sept. 1828; 24 Jul.1831Google Scholar
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Adams, Matthew. “Furnishing the Colonial Mind: Book Ownership in British India, 1780–1850.” Economic History Society. 2006. Web. 14 Oct. 2012.Google Scholar
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Chadhuri, Rosinka. Gentlemen Poets in Colonial Bengal: Emergent Nationalism and the Orientalist Project. Calcutta: Seagull, 2002.Google Scholar
Cheem, Aliph. Lays of Ind, 2nd series. Bombay: Times of India office, 1873.Google Scholar
Chew, Samuel. Byron in England: His Fame and After-Fame. London: John Murray, 1924.Google Scholar
Derozio, H.L.V.Derozio: Poet of India. Ed. Chaudhuri, Rosinka. Delhi: Oxford UP, 2008.Google Scholar
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Genette, Gérard. Palimpsests: Literature in the Second Degree. Trans. Newman, Channa and Doubinsky, Claude. Lincoln: U Nebraska P, 1997.Google Scholar
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Gibson, Mary Ellis. Indian Angles: English Verse in Colonial India from Jones to Tagore. Athens: Ohio UP, 2011.Google Scholar
[Henderson, Henry Barkley]. The Goorkha and Other Poems. Calcutta, 1817.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, James. The Pilgrim of India: An Eastern Tale, and Other Poems. London: Pickering, 1847.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, James. The Sunyassee, an Eastern Tale: and Other Poems. Calcutta: Thacker; London: W. H. Allen, 1828.Google Scholar
Inventories and Accounts of Deceased Estates – Bengal, Madras and Bombay 1843, part 2. IOR L/AG/34/27/127. British Library.Google Scholar
[Jourdan, Mary Johnson]. Mind's Mirror: Poetical Sketches. Edinburgh: James Hogg; London: Groombridge, 1856.Google Scholar
[Jourdan, Mary Johnson]. The Althorp Picture Gallery and Other Poetical Sketches. Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1836.Google Scholar
Kipling, Rudyard. “Miss Youghal's Sais.” Plain Tales from the Hills. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, 1888.Google Scholar
Kopf, David. British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance. Berkeley and Los Angeles: U California P, 1969.Google Scholar
Leask, Nigel. “Byron and the Eastern Mediterranean.” The Cambridge Companion to Byron. Ed. Bone, Drummond. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2004. Cambridge Collections Online. Web.12 Sept. 2012.Google Scholar
Leask, Nigel. “Towards an Anglo-Indian Poetry? The Colonial Muse in the Writings of John Leyden, Thomas Medwin and Charles D'Oyly.” Writing India, 1757–1990. Ed. Moore-Gilbert, Bart. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1996. 5285.Google Scholar
McGann, Jerome. Byron and Romanticism. Ed. Soderholm, James. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.Google Scholar
McLean, Thomas. The Other East and Nineteenth-Century British Literature: Imagining Poland and the Russian Empire. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2012.Google Scholar
Medwin, Thomas. Sketches in Hindoostan, with Other Poems. London: Ollier / Simpkin and Marshall, 1821.Google Scholar
Moore, Thomas. Lalla Rookh: An Oriental Romance. London: Longman, 1817.Google Scholar
ní Fhlathúin, Máire. The Poetry of British India. 2 vols. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2011.Google Scholar
Oliver, Susan. Scott, Byron and the Poetics of Cultural Encounter. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2005.Google Scholar
Pittock, Murray. Scottish and Irish Romanticism. Oxford, Oxford UP, 2008.Google Scholar
Poddar, Arabinda. “Lord Byron and the Literary Renaissance in Bengal.” Indian Literature: Proceedings of a Seminar. Ed. Poddar, Arabinda. Simla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 1972. 116–24.Google Scholar
Procida, Mary. Married to the Empire: Gender, Politics and Imperialism in India, 1883–1947. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2002.Google Scholar
Richardson, David Lester. Literary Chit-Chat. London: James Madden, 1848.Google Scholar
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Saglia, Diego. “Orientalism.” A Companion to European Romanticism. Ed. Ferber, Michael. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005. 471–72.Google Scholar
Sanders, Julie. Adaptation and Appropriation. Oxford: Routledge, 2006.Google Scholar
Scott, Walter. Rob Roy. Edinburgh, 1818.Google Scholar
Singha, Radhika. A Despotism of Law: Crime and Justice in Early Colonial India. Delhi: Oxford UP, 2000.Google Scholar
Sloper, Samuel. The Dacoit and other Poems. London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1840.Google Scholar
Spry-Leverton, Jeffery, ed. The Spry Letters. 1985. BL Photo Eur308. British Library.Google Scholar
St Clair, William. The Reading Nation in the Romantic Period. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2004.Google Scholar
Stein, Atara. The Byronic Hero in Film, Fiction and Television. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 2004.Google Scholar
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Taylor, Philip Meadows. Confessions of a Thug. London: Bentley, 1839.Google Scholar
[Thompson, W. F.]. India: A Poem. London: Priestley, 1834.Google Scholar
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Thorslev, Peter. The Byronic Hero: Types and Prototypes. Minneapolis: U Minnesota P, 1962.Google Scholar
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Trivedi, Harish. Colonial Transactions: English Literature and India. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1995.Google Scholar
Wahi, Tripta. “Henry Miers Elliot: A Reappraisal.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society NS 1 (1990): 6490.Google Scholar