¹ Derived from his specific notion of welfare believed to lead to greatest happiness.

² E.g. Thompson, D. F., John Stuart Mill and Representative Government, Princeton, 1976Google Scholar; Krouse, R. W., ‘Two Concepts of Democratic Representation’, Journal of Politics, xliv (1982), 509–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³ Krouse, , 531.Google Scholar

⁴ Participatory democracy is associated with mass participation and ‘tends to incline towards some form of delegate or mandate conception, in which the representative must, wherever possible, reflect the wishes of the constituents’ (Krouse, , 511Google Scholar). If there is no local autonomy, there is obviously no room left for participatory democracy on the local level.

⁵ Hollander, S., The Economics of John Stuart Mill, Oxford, 1985, p. 684.Google Scholar

⁶ Ryan, A., J.S. Mill, London, 1974, pp. 206–7.Google Scholar

⁷ Autobiography and Literary Essays, ed. Robson, J. M. and Stillinger, J., Toronto, 1981 (Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, vol. i), i. 203.Google Scholar

⁸ Essays on Politics and Society, eds. Robson, J. M., Toronto, 1977 (Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, vols, xviii and xix), xix. 535, 536, 582.Google Scholar

⁹ Ibid., 539.

¹⁰ The ‘mature’ Mill, following the Autobiography, is taken to be Mill of the period after 1840, when there were ‘no further mental changes to tell of’ (Autobiography (CW), i. 229).Google Scholar

¹¹ Ibid., 203.

¹² ‘The Municipal Institutions of France’ (1831)Google Scholar; ‘Municipal Institutions’ (1833)Google Scholar; ‘The Corporation Bill’ (1833).Google Scholar Reprinted in: Newspaper Writings, ed. Robson, A. P. and Robson, J. M., 4 vols., Toronto, 1986 (Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, vols, xxii–xxv), xxii. 259–62; xxiii. 585–90 and 628–34.Google Scholar

¹³ Newspaper Writings (CW), xxiii. 628.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Ibid., 588.

¹⁵ Ibid., 588–89.

¹⁶ Essays on England, Ireland, and the Empire, ed. Robson, J. M., Toronto, 1982 (Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, vol. vi), vi. 206.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Politics and Society (CW), xix. 538–9.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Ibid., 538.

¹⁹ Ibid., 541.

²⁰ Ibid., 542.

²¹ Ibid., 543.

²² Politics and Society (CW), xxiii. 197, 188Google Scholar; The Earlier Letters of John Stuart Mill, ed. Mineka, F. E., 2 vols., Toronto, 1963 (Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, vols, xii–xiii), xiii. 434.Google Scholar

²³ Newspaper Writings (CW), xxiii. 487–94.Google Scholar

²⁴ Politics and Society (CW), xviii. 25.Google Scholar

²⁵ ‘Thoughts on Parliamentary Reform’, 1859Google Scholar, but probably written 1854 (repr. Politics and Society (CW), xix. 313–39).Google Scholar

²⁶ Ibid., 329; already anticipated in ‘Rationale of Representation’ (Politics and Society (CW), xviii. 32Google Scholar). Hare's plan of proportional representation is in a different category, as it does not infringe on the principle of one person one vote, nor does it reduce ‘direct’ democracy.

²⁷ Autobiography (CW), i. 199.Google Scholar

²⁸ Ibid., 201.

²⁹ Ibid., 201.

³⁰ Ibid., 201; Politics and Society (CW), xviii. 168–9.Google Scholar

³¹ Politics and Society (CW), xix. 535.Google Scholar

³² Politics and Society (CW), xviii. 58–64.Google Scholar

³³ Thompson, , p. 126.Google Scholar

³⁴ Participation also serves to protect the electorate from the government. However, this old Benthamite idea is more important on the national than on the local level and is neglected by Mill in the local context. Presumably he thought that given the deficiencies of local government it could not fulfil this function.

³⁶ Deconcentration is defined as transfer of authority from central to local government with little or no local discretion.

³⁶ Politics and Society (CW), xix. 541.Google Scholar

³⁷ Ibid., 542.

³⁸ Ibid., 542. Central government control of the school system is achieved by uniform yearly examinations, subsidies tied to results in these examinations, and certification of teachers. Politics and Society (CW), xviii. 303Google Scholar; Essays on Economics and Society, ed. Robson, J. M., 2 vols., Toronto, 1967 (Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, vols, iv and v), v. 303Google Scholar; Essays on Equality, Law, and Education, ed. Robson, J. M., Toronto, 1984 (Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, vol. xxi), xxi. 214.Google Scholar

³⁹ Politics and Society (CW), xix. 544.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Ibid., 341–4.

⁴¹ Ibid., 542.

⁴² Ibid., 544.

⁴³ Politics and Society (CW), xviii. 170.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Politics and Society (CW), xix. 541.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Ibid., 545.

⁴⁶ Politics and Society (CW), xviii. 310.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Politics and Society (CW), xix. 545.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Ibid., 544.

⁴⁹ Ibid., 444.

⁵⁰ Ibid., 545.

⁵¹ Ibid., 606.

⁵² Ibid., 606.

⁵³ Ibid., 544.

⁵⁴ Hollander's general conclusion finds hardly any support even in his own text, apart from quotes of Mill's general statements (Hollander, , p. 693Google Scholar). The substantive propositions Hollander refers to, such as on education and endowments, support only the proposition that the administration of some central government programmes remain in the hands of local governments, under supervision from the centre (e.g. pp. 764, 713, 747).

⁵⁵ Autobiography (CW), i. 203.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Ibid., 203.

⁵⁷ Ibid., 201.

⁵⁸ Politics and Society (CW), xix. 412.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Ibid., 535–6.

⁶⁰ Ibid., 534.

⁶¹ Ibid., 542.

⁶² Ibid., 545.

⁶³ Ibid., 545, also 538–9.

⁶⁴ Ibid., 538–9, 536. Mill suggested that the justices of the peace and the members of the Boards of Guardians should become local councillors ex officio (ibid., 536).