¹ Pirie, G., ‘South African urban history’, Urban History Yearbook (1985), 18–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

² Saunders, C., Writing History: South Africa's Urban Past and Other Essays (Pretoria, 1992), 3–68Google Scholar; Journal of Southern African Studies, 21, 1 (Mar. 1995). In order of appearance in the journal these articles were: H. Sapire and J. Beall (who co-edited the special edition), ‘Introduction: urban change and urban studies in southern Africa’, 3–17; P. Maylam, ‘Explaining the apartheid city: 20 years of South African urban historiography’, 19–38; S. Parnell and A. Mabin, ‘Rethinking urban South Africa’, 39–62; and V. Bickford-Smith, ‘South African urban history, racial segregation and the unique case of Cape Town?’, 63–78.

³ Some of the most significant pre-1976 publications were Watts, H.L. (ed.), Focus on Cities: Proceedings of a Conference Organised by the Institute for Social Research, University of Natal, 1968 (Durban, 1970)Google Scholar; David Welsh's chapter ‘The growth of towns’, in Wilson, M. and Thompson, L. (eds.), The Oxford History of South Africa, vol. II (Oxford, 1971), 172–243Google Scholar; and articles by Swanson, Maynard including ‘“The Durban system”: roots of urban apartheid in colonial Natal’, African Studies, 35 (1980), 1–14Google Scholar, and ‘The sanitation syndrome: bubonic plague and urban native policy in the Cape Colony, 1900–1909’, Journal of African History, 18 (1977), 387–410.

⁴ Bozzoli, B. (ed.), Labour, Townships and Protest: Studies in the Social History of the Wiwatersrand (Johannesburg, 1979)Google Scholar; Saunders, C. (ed.), Studies in the History of Cape Town (Cape Town, 1979)Google Scholar. There were six subsequent volumes of Studies in the History of Cape Town, the last appearing in 1994. Publications from the Witwatersrand history workshops that included work on the countryside but continued to have a predominant focus on urban social history were also maintained to this date but appeared under various titles: Bozzoli, B. (ed.), Town and Countryside in the Transvaal (Johannesburg, 1983)Google Scholar; Bozzoli, B. (ed.), Class, Community and Conflict (Johannesburg, 1987)Google Scholar; Bonner, P., Hofmeyr, I., James, D. and Lodge, T. (eds.), Holding their Ground: Class, Locality and Culture in 19th and 20th C South Africa (Johannesburg, 1990)Google Scholar; and Bonner, P., Delius, P. and Posel, D. (eds.), Apartheid's Genesis 1935–1962 (Johannesburg, 1993)Google Scholar.

⁵ Marks, S. and Rathbone, R. (eds.), Industrialisation and Social Change in South Africa: African Class Formation, Culture and Consciousness 1870–1930 (London and New York, 1982)Google Scholar.

⁶ Ibid., 21; Van Onselen, C., Studies in the Social and Economic History of the Wiwatersrand, 1886–1914: New Babylon, New Ninevah, 2 vols. (Johannesburg, 1982)Google Scholar.

⁷ Turrell, R.V., Capital and Labour on the Kimberley Diamond Fields, 1871–1890 (Cambridge, 1987)Google Scholar; Worger, W.H., South Africa's City of Diamonds: Mine Workers and Monopoly Capitalism in Kimberley, 1867–1895 (Johannesburg, 1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸ Saunders, Writing History.

⁹ Maylam, ‘Explaining the apartheid city’, also noticed the bias towards studies of the main urban centres and the fact that there were few syntheses.

¹⁰ ‘Location’ represents a segregated residential area designated for people racialized as ‘Natives’, ‘Africans’ or ‘blacks’.

¹¹ Maylam, ‘Explaining the apartheid city’, provides a particularly useful summary and analysis of this work.

¹² Parnell and Mabin, ‘Rethinking urban South Africa’.

¹³ Ibid., 61. And see Mabin, A., ‘Comprehensive segregation: the origins of the Group Areas Act and its planning apparatus’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 18 (1992), 405–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁴ Alexander, P., Workers, War and the Origins of Apartheid: Labour and Politics in South Africa 1939–48 (Oxford, Athens, OH, and Cape Town, 2000), 3Google Scholar.

¹⁵ V. Bickford-Smith, ‘Commerce, class and ethnicity in Cape Town, 1875–1902’, University of Cambridge Ph.D. thesis, 1989; Bickford-Smith, V., Ethnic Pride and Racial Prejudice in Victorian Cape Town (Cambridge, 1995)Google Scholar. This was much influenced by Jones', Gareth StedmanOutcast London (Harmondsworth, 1976)Google Scholar; for Johannesburg see van Onselen, Social and Economic History of the Witwatersrand (his introduction acknowledges the influence of a range of new social historians from Britain, France and the United States); for Kimberley there is both Turrell, Capital and Labour, and Worger, South Africa's City of Diamonds.

¹⁶ Bickford-Smith, ‘South African urban history’.

¹⁷ Bank, A., ‘The erosion of urban slavery at the Cape’, in Crais, C. and Worden, N. (eds.), Breaking the Chains: Slavery and Emancipation in the Nineteenth Century Cape Colony (Johannesburg, 1994), 79–98Google Scholar; see also A. Namphy, ‘Class, race and institutional reform in Cape Town and its environs during the era of emancipation’, University of Oxford Ph.D. thesis, 2002.

¹⁸ V. Bickford-Smith, ‘Meanings of freedom: social position and identity among ex-slaves and their descendants in Cape Town, 1875–1910’, in Crais and Worden (eds.), Breaking the Chains, 289–312; Bickford-Smith, Ethnic Pride and Racial Prejudice; and Bickford-Smith, V., ‘Black ethnicities, communities and political expression in late Victorian Cape Town’, Journal of African History, 36 (1995), 443–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar. This work was influenced by two earlier explorations of ‘coloured identity’: Goldin, I., Making Race: The Politics and Economics of Coloured Identity in South Africa (Cape Town, 1987)Google Scholar, and Lewis, G.L.M., Between the Wire and the Wall: A History of South African ‘Coloured’ Politics (Cape Town, 1987)Google Scholar.

¹⁹ Bozzoli (ed.), Class, Community and Conflict, 1, cited in Bickford-Smith, Ethnic Pride and Racial Prejudice, 210.

²⁰ Reddy, T., Hegemony and Resistance: Contesting Identities in South Africa (Aldershot, 2000), 106–68Google Scholar.

²¹ R.F. Hudson, ‘British origins of South African segregation’, University of Cambridge Ph.D. thesis, 2000; A.A. Costa, ‘Segregation, customary law and the governance of Africans in South Africa, c. 1910–1929’, University of Cambridge Ph.D. thesis, 1999, has a section on the South African government's formulation of the ‘Natives’ Urban Areas Act of 1923.

²² Maylam, P., South Africa's Racial Past: The History and Historiography of Racism, Segregation and Apartheid (Ashgate and Johannesburg, 2001)Google Scholar. For early racial segregation in East London, see Tankard, K., ‘Urban segregation: William Mvalo's “Celebrated Stick Case”’, South African Historical Journal, 34 (1996), 29–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²³ There is one brief study that explores the influence of modernism and structural forces in the shaping of urban space in South Africa in the nineteenth century that is suggestive, if underdeveloped: Jackson, S.M., ‘Cape Colonial architecture, town planning, and the crafting of modern space in South Africa’, Africa Today, 51 (2005), 32–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁴ Robinson, J., The Power of Apartheid: State, Power and Space in South African Cities (Oxford, 1996)Google Scholar.

²⁵ Robinson, J., ‘Johannesburg's 1936 Empire Exhibition: interaction, segregation and modernity in a South African city’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 29 (2003), 759–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁶ Mabin, A., ‘Reconstructing South Africa's cities: the making of urban planning, 1900–2000’, Planning Perspectives, 12 (1997), 193–223CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Brooks, S. and Harrison, P., ‘A slice of modernity: planning for the city and the country in Britain and Natal, 1900–1950’, South African Geographical Journal, 80 (1998), 93–100CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Harrison, P., ‘Reconstruction and planning in the aftermath of the Anglo-Boer South African War: the experience of the colony of Natal, 1900–1910’, Planning Perspectives, 12 (2002), 163–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Scott, D., ‘“Creative destruction”: early modernist planning in the south Durban industrial zone, South Africa’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 29 (2003), 235–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Barnett, N., ‘The planned destruction of District Six’, Studies in the History of Cape Town, 7 (1994), 162–83Google Scholar; Rogerson, C.M., ‘The economic and social geography of South Africa: progress and beyond’, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 91 (2000), 335–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and S. Parnell, ‘The emergence of a British colonial policy for urban Africa, 1939–1945’, in F. Demissie (ed.), Colonial Architecture and Urbanism: Intertwined and Contested Histories (Pretoria, forthcoming).

²⁷ Watson, V., Change and Continuity in Spatial Planning: Metropolitan Planning in Cape Town under Political Transition (London and New York, 2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; A.C. Horn, ‘Tshwane, Pretoria, Phelindaba: structure-agency interaction and the transformation of a South African region up to 1994, with prospects for the immediate future’, University of Pretoria Ph.D. thesis, 1998; M.C. Oranje, ‘The language game of South African urban and regional planning: a cognitive mapping from the past into the future’, University of Pretoria Ph.D. thesis, 1997; E.M. Oosthuizen, ‘Reading planning in plans (Pretoria 1970–1998): some passages of discovery in the road to recovery’, University of Pretoria M.Sc. thesis, 1999; P.J. Coetzee, ‘A reading of power relations in the transformation of urban planning in the municipalities of the greater Pretoria region (now Tshwane): 1992–2002’, University of Pretoria Ph.D. thesis, 2005; D. Homann, ‘A critical analysis of the process of transformation of the city of Tshwane metropolitan planning function in the city of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality’, University of Pretoria M.Sc. thesis, 2005.

²⁸ Parnell, S., ‘South African cities: perspectives from the ivory tower of urban studies’, Urban Studies, 34 (1997), 891–906CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Mabin, A., ‘The urban world through a South African prism’, in Beauregard, R.A. and Body-Gendrot, S. (eds.), The Urban Movement: Cosmopolitan Essays on the Late Twentieth Century City (Thousand Oaks, 1999), 141–52Google Scholar.

²⁹ Robinson, J., ‘Johannesburg's futures: beyond developmentalism and global success’, in Tomlinson, R., Beauregard, R.A., Bremner, L. and Mangcu, X. (eds.), Emerging Johannesburg: Perspectives on the Postapartheid City (London and New York, 2003), 259–80Google Scholar.

³⁰ For Johannesburg see: Mbembe, A. and Nuttall, S., ‘Writing the world from an African metropolis’, Public Culture, 16 (2004), 347–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and other articles in this edition of the journal; also Nuttall, S., ‘City forms and writing the “now” in South Africa’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 30 (2004), 731–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar; for Durban, O. Bass, ‘(D)urban identity: stories of an African city’, University of Cape Town Ph.D. thesis, 2006; for Town, Cape, Field, S., Meyer, R. and Swanson, F. (eds.), Imagining the City: Memories and Cultures in Cape Town (Cape Town, 2007)Google Scholar.

³¹ H. Zituta, ‘The spatial planning of racial residential segregation in King William's Town, 1826–1991’, Rhodes University MA thesis, 1997; Todes, A.E., ‘Newcastle: the development of a model apartheid town and beyond’, South African Geographical Journal, 83 (2001), 69–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³² Maharaj, B., ‘“Co-operation. . .consultation and consent” the failure of voluntary residential segregation in Durban (1920–1945)’, South African Geographical Journal, 85 (2003), 134–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³³ Maharaj, B., ‘Apartheid, urban segregation and the local state: Durban and the Group Areas Act in South Africa’, Urban Geography, 18 (1997), 135–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³⁴ Maharaj, B., ‘Segregation, desegregation and de-racialisation: racial politics and the city of Durban’, in Freund, B. and Padayachee, V. (eds.), (D)urban Vortex: South African City in Transition (Durban, 2002), 171–94Google Scholar; Maharaj, B., ‘The politics of local government restructuring and apartheid transformation in South Africa: the case of Durban’, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 15 (1997), 261–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar; two early collections that contained a number of essays on the history of the apartheid city but looked forward to the problems and possibilities of transition were Smith, D.M. (ed.), The Apartheid City and Beyond (London and New York, 1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Swilling, M., Humphries, R. and Shubane, K. (eds.), Apartheid City in Transition (Cape Town, 1991)Google Scholar. See also Saff, G.R., ‘The changing face of the South African city’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 18 (1994), 371–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Crankshaw, O. and White, C., ‘Racial desegregation and inner city decay in Johannesburg’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 19 (1995), 622–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar; G.R. Saff, ‘Urban change during the political transition in South Africa: the case of Cape Town’, Rutgers University Ph.D. thesis, 1996; Beavon, K.S.O., ‘Johannesburg: a city and metropolitan area in transformation’, in Rakori, C. (ed.), The Urban Challenge in Africa: Growth and Management of its Large Cities (Tokyo, 1997), 150–91Google Scholar; Morris, A., Bleakness and Light: Inner City Transition in Hillbrow, Johannesburg (Johannesburg, 1999)Google Scholar; S. Oldfield, ‘State restructuring and urban transformation in South Africa: negotiation of race, place and poverty’, University of Minnesota Ph.D. thesis, 2000; Beall, J., Crankshaw, O. and Parnell, S., Uniting a Divided City: Governance and Social Exclusion in Johannesburg (London, 2002)Google Scholar; Tomlinson et al. (eds.), Emerging Johannesburg; Bremner, L., Johannesburg: One City, Colliding Worlds (Pretoria, 2004)Google Scholar; Christopher, A.J., ‘The slow pace of desegregation in South African cities, 1996–2001’, Urban Studies, 42 (2005), 2305–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Saff, G.R., Changing Cape Town: Urban Dynamics, Policy and Planning during the Political Transition in South Africa (Lanham, 2005)Google Scholar.

³⁵ Maharaj, B., ‘The historical development of the apartheid local state in South Africa: the case of Durban’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 20 (1996), 587–600CrossRefGoogle Scholar; B. Freund, ‘City Hall and the direction of development: the changing role of the local state as a factor in economic planning and development in Durban’, in Freund and Padayachee (eds.), (D)urban Vortex, 11–42.

³⁶ Dewar, N., ‘“Stemming the tide”: revitalizing the central business district of Cape Town’, South African Geographical Journal, 86 (2004), 91–103CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Donaldson, R., Jurgens, U. and Bahr, J., ‘Inner-city change in Pretoria: social and spatial trends’, Acta Academica Supplementum, 1 (2003), 1–33Google Scholar.

³⁷ Jurgens, U., Marais, L., Barker, C. and Lombaard, M., ‘Socio-demographic transformation in the Bloemfontein inner-city area’, Acta Academica, 1 (2003), 34–54Google Scholar; Lemon, A. and Clifford, D., ‘Post-apartheid transition in a small South African town: interracial property transfer in Margate, Kwazulu Natal’, Urban Studies, 42 (2005), 7–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³⁸ S. Dawood, ‘A comparative study of two Durban-based single-sex hostels from the 1950s to the 1970s’, University of Natal MA thesis, 1998; K. Sevenhuysen, ‘Swart Stedelike Behuisungsverskaffing in Suid Africka, ca. 1900–1948: ekonomisie and ideolgisie werklikhede’, University of Pretoria MA thesis, 2001.

³⁹ Parnell, S., ‘Winning the battles but losing the war: racial segregation of Johannesburg under the Natives (Urban Areas) Act of 1923’, Journal of Historical Geography, 29 (2002), 1–31Google Scholar; Parnell, S., ‘Race, power and urban control: Johannesburg's inner city slumyards, 1910–1923’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 29 (2003), 615–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁰ Parnell, S., ‘Self-help housing as a flexible instrument of state control in twentieth century South Africa’, Housing Studies, 14 (1999), 367–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For some comparisons between South Africa and South America see Huchzermeyer, M., ‘Informal settlements: production and intervention in twentieth century Brazil and South Africa’, Latin American Perspectives, 29 (2002), 83–105CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴¹ Robinson, J., ‘Octavia Hill women housing managers: femininity and urban government’, Journal of Historical Geography, 24 (1998), 459–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar; de Villiers, J.C., ‘Hospitals in Cape Town during the Anglo-Boer War’, South African Medical Journal, 87 (1999), 75–82Google Scholar; Burns, C., ‘Controlling birth: Johannesburg, 1920–60’, South African Historical Journal, 50 (2004), 170–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Posel, D., ‘The case for a welfare state: poverty and politics of the urban African family in the 1930s and 1940s’, in Dubow, S. and Jeeves, A. (eds.), South Africa's 1940s: Worlds of Possibilities (Cape Town, 2005), 64–86Google Scholar; A. Jeeves, ‘Delivering primary health care in impoverished urban and rural communities: the Institute of Family and Community Health in the 1940s’, in Dubow and Jeeves (eds.), South Africa's 1940s, 87–107; H. Phillips, ‘The Grassy Park Health Centre: a peri-urban Pholela’, in Dubow and Jeeves (eds.), South Africa's 1940s, 108–28; Davie, G., ‘Strength in numbers: the Durban student wages commission, dockworkers and the poverty datum line, 1971–3’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 33 (2007), 401–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also K. Watermeyer, ‘Public health in Cape Town, 1923–44: diptheria, dairies and the discovery of the child’, University of Cape Town MA thesis, 2000; N. Badroodien, ‘A history of the Ottery School of Industries in Cape Town: issues of race, welfare and social order in the period 1937–1968’, University of the Western Cape Ph.D. thesis, 2001; F. Kilpatrick, ‘Consumptive Cape Town: the Chapel Street TB Clinic 1941–64’, University of Cape Town MA thesis, 2002. Two studies for Durban that have demonstrated some continuity with pre-1995 work that looked at ‘sanitation syndrome’ explanations of urban racial segregation were Vahed, G.H., ‘A “public health nuisance”: the Victoria Street early morning squatters market, 1910–1934’, South African Historical Journal, 40 (1999), 130–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar; S. Sparks, ‘Playing at public health: the search for control in Durban, 1860–1932’, University of KwaZulu-Natal Honours thesis, 2002. Howard Phillips is currently completing a monograph on Groote Schuur hospital that will provide insight both into the organization of health care in Cape Town from the early twentieth century to the present, but also into the social pathology of accidents and disease in this period (personal communication).

⁴² Beall et al., Uniting a Divided City, especially chs. 3 and 4. Crankshaw, O. and Parnell, S., ‘Race, inequality and urbanization in the Johannesburg region, 1946–1996’, in Gugler, J. (ed.), World Cities in Poor Countries (Cambridge, 2004), 348–70Google Scholar.

⁴³ Crankshaw, O., ‘Class, race and residence in black Johannesburg, 1923–1970’, Journal of Historical Sociolgy, 18 (2005), 353–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Crankshaw, O., Gilbert, A. and Morris, A., ‘Backyard Soweto’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24 (200), 841–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar; see also J. Beall, O. Crankshaw and S. Parnell, ‘Social differentiation and urban governance in Greater Soweto: a case study of postapartheid Meadowlands’, in Tomlinson et al. (eds.), Emerging Johannesburg, 197–214. For Cape Town in this respect, see J.L. Foster, “For rent: backyard Cape Town and the changing landscapes of the new South African city’, University of Colorado Ph.D. thesis, 2002.

⁴⁴ Freund, B., The African City: A History (Cambridge, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁵ The category was first used in Garreau, J., Edge City: Life on the New Frontier (New York, 1991)Google Scholar. For a more detailed account of Umhlanga Ridge see Michel, D.P. and Scott, D., ‘The La Lucia-Umhlanga Ridge as an emerging “edge city”’, South African Geographical Journal, 87 (2005), 104–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁶ Crankshaw, O., Race, Class and the Changing Division of Labour under Apartheid (London, 1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁷ Bickford-Smith, V., ‘Protest, organization and ethnicity among Cape Town workers, 1891–1902’, Studies in the History of Cape Town, 7 (1994), 84–108Google Scholar; Katz, E., ‘The underground route to mining: Afrikaners and the Witwatersrand gold mining industry from 1902 to the 1907 miner's strike’, Journal of African History, 36 (1995), 467–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar; K. Angier, ‘Patterns of production of women industrial workers in Cape Town, 1918–39’, London University Ph.D. thesis, 1998; P.A. Gibbs, ‘A social history of white working class women in industrializing Port Elizabeth, 1917–1936’, Rhodes University MA thesis, 1998; Padayachee, V. and Vawda, S., ‘Indian workers and worker action in Durban, 1935–45’, South African Historical Journal, 40 (1999), 154–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Alexander, Workers, War and the Origins of Apartheid; Hemson, D., ‘In the eye of the storm: dock-workers in Durban’, in Maylam, P. and Edwards, I. (eds.), The People's City: African life in Twentieth-Century Durban (Pietermaritzburg and Portsmouth, 1996), 145–73Google Scholar; T. Nuttall, ‘“The leaves in the trees are proclaiming our slavery”: African trade-union organisation, 1937–1949’, in Maylam and Edwards (eds.), The People's City, 174–201; R. Posel, ‘The Ricksha-pullers of Durban’, in Maylam and Edwards (eds.), The People's City, 202–22; Ari Sitas, ‘The sweat was black: working for Dunlop’, in Maylam and Edwards (eds.), The People's City, 222–44; D. Hemson, ‘Breaking the impasse, beginning the change: labour market, unions and social initiative in Durban’, in Freund and Padayachee (eds.), (D)urban Vortex, 195–222; B. Dubbell, ‘Labour management and technological change: a history of Stevedoring in Durban, 1953–1990’, University of Natal MA thesis, 2002; Kynoch, G., ‘“Your petitioners are in mortal terror”: the violent world of Chinese mineworkers in South Africa, 1904–1910’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 31 (2005), 531–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and for a riveting account of white mineworkers during the Rand Revolt of 1922 that is the result of two decades of research see Krikler, J., White Rising: The 1922 Insurrection and Racial Killing in South Africa (Manchester, 2005)Google Scholar.

⁴⁸ There is only space to cite a few important more general texts. A seminal history of the struggle from the 1940s to the 1980s, with considerable focus on its urban dimensions, remains Lodge, T., Black Politics in South Africa since 1945 (Johannesburg, 1985)Google Scholar; an update was provided in Lodge, T. and Nasson, B., All Here, and Now: Black Politics in South Africa in the 1980s (Cape Town, 1991)Google Scholar. Other significant contributions have been Murray, M.J., The Revolution Deferred: The Painful Birth of Post-Apartheid South Africa (London and New York, 1994)Google Scholar; Seekings, J., The UDF: A History of the United Democratic Front in South Africa 1983–1991 (Cape Town, Oxford and Athens, OH, 2000)Google Scholar, that has a great deal on the township revolts. An insider account is provided by Mayekiso, M., Township Politics: Civil Struggles for a New South Africa (New York, 1996)Google Scholar.

⁴⁹ Bozzoli, B., Theatres of Struggle and the End of Apartheid (Athens, OH, 2004)Google Scholar. See also Bozzoli, B., ‘Why were the 1980s “millenarian”: style, space, and authority in South Africa's black cities’, Journal of Historical Sociology, 13 (2000)Google Scholar.

⁵⁰ M. Swilling, ‘Urban control and changing forms of political conflict in Uitenhage, 1977–86’, Warwick University Ph.D. thesis, 1994. For an edited collection that celebrates this town's bicentenary see Terblanche, O., Uitenhage 200 (Uitenhage, 2004)Google Scholar.

⁵¹ Seekings, J., ‘The decline of South Africa's civic organisations, 1990–1996’, Critical Sociolgy, 22 (1996), 135–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar; M. Ndetyana, ‘Changing role of civic organizations from the apartheid to the post-apartheid era: a case study of the Alexandra civic organisation’, University of the Witwatersrand MA thesis, 1998; Cameron, R., Democratisation of South African Local Government: A Tale of Three Cities (Pretoria, 1999)Google Scholar; Tomlinson, R., ‘Ten years in the making: a history of the evolution of metropolitan government in Johannesburg’, Urban Forum, 10 (1999), 1–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar; E. Zuern, ‘Democracy from the grassroots? Civic participation and the decline of participatory democracy in South Africa's transformation process, 1979–1999’, Colombia University Ph.D. thesis, 2000; Cherry, J., ‘Cynicism at the grassroots: political opposition in Kwazanele township, Port Elizabeth’, Democratization, 8 (2001), 237–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Maharaj, ‘Segregation, desegregation and de-racialisation’; Pieterse, E., ‘From divided to integrated city? Critical overview of the emerging metropolitan governance system in Cape Town’, Urban Forum, 13 (2002), 3–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar; P. Heller, ‘Reclaiming democratic spaces: civics and politics in posttransition Johannesburg’, in Tomlinson et al. (eds.), Emerging Johannesburg, 155–84. For a comparative perspective that examines urban governance in 20 African countries see Swilling, M. (ed.), Governing Africa's Cities (Johannesburg, 1997)Google Scholar.

⁵² Beavon, K., Johannesburg: The Making and Shaping of a City (Pretoria and Leiden, 2004)Google Scholar.

⁵³ Caldeira, T., City of Walls (Berkeley, 2001)Google Scholar.

⁵⁴ Lefebvre, H., The Production of Space (Oxford, 1991)Google Scholar.

⁵⁵ Hayden, D., The Power of Place: Urban Landscapes as Public History (Cambridge, MA, and London, 1996), 15Google Scholar.

⁵⁶ Musiker, N. and Musiker, R., Historical Dictionary of Greater Johannesburg (Lanham, 1999)Google Scholar.

⁵⁷ Baines, G.F., A History of New Brighton, Port Elizabeth, South Africa 1903–1953: The Detroit of the Union (New York and Queenston, 2002)Google Scholar. And see Baines, G., ‘A progressive South African city: Port Elizabeth and influx control, 1923–53’, Journal of Urban History, 31 (2004), 75–100CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁸ Freund, B., ‘The city of Durban: towards a structural analysis of the economic growth and character of a South African city’, in Anderson, D.M. and Rathbone, R. (eds.), Africa's Urban Past (Oxford and Portsmouth, 2000), 144–61Google Scholar; Freund, ‘City Hall and the direction of development’; see also the all too brief introduction to the book by its editors, ‘Durban: structures from the past, pressures in the present, prospects in the future’, in Freund and Padayachee (eds.), (D)urban Vortex, 1–7; P. Maylam, ‘Introduction: the struggle for space in the twentieth century’, in Maylam and Edwards (eds.), The People's City, 1–32.

⁵⁹ G. Minkley, ‘Border dialogues: race, class and space in the industrialisation of East London, 1902–1963’, University of Cape Town Ph.D. thesis, 1994; A.K. Mager, ‘Gender and the making of the Ciskei, 1945–1959’, University of Cape Town Ph.D. thesis, 1995. Though not solely on East London, much of Mager's thesis provides insight into the mid-twentieth-century social history of this city.

⁶⁰ Worden, N., Van Heyningen, E. and Bickford-Smith, V., Cape Town: The Making of a City (Cape Town, 1998)Google Scholar; Bickford-Smith, V., Van Heyningen, E. and Worden, N., Cape Town in the Twentieth Century (Cape Town, 1999)Google Scholar. See Rassool, C., ‘Interview with Elizabeth Van Heyningen, Nigel Worden and Vivian Bickford-Smith, ‘Cape Town an illustrated social history’, South African Historical Journal, 40 (1999), 267–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar, which provides a detailed (literal) discussion of processes and thinking behind this undertaking.

⁶¹ Bonner, P. and Shapiro, K.A., ‘Company Town, company estate: Pilgrim's Rest, 1910–1932’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 19 (1993), 171–200CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Van Sittert, L., ‘“Velddrift”: the making of a South African company town’, Urban History, 28 (2000), 194–217CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Carstens, P., In the Company of Diamonds: De Beers, Kleinzee, and the Control of a Town (Athens, OH, 2001)Google Scholar.

⁶² Jones, S.P., ‘“The basic assumptions as beyond the nature and requirements of a capital city”: identity, modernization and urban form at Mafikeng's margins’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24 (2000), 25–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Maharaj, B., ‘A tale of two capitals: Pietermaritzburg Versus Ulundi’, South African Geographical Journal, 83 (2001), 198–207CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶³ Kotze, N., ‘Changing economic bases: Orania as a case study of small-town development in South Africa’, Acta Academica Supplementum, 1 (2003), 159–72Google Scholar.

⁶⁴ K. Greenbank, ‘Urban growth, apartheid and social organisation in Cape Town, 1939–55’, University of Cambridge Ph.D. thesis, 1999; Bickford-Smith, V., ‘Representing Cape Town on the eve of apartheid’, Urban History, 25 (1998), 36–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶⁵ Bank, A. and Minkley, G., ‘Genealogies of space and identity in Cape Town’, Pre-Millenium Issue, Kronos: Journal of Cape History, 25 (1998/99), 4–16Google Scholar.

⁶⁶ Freund, The African City; see also Freund, B., ‘Contrasts in urban segregation: a tale of two African cities, Durban (South Africa) and Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire), Journal of Southern African Studies, 27 (2001), 527–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Maylam, ‘Explaining the apartheid city’, was an early substantial and significant example of fruitful comparitive urban history across South African cities. Saunders, C., ‘Cape Town and New Orleans: some comparisons’, Safundi: The Journal of South African and American Studies, 2 (2000), Article 1 (this is an online journal)Google Scholar; Sharp, J., ‘Copperbelt and Cape Town: urban styles and rural connections in comparative perspective’, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 19 (2001), 149–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar; W. Dooling, ‘Social identities and the making of private property: the Cape and Lagos Colony compared’, paper delivered at the Material Culture and Social Identity in the VOC world conference, University of Cape Town, December 2006.

⁶⁷ Worden, N., ‘Space and identity in VOC Cape Town’, Kronos: Journal of Cape History, 25 (1998/99), 72–87Google Scholar; McKenzie, K., ‘Franklins of the Cape: the South African Commercial Advertiser and the creation of a colonial public sphere, 1824–1854’, Kronos: Journal of Cape History, 25 (1998/99), 88–102Google Scholar.

⁶⁸ K. McKenzie, ‘The South African Commercial Advertiser and the making of middle-class identity in Cape Town in early-nineteenth century Cape Town’, University of Cape Town MA thesis, 1993. See also McKenzie, K., ‘“My own mind dying with me”: Eliza Fairbairn and the reinvention of colonial middle-class domesticity in Cape Town’, South African Historical Journal, 36 (1997), 3–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar; McKenzie, K., ‘Dogs and the public sphere: the ordering of social space in early nineteenth century Cape Town’, South African Historical Journal, 48 (2003), 235–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶⁹ A.C. Bjorvig, ‘Durban 1824–1910: the formation of a settler elite and its role in the development of a colonial city’, University of Natal Ph.D. thesis, 1994.

⁷⁰ M. Charles, ‘Passing for coloured: black Americans, Pan Africanism and Cape Town, 1880–1930’, University of Cape Town Honours thesis, 2002; M. Charles, ‘“Soort Soek Soort: the American negro community in Cape Town until 1930’, University of Cape Town MA thesis, 2004.

⁷¹ For Cape Town, an article that emphasized the historically constructed nature of coloured identity was Bickford-Smith, ‘Black ethnicities’; so did Bickford-Smith, V., ‘The betrayal of creole elites’, in Morgan, P.D. and Hawkins, S. (eds.), The Black Experience of Empire (Oxford, 2004), 194–227Google Scholar. S. Turner and S. Jensen, ‘A place called Heideveld: identities and strategies among the coloureds in Cape Town, South Africa’, Roskilde University MA thesis, 1995; Sandwith, C., ‘The importance of being educated: strategies of an urban petit-bourgeois elite, South Africa, 1935–50’, in Salm, S.J. and Falola, T. (eds.), African Urban Spaces in Historical Perspective (Rochester, 2005), 164–85Google Scholar, and, though not intentionally urban history, the work of Mohamed Adhikari, particularly Not White Enough, Not Black Enough: Racial Identity in the South African Coloured Community (Athens, OH, and Cape Town, 2005) – this will guide readers to previous work on this ‘community’ in Cape Town. Two rare visits to coloured urban spaces beyond Cape Town are S. Victor, ‘Segregated housing and contested identities: the case of the King Williamstown coloured community, 1895–1946’, Rhodes University MA thesis, 2002, and Giliomee, H., Nog Altyd Hier Gewees (Cape Town, 2007)Google Scholar, about Stellenbosch.

⁷² Freund, B., Insiders and Outsiders: The Indian Working Class of Durban 1910–1990 (Portsmouth, NH, London and Pietermaritzburg, 1995)Google Scholar, acutely attuned to the historical construction of social group identities, remains the outstanding contribution to Indian urban history. Similarly attuned was D. Scott, ‘Communal space construction: the rise and fall of Clairwood and district’, University of Natal Ph.D. thesis, 1994. In the same year there was a rare foray into the history of urban Indians beyond Durban: N. Dullabh, ‘An examination of the factors influencing the spatial distribution of the Indian community Grahamstown, King William's Town, Queenstown and Uitenhage, 1880–1991’, Rhodes University MA thesis, 1994.

⁷³ Harris, K.L., ‘The South African Chinese: a community record of a neglected minority’, South African Historical Journal, 36 (1997), 316–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Harris, K.L., ‘“Accepting the group, but not the area”: the South African Chinese and the Group Areas Act’, South African Historical Journal, 40 (1999), 177–201CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷⁴ D. Coetzee, ‘Immigrants to citizens: civil integration and acculturation of Jews into Oudtshoorn Society, 1874–1999’, University of Cape Town MA thesis, 2000; Shain, M., Mendelsohn, R. and Bickford-Smith, V., ‘Testing cosmopolitan tolerance: port Jews in Cape Town during the late Victorian and Edwardian years’, Jewish Culture and History, 7 (2004), 235–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷⁵ Lange, L., White, Poor and Angry: White Working Class Families in Johannesburg (Aldershot and Burlington, 2003)Google Scholar; Teppo, A., The Making of a Good White: A Historical Ethnography of the Rehabilitation of Poor Whites in a suburb of Cape Town (Helsinki, 2004)Google Scholar.

⁷⁶ H.O. Terblanche, ‘Die Afrikaner in Port Elizabeth 1902–37: ‘N Kultuur Historiese Ondersiek’, University of Port Elizabeth Ph.D. thesis, 1993; Hyslop, J., ‘Problems of explanation in the study of Afrikaner nationalism: a case study of the West Rand’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 22 (1996), 373–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Du Toit, M., ‘The domesticity of Afrikaner nationalism: Volksmoeders and the ACVV, 1904–1929’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 29 (2003), 155–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar; P. Visser, ‘Urbanisation and Afrikaner class formation: the Mine Workers' Union and the search for a cultural identity’, in Salm and Falola (eds.), African Urban Spaces, 131–63.

⁷⁷ Maylam and Edwards (eds.), The People's City. See also Dawood, ‘A comparative study of two Durban-based single-sex hostels from the 1950s to the 1970s’, University of Natal MA thesis, 1998; A. Devenish, ‘Women of idle and suspicious character: an analysis of the relationship between black women and the municipality of Durban from 1930–1950’, Natal University Honours thesis, 2001.

⁷⁸ Robinson, The Power of Apartheid; Kirk, J.F., Making a Voice: African Resistance to Segregation in South Africa (Boulder and Oxford, 1998)Google Scholar; Baines, A History of New Brighton.

⁷⁹ Japha, D. and Huchzermeyer, M., The History of the Development of Townships in Cape Town, 1920–1992 (Newcastle and Cape Town, 1995)Google Scholar; H. Fast, ‘Pondokkies, houses and hostels: a history of Nyanga 1946–70’, University of Cape Town Ph.D. thesis, 1996; Musemwa, M., ‘Administering an African township as a personal fiefdom? The management style of the manager of Langa township, Cape Town, 1938–1948’, Kleio, 28 (1996), 137–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Musemwa, M., ‘The quest for direct municipal representation in a South African township: the case of Langa, Cape Town, 1927–1948’, Kleio, 29 (1997), 92–114CrossRefGoogle Scholar; J.E. Meier, ‘On the margins: the emergence and growth of informal settlements in the greater Cape Town area, 1939–60’, University of Florida Ph.D. thesis, 2000; G.F. Hartley, ‘Mission Christianity and the social gospel in Langa: a socio-political and cultural history, 1927–60’, University of Cape Town Ph.D. thesis, 2000; A.-M.B. Makhulu, ‘Dismantling homes, dismantling apartheid: the politics and practice of squatting in Cape Town’, University of Chicago Ph.D. thesis, 2003.

⁸⁰ R. Lee, ‘Locating home: strategies of settlement, identity and forms of social change among African women in Cape Town 1948–2000’, University of Oxford Ph.D. thesis, 2000; Lee, R., ‘Reconstructing “home” in apartheid Cape Town: African women and the process of settlement’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 31 (2005), 611–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸¹ Bonner, P. and Segal, L., Soweto: A History (Cape Town, 1998)Google Scholar; Bonner, P. and Nieftagodien, N., Kathorus: A History (Cape Town, 2001)Google Scholar.

⁸² Nauright, J., ‘“An experiment in native self-government”: the Alexandra Health Committee, the state and local politics, 1916–33’, South African Historical Journal, 43 (2000), 223–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Nauright, J., ‘From “native village” to “dark city”: population growth, class, politics and local administration in Alexandra township, South Africa’, Historia, 51 (2006), 87–116Google Scholar.

⁸³ N. Nieftagodien, ‘The making of apartheid in Springs’, University of the Witwatersrand MA thesis, 1995; N. Nieftagodien, ‘The implementation of urban apartheid on the East Rand, 1948–1973: the role of local government and local resistance’, University of the Witwatersrand Ph.D. thesis, 2001.

⁸⁴ S.S. Malinga, ‘The establishment of black townships in South Africa with particular reference to the establishment of Daveyton township on the East Rand’, University of Johannesburg MA thesis, 1996; S.S. Malinga, ‘Informal settlements around Daveyton on the East Rand, 1970–1999’, University of Johannesburg Ph.D. thesis, 2000.

⁸⁵ Frankel, P., An Ordinary Atrocity: Sharpeville and its Massacre (New Haven, 2001)Google Scholar.

⁸⁶ Bonner, P., ‘African urbanisation on the Rand between the 1930s and 1960s: its social character and political consequences’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 21 (1995), 115–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸⁷ Sapire, H., ‘Engendering segregation: black women's work in the urban American South and South Africa in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries’, South African Historical Journal, 43 (2000), 39–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸⁸ Atkins, K.E., The Moon is Dead! Give Us Our Money: The Cultural Origins of an African Work Ethic, Natal, South Africa, 1843–1900' (Portsmouth, NH, and London, 1993)Google Scholar; Coplan, D.B., In the Time of Cannibals: The Word Music of Africa's Basotho Migrants (Johannesburg, 1994)Google Scholar; Harries, P., Work, Culture and Identity: Migrant Labourers in Mozambique and South Africa, c. 1860–1910 (Portsmouth, NH, London and Oxford, 1994)Google Scholar; Moodie, T.D. with Ndatshe, V., Going for Gold: Men, Mines and Migration (Johannesburg, 1994)Google Scholar. See also E.T. Maloko, ‘Basotho and the mines: towards a history of labour migrancy, 1890–1914’, University of Cape Town Ph.D. thesis, 1995.

⁸⁹ Bozzoli, B. with Nkotsoe, M., Women of Phokeng: Consciousness, Life Strategy, and Migrancy in South Africa 1900–1983 (Johannesburg, 1991)Google Scholar. See also James, D., Songs of the Women Migrants: Performance and Identity in South Africa (Edinburgh, 1999)Google Scholar.

⁹⁰ Bank, L., ‘Men with cookers: transformation in migrant culture, domesticity and identity in Duncan Village, East London’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 25 (1999), 393–416Google Scholar; Bank, L., ‘Living together, moving apart: home made agendas, identity politics and urban–rural linkages in the Eastern Cape, South Africa’, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 19 (2001), 129–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Bank offered a view that revised the 1950s fieldwork of the Mayers: Mayer, P. with Mayer, I., Townsmen or Tribesman: Conservatism and the Process of Urbanization in a South African City (Cape Town, 1961)Google Scholar, for East London. A trend in recent decades has been for migrants from ‘deep rural’ South Africa to seek work in ‘medium to lower level’ towns: Cox, K.R., Hemson, D. and Todes, A., ‘Urbanization in South Africa and the changing character of migrant labour’, South African Geographical Journal, 86 (2004), 7–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹¹ Qotole, M., ‘Early African urbanisation in Cape Town: Windermere in the 1940s and 1950s’, African Studies, 60 (2001), 107–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar, questioned the usefulness of distinct categories of townsmen and tribesman, and thus the discrete groups identified for Cape Town in Wilson, M. and Mafeje, A., Langa: A Study of Social Groups in an African Township (Cape Town, 1963)Google Scholar. Sharp, ‘Copperbelt and Cape Town’.

⁹² S.J.W. Jones, ‘The matrifilial family, single motherhood, domestic organisation and kinship among Xhosa in a country township, South Africa’, University of Cambridge Ph.D. thesis, 1996.

⁹³ Van Onselen, Social and Economic History of the Witwatersrand, vol. II, 171–201; P. Bonner, ‘The Russians on the Reef, 1945–1957: urbanisation, gang warfare and ethnic mobilisation’, in Bonner et al. (eds.), Apartheid's Genesis; Bonner, ‘African urbanisation’; Pinnock, D., The Brotherhoods: Street Gangs and State Control in Cape Town (Cape Town, 1984)Google Scholar; La Hausse, P., ‘The cows of Nongoloza: youth, crime and Amalaita gangs in Durban, 1900–1936’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 16 (1990), 79–111CrossRefGoogle Scholar; La Hausse, P., ‘“Mayihlome”: towards an understanding of Amalaita gangs in Durban, c. 1900–1930’, in Clingman, S. (ed.), Regions and Repertoires: Topics in South African Politics and Culture (Johannesburg, 1991), 30–59Google Scholar.

⁹⁴ Braudel, F., A History of Civilizations (London, 1995), xxxviiiGoogle Scholar.

⁹⁵ Colin Bundy was among the first to draw attention to the need to explore youth as an (increasingly important) urban social category, but writing during the struggle perhaps understandably focused on what he saw as political resistance: Bundy, C., ‘Street sociology and pavement politics: aspects of youth and student resistance in Cape Town, 1985’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 13 (1987), 303–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹⁶ On how Drum magazine writers in the 1950s found the gangster-figure attractive, and may have enhanced this attraction in their own writing, see Fenwick, M.A., ‘“Tough guy, eh?” The gangster-figure in Drum’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 22 (1996), 617–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹⁷ Don Pinnock particularly stressed gang ‘resistance’ in The Brotherhoods. See also Pinnock, D., Gangs, Rituals and Rites of Passage (Cape Town, 1997)Google Scholar; C. Glaser, ‘Anti-social bandits: juvenile delinquency and the Tsotsi youth gang subculture on the Witwatersrand, 1935–1960’, University of the Witwatersrand MA thesis, 1990; C. Glaser, ‘When are they going to fight? Tsotsis, youth politics and the PAC’, in Bonner et al. (eds.), Apartheid's Genesis; C. Glaser, ‘Youth culture and politics in Soweto, 1958–1976’, University of Cambridge Ph.D. thesis, 1994; Glaser, C., ‘”We must infiltrate the Tsotsis”: school politics and youth gangs in Soweto, 1968–76,’ Journal of Southern African Studies, 24 (1998), 301–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Glaser, C., ‘Swines, hazels and the dirty dozen: masculinity, territoriality and the youth gangs of Soweto, 1960–76’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 24 (1998), 719–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Glaser, C., Bo-Tsotsi: The Youth Gangs of Soweto, 1935–1976 (Portsmouth, NH, Oxford and Cape Town, 2000)Google Scholar.

⁹⁸ Kynoch, G., ‘From the Ninevites to the Hard Livings Gang: township gangsters and urban violence in twentieth century South Africa’, African Studies, 58 (1999), 55–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kynoch, G., ‘A man among men: gender, identity, and power in South Africa's Marashea gangs’, Gender and History, 13 (2001), 249–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kynoch, G., ‘Marashea on the mines: economic, social and criminal networks on the South African gold fields, 1947–1999’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 26 (2000), 79–103CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kynoch, G., ‘Politics and violence in the Russian zone: conflicts in Newclare South, 1950–1957’, Journal of African History, 41 (2000), 267–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kynoch, G., ‘Friend or foe? A world view of community–police relations in Gauteng townships, 1947–77’, Canadian Journal of African Studies, 37 (2003)Google Scholar; Kynoch, G., We are Fighting the World: A History of the Marashea Gangs in South Africa, 1947–1999 (Athens, OH, and Pietermaritzburg, 2005)Google Scholar.

⁹⁹ Sitas, A., ‘The new tribalism: hostels and violence’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 22 (1996), 235–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Elder, G.S., ‘Malevolent traditions: hostel violence and the procreational geography of apartheid’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 29 (2003), 921–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Breckenridge, K., ‘The allure of violence: men, race and masculinity in the South African goldmines’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 24 (1998), 669–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Moodie, D., ‘Maximum average violence: underground assaults in the South African gold mines, 1913–65’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 31 (2005), 547–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰⁰ P. Bonner, ‘Eluding capture: African grass-roots struggles in 1940s Benoni’, in Dubow and Jeeves (eds.), South Africa's 1940s, 170–91.

¹⁰¹ K. Watson, ‘A history of the South African police in Port Elizabeth: 1913–56’, Rhodes University Ph.D. thesis, 1999.

¹⁰² van Onselen, C., ‘Jewish marginality in the Atlantic world: organised crime in the era of the great migrations’, South African Historical Journal, 43 (2000), 96–137CrossRefGoogle Scholar; van Onselen, C., The Fox and the Fly: The World of Joseph Silver, Racketeer and Psychopath (London, 2007)Google Scholar.

¹⁰³ Goodhew, D., Respectability and Resistance: A History of Sophiatown (Westport and London, 2004)Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁴ K. McKenzie, ‘Gender and honour in middle-class Cape Town: the making of colonial identities: 1828–1850’, University of Oxford Ph.D. thesis, 1997; Ross, R., Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony: A Tragedy of Manners: 1750–1870 (Cambridge, 1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, which has a great deal to say on this concept and self-identity in Cape Town; Goodhew, D., ‘“Working-class respectability: the example of the western areas of Johannesburg, 1930–55’, Journal of African History, 41 (2000), 221–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar; McKenzie, K., Scandal in the Colonies (Melbourne, 2004)Google Scholar. For a rare study of eighteenth-century workers that emphasizes their consciousness of honour and status, see Worden, N., ‘Artisan conflict in a colonial context: the Cape Town blacksmith strike of 1752’, Labour History, 46 (2005), 155–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰⁵ Iliffe, J., Honour in African History (Cambridge, 2005)Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁶ Chidester, D., ‘Mapping the social in the mother city: religion and urban space in Cape Town, South Africa’, Journal for the Study of Religion, 13 (2000), 5–42Google Scholar; Gunner, L., ‘Remapping land and remaking culture: memory and landscape in 20th century South Africa’, Journal of Historical Geography, 31 (2005), 281–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰⁷ R.C. Garner, ‘Religion and economics in a South African township’, Cambridge Ph.D. thesis, 1998.

¹⁰⁸ Jeppie, M.S., ‘Leadership and loyalties: the imams of nineteenth century Cape Town’, Journal of Religion in Africa, 26 (1996), 139–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar; D.A. Pratt, ‘The Anglican Church's mission to the Muslims in Cape Town during the 19th and 20th centuries: a study in the changes of missiological methods and attitudes’, Rhodes University MA thesis, 1998.

¹⁰⁹ Field, S., ‘From the “peaceful past” to the “violent present”: memory, myth and identity in Guguletu’, in Howarth, D. and Norval, A. (eds.), South Africa in Transition: New Theoretical Perspectives (London, 1998)Google Scholar.

¹¹⁰ Mesthrie, U., ‘Dispossession and memory: the Black River community of Cape Town’, Oral History, 28 (2000), 35–43Google Scholar; ‘Special edition on oral history in the Western Cape’, African Studies, 60, 1 (2001); Field, S. (ed.), Lost Communities, Living Memories: Remembering Forced Removals in Cape Town (Cape Town, 2001)Google Scholar; M. Paulse, ‘An oral history of Tramway Road and Ilford Street, Sea Point, 1930s-2001: the production of place by race, class and gender’, University of Cape Town Ph.D. thesis, 2001; Z. Adams, ‘Memory, imagination and removal: remembering and forgetting District Six’, University of Cape Town MA thesis, 2002; Maharaj, B., ‘The intergrated community apartheid could not destroy: the Warwick Avenue Triangle in Durban’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 25 (1999), 249–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Popke, E.J., ‘Violence and memory in the reconstruction of South Africa's Cato Manor’, Growth and Change, 31 (2000), 235–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Landman, C., ‘Telling sacred stories: Eersterust and the forced removals of the 1960s’, Religion and Theology, 6 (1999), 415–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹¹ Fortune, L., The House in Tyne Street: Childhood Memories of District Six (Cape Town, 1996)Google Scholar; Ebrahim, N., Noor's Story: My Life in District Six (Cape Town, 1999)Google Scholar; Rassool, Y.S., District Six – Lest We Forget: Recapturing Subjugated Histories of Cape Town (1897–1956) (Cape Town, 2000)Google Scholar; African Studies, 60, 1 (2001); Field (ed.), Lost Communities; Mallett, L., The History of the People: Malay Camp, Kimberley (Kimberley, 2006)Google Scholar; Africa, E.J., The Kimberley Malay Camp, 1882 to 1957 (Kimberley, 2006)Google Scholar; Paulse, ‘An oral history of Tramway Road and Ilford Street, Sea Point, 1930s-2001’.

¹¹² C.T. Laubscher, ‘Die geskiedenis van gronbesit in Distrik Ses tot 1984 met spesiale verwysing na die groepsgebiedwet na 1966’, Stellenbosch University Ph.D. thesis, 2002; Carruthers, J., ‘Urban land claims in South Africa: the case of Lady Selbourne township, Pretoria, Gauteng’, Kleio, 32 (2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Dewar, N., ‘Seeking closure: conflict resolution, land restitution and inner city redevelopments in “District Six”’, South African Geographical Journal, 83 (2001), 48–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Beyers, C., ‘Land restitution: “rights communities”: the District Six case’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 33 (2007), 267–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹³ A.Q. Marquard, ‘The political significance of the liberal media coverage of District Six, from 1949–1970’, Rhodes University MA thesis, 1995; Bickford-Smith, ‘Representing Cape Town on the eve of apartheid’; McEachern, C., ‘Mapping the memories: politics, place and identity in the District Six museum, Cape Town’, Social Identities, 4 (1998), 499–521CrossRefGoogle Scholar; E.A. Thornberry, ‘You are now in fairyland: history, myth and the struggle over Cape Town's District Six, 1966–2002’, Harvard University Ph.D. thesis, 2003.

¹¹⁴ Adhikari, M., ‘Race, place and identity in Alex La Guma's A Walk in the Night and Other Stories’, in Van der Merwe, C. (ed.), Strangely Familiar: South African Narratives of Town and Countryside (Stellenbosch, 2001)Google Scholar; Pointer, F., A Passion to Liberate: La Guma's South Africa, Images of District Six (Trenton, 2001)Google Scholar.

¹¹⁵ Van der Merwe (ed.), Strangely Familiar.

¹¹⁶ Worden, N., ‘Unwrapping history at the Cape Town waterfront’, Public Historian, 16 (1994), 33–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Worden, N., ‘Contested heritage at the Cape Town Waterfront’, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2 (1996), 59–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Killian, D. and Dodson, B.J., ‘Forging a postmodern waterfront: urban form and spectacle at the Victoria and Alfred docklands’, South African Geographical Journal, 71 (1996), 29–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Nuttall, S. and Coetzee, C. (eds.), The Making of Memory in South Africa (Cape Town, 1998)Google Scholar, has several contributions on the creation or negation of urban heritage; Rassool, C. and Proselandis, S. (eds.), Recalling Community in Cape Town: Creating and Curating the District Six Museum (Cape Town, 2001)Google Scholar; Malan, A. and Soudien, C., ‘Managing heritage in District Six: conflict past and present’, in Schofield, J. (ed.), The Archaeology of Twentieth Century Conflict (London, 2002)Google Scholar; Coombes, A.C., History after Apartheid: Visual Culture and Public Memory in a Democratic South Africa (London, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bass, ‘(D)urban identity’, has a great deal here; Murray, M., ‘Building the “new South Africa”: urban space, architectural design, and the disruption of historical memory’, in Stolten, H.E. (ed.), History Making and Present Day Politics: The Meaning of Collective Memory in South Africa (Stockholm, 2007), 227–50Google Scholar.

¹¹⁷ McEachern, C., ‘From surveillance to the tourist gaze: township tours in the New South Africa’, in Ahluwalia, P. and Nursey-Bray, P. (eds.), Postcolonialism, Culture and Identity in Africa (Commack, 1997), 131–51Google Scholar; Robins, S., ‘Spicing up the multicultural (post)-apartheid city’, Kronos: Journal of Cape History, 25 (1998/99), 280–93Google Scholar; L. Dondolo, ‘The construction of public history and tourist destinations in Cape Town's townships: a study of routes, sites and heritage’, University of the Western Cape MA thesis, 2002. Freund and Padayachee (eds.), (D)urban Vortex, has considerable insights (and bibliographical information) on this story for Cape Town's major competitor. For a rare glimpse at the history of small town tourism see: Davison, J., ‘Coping with marginality: tourism and the projection of Grahamstown, 1870–1955’, South African Historical Journal, 42 (2000), 176–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On gay tourism see Visser, G., ‘Gay tourism in South Africa: issues from the Cape Town experience’, Urban Forum, 13 (2002), 85–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Visser, G., ‘Gay men, tourism and urban space: reflections on Africa's gay capital’, Tourism Geographies, 5 (2002), 168–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Elder, G., ‘Somewhere over the rainbow: the invention of Cape Town as a “gay destination”’, in Seager, J. and Nelson, L. (eds.), Companion to Feminist Geography (Oxford, 2004)Google Scholar.

¹¹⁸ A.D. Tucker, ‘Male homosexual identities in Cape Town, South Africa: visibility and the appropriation of space’, University of Cambridge Ph.D. thesis, 2006.

¹¹⁹ Mooney, K., ‘Ducktails, flick-knives and pugnacity: subcultural and hegemonic masculinities in South Africa, 1948–60’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 24 (1998)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Mooney, K., ‘Identities in the ducktail youth subculture in post-World-War Two South Africa’, Journal of Youth Studies, 8 (2005), 41–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar; K. Mooney, ‘”Die Eendstert Euwel” and societal response to white youth subcultural identities in post World War Two South Africa’, University of Witwatersrand Ph.D. thesis, 2006.

¹²⁰ Mesthrie, R. (ed.), Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics (Cape Town and Johannesburg, 1995)Google Scholar; Adhikari, M. (ed.), Staat-Praatjes: Language, Politics and Popular Culture in Cape Town, 1909–22 (Pretoria, 1996)Google Scholar; McCormick, K., Language in Cape Town's District Six (Oxford, 2002)Google Scholar.

¹²¹ Coplan, D., In Township Tonight (Johannesburg, 1985)Google Scholar, was pioneering. Erlmann, V., African Stars: Studies in South African Performance (Chicago, 1991)Google Scholar; Ballantine, C., Marabi Nights: Early South African Jazz and Vaudeville (Johannesburg, 1993)Google Scholar; V. Layne, ‘A history of dance, and jazz band performance in the Western Cape in the post 1945 era’, University of Cape Town MA thesis, 1995; Erlmann, V., Music, Modernity, and the Global Imagination: South Africa and the West (New York, 1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; L.V. Allen, ‘Representation, gender and women in black South African popular music, 1948–60’, University of Cambridge Ph.D. thesis, 2000; Ansell, G., Soweto Blues: Jazz, Popular Music and Politics in South Africa (New York and London, 2004)Google Scholar.

¹²² Malan, A., ‘Chattels or colonists? “Freeblack” women and their households’, Kronos: Cape Journal of History, 25 (1998/99), 50–72Google Scholar; A. Malan, ‘Households of the Cape, 1750–1850: inventories and the archaeological record’, University of Cape Town Ph.D. thesis, 1993; Malan, A., ‘The material world of family and household in 18th century Cape Town: the Van Sitterts, 1748–1796’, in Wadley, L. (ed.), Our Gendered Past: Archaeological Studies of Gender in Southern Africa (Johannesburg, 1997)Google Scholar; Malan, A., ‘Beneath the surface – behind the doors: historical archaeology in mid-eighteenth century Cape Town,’ Social Dynamics, 24, (1998), 88–118CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Malan, A., Iziko Koopmans-de Wet House: The Story of a Strand Street Home (Cape Town, 2006)Google Scholar.

¹²³ Worden, N., Contingent Lives: Material Culture and Social Identity in the VOC World (Cape Town, 2007)Google Scholar. See also G. Cox, ‘Cobern Street burial ground: investigating the identity and life histories of the underclass of 18th century Cape Town’, University of Cape Town MA thesis, 1999.

¹²⁴ Shell, R.C.-H., Children of Bondage: A Social History of the Slave Society at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1838 (Johannesburg, 1994)Google Scholar.

¹²⁵ R. Molapo, ‘Sports, festivals and popular politics: aspects of the social and popular culture in Langa township, 1945–74’, University of Cape Town MA thesis, 1994; Bickford-Smith, V., ‘Leisure and social identity in Cape Town, British Cape Colony, 1838–1910’, Kronos: Journal of Cape History, 25 (1998/99), 103–28Google Scholar; Merrington, P., ‘Heritage, pageantry and archivism: creed systems and tropes of public history in imperial South Africa, c. 1910’, Kronos: Journal of Cape History, 25 (1998/99), 129–51Google Scholar; Witz, L., ‘From Langa Market Hall and Rhodes’ estate to the Grand Parade and the foreshore: contesting Van Riebeeck's Cape Town’, Kronos: Journal of Cape History, 25 (1998/99), 187–207Google Scholar. See also Merrington, P., ‘Pageantry and primitivism: Dorothea Fairbridge and the “aesthetics of union”’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 21 (1995), 643–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar; P. Merrington, ‘Masques, monuments and masons: the 1910 pageant of the Union of South Africa’, paper presented to Contemporary History Seminar, University of the Western Cape, 1996; Witz, L., Apartheid's Festival: Contesting South Africa's National Pasts (Bloomington, IN, and Cape Town), especially 180–217Google Scholar.

¹²⁶ A fascinating early study of the changing nature of an urban festival (closely associated with Afrikaner nationalism) through time was: Grundlingh, A. and Sapire, H., ‘From feverish festival to repetitive ritual? The changing fortunes of Great Trek mythology in an industrializing South Africa, 1938–1988’, South African Historical Journal, 21 (1989), 19–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹²⁷ Badenhorst, C. and Mather, C., ‘Tribal recreation and recreating tribalism: culture, leisure and social control on South Africa's gold mines’, Journal of Southern African Studies, 23 (1997), 473–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹²⁸ S. Brooks, ‘Planning for leisure in 1940s Natal: post-war reconstruction and as “public” amenities’, in Dubow and Jeeves (eds.), South Africa's 1940s, 124–48.

¹²⁹ Grundlingh, A., ‘“Gone to the dogs”: the cultural politics of gambling – the rise and fall of British greyhound racing on the Witwatersrand, 1932–1949’, South African Historical Journal, 48 (2003), 174–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹³⁰ Nauright, J., ‘Masculinity, muscular Islam and popular culture: “coloured” rugby's cultural symbols in working-class Cape Town, 1930–1970’, International Journal of the History of Sport, 14 (1997), 184–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar; though not specifically urban, see also Nauright, J., Sport, Cultures and Identity in South Africa (Cape Town, 1997)Google Scholar.

¹³¹ L. Baxter, ‘History, identity and meaning: Cape Town's Coon Carnival in the 1960s and 1970s’, University of Cape Town MA thesis, 1996; Baxter, L., ‘Continuity and change in Cape Town's Coon Carnival: the 1960s and 1970s’, African Affairs, 60 (2001), 87–106Google Scholar; Bickford-Smith, ‘Leisure and social identity’, for its nineteenth-century origins, and there is also much on this carnival in Worden et al., Making of the City, and Bickford-Smith et al., Cape Town in the Twentieth Century. Martin, D.-C., Coon Carnival: New Year in Cape Town, Past and Present (Cape Town, 1999)Google Scholar.

¹³² Maylam, P., ‘Dead horses, the baby and the bathwater: “post-theory” and the historian's practice’, South African Historical Journal, 42 (May 2000), 121–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Yet others have questioned whether academic historical practice has had any ‘social power’: Allen, G.R., ‘Is there a baby in this bathwater? Disquieting thoughts on the value of content in history’, South African Historical Journal, 42 (May 2000), 290–306CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹³³ Hirson, B., The Cape Town Intellectuals: Ruth Schecter and her Circle, 1907–1934 (Johannesburg, 2001)Google Scholar; Dubow, S., A Commonwealth of Knowledge: Science, Sensibility and White South Africa 1820–2000 (Oxford, 2006)Google Scholar.

¹³⁴ Beningfield, J., The Frightened Land: Land, Landscape and Politics in South Africa in the Twentieth Century (London and New York, 2006)Google Scholar. Also, Van Sittert, L., ‘The bourgeois eye aloft: Table Mountain in the Anglo urban middle class imagination, c. 1891–1952’, Kronos, 29 (2003), 161–96Google Scholar. For the built environment see Judin, H. and Vladislavic, I., Blank-Architecture, Apartheid and After (Rotterdam, 1999)Google Scholar.

¹³⁵ Kruger, L., ‘Filming the edgy city: cinematic narrative and urban form in postapartheid Johannesburg’, Research in African Literatures, 37 (2006), 141–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar; V. Bickford-Smith, ‘Creating a city of the tourist imagination: the case of Cape Town, the fairest Cape of them all’, forthcoming.

¹³⁶ Baines, G., ‘Representing the apartheid city: South African cinema in the 1950s and Jamie Uys's The Urgent Queue’, in Shiel, M. and Fitzamurice, T. (eds.), Cinema and the City (Oxford, 2001), 185–94Google Scholar; D.J. Gainer, ‘Hollywood, African consolidated films and Bioskoopbeskawing: aspects of American culture in Cape Town, 1945–60’, University of Cape Town MA thesis, 2000; Marx, L., ‘Black and blue in the city of gold: cinematic transformations’, in Nutall, S. and Michael, C.-A. (eds.), Senses of Culture (Cape Town, 2000), 127–40Google Scholar; Baines, G., ‘On location: narratives of the South African city of the late 1940s and 1950s in film and literature’, South African Historical Journal, 48 (2003), 35–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Reynolds, G., ‘Image and empire: Anglo-American cinematic interventions in sub-Saharan Africa, 1921–1937’, South African Historical Journal, 48 (2003), 90–108CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Jeeves, A., ‘The state, the cinema, and health propaganda for Africans in pre-apartheid South Africa’, South African Historical Journal, 48 (2003), 109–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bickford-Smith, V., ‘How urban South African life was represented in film and films consumed in South African cities in the 1950s’, Journal of the Interdisciplinary Crossroads, 3 (2006), 431–42Google Scholar.

¹³⁷ Harries, P., ‘Histoire urbaine de L'Afrique du sud: nouveaus axes de réflexion’, Le Mouvement Social, 204 (2002/03), 17–33, offers particular insight both to elements of the postmodern turn and literature in FrenchCrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bickford-Smith, V., ‘Writing and teaching urban history in Africa in the twenty-first century’, South African Historical Journal, 50 (2004), 240–6Google Scholar, was a summary of contributions to a session on South African urban history at the University of Cape Town's historical studies department's centenary workshop; more substantial is Freund, B., ‘Urban history in South Africa’, South African Historical Journal, 52 (2005), 19–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹³⁸ A point made in 1995 in Sapire and Beall, ‘Introduction’.

¹³⁹ There are only a few. J. Young, ‘A town in the suburbs: a history of Observatory [Cape Town], 1881–1913’, University of Cape Town Honours thesis, 1995; E.H. Robinson, ‘Beyond city limits: people and property at Wynberg, 1795–1927’, University of Cape Town Ph.D. thesis, 1995; P.A. Millar, ‘Aspects of the history of Goodwood 1925–55’, University of Cape Town BA Honours thesis, 1996; H. Broadbridge, ‘Negotiating post-apartheid boundaries and identities: an anthropological study of the creation of a Cape Town suburb’, University of Stellenbosch Ph.D. thesis, 2001.

¹⁴⁰ Arrighi, P., Laduma! Soccer, Politics and Society in South Africa (Scottsville, 2004)Google Scholar.