1. Teaford, Jon C., The Municipal Revolution in America: Origins of Modern Urban Government (Chicago and London, 1975).Google Scholar I am also indebted to my colleague, Professor Henry D. Shapiro, and his graduate student, Mr Ron Applegate, who is currently finishing an important dissertation on the social sciences in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, for helping me perceive and classify the various definitions of city in American history and for invaluable assistance on historiographical questions generally.

2. Park, Robert E., ‘The City as a Social Laboratory’, in Smith, T. V. and White, Leonard D. (eds), Chicago: An Experiment in Social Science Research (Chicago, 1929), 1, 19.Google Scholar

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7. The notion is adopted from Werner Stark, The Fundamental Forms of Social Thought (New York, 1963).Google Scholar

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9. See, for example, Hawley, Amos H., Urban Society: An Ecological Approach (New York, 1971).Google Scholar

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11. The popularity of urban studies created a kind of intellectual crisis in disciplines which no longer saw the city as an appropriate unit of study. See Gutman, Robert and Popenoe, David (eds), Neighborhood, City, and Metropolis: An Integrated Reader in Urban Society (New York, 1970).Google Scholar

12. Spraul, Judith, ‘Recent Dissertations and Articles in Urban History: Observations and Possible Patterns’ (seminar paper, Spring 1976, University of Cincinnati).Google Scholar The remaining 3 per cent of the dissertations consisted of high school curriculum units developed in a D.A.program at Carnegie-Mellon University.

13. The main lines of conflict and bibliographical guides to these disputes can be found in Glaab, Charles A., ‘The Historian and the American City: A Bibliographic Survey’, in Hauser, Philip M. and Schnore, Leo F. (eds), The Study of Urbanization (New York, 1965)Google Scholar, and in Hoover, Dwight W., ‘The Diverging Paths of American Urban History’, in Mohl, Raymond A. and Betten, Neil (eds), Urban America in Historical Perspective (New York, 1970).Google Scholar

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3. Hays, Samuel P., ‘The changing political structure of the city in industrial America’, Journal of Urban History, i (11 1974), 6–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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5. Barton, J., Peasants and Strangers: Italians, Rumanians, and Slovaks in an American City, 1890–1950 (Cambridge, Mass., 1975).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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9. Hershberg, Theodore, Katz, Michael, Blumin, Stuart, Glasco, Laurence and Griffen, Clyde, ‘Occupation and ethnicity in five nineteenth-century cities: a collaborative inquiry’, Historical Methods Newsletter, vii (06 1974), 174–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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11. Conzen, M., ‘Local migration systems in nineteenth-century Iowa’, Geographical Review, lxiv (07 1974), 339–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

12. Thernstrom, S. and Knights, P., ‘Men in motion: some data and speculations about urban population mobility in nineteenth-century America’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, i (Autumn 1970), 7–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Thernstrom, S., The Other Bostonians (Cambridge, Mass., 1973)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, chapter 1; Chudacoff, H., Mobile Americans: residential and social mobility in Omaha, 1880–1920 (New York, 1972).Google Scholar

13. Stephenson, C., ‘Tracing those who left: mobility studies and the Soundex Indexes to the American census’, Journal of Urban History, i (11 1974), 75–84Google Scholar, and ‘Determinants of American migration: methods and models in mobility research’, Journal of American Studies, ix (08 1975), 189–98.Google Scholar

14. Hareven, T., ‘The laborers of Manchester, New Hampshire, 1912–1922: the role of family and ethnicity in adjustment to industrial life’, Labor History (Spring 1975), 249–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

15. Bissell, L., ‘From one generation to another: mobility in seventeenth-century Windsor, Connecticut’, William and Mary Quarterly, xxxi (01 1974), 79–110CrossRefGoogle Scholar; W. R. Prest believes that the stability of the New England towns has been exaggerated, and especially in the by now common contrast with a presumably more mobile seventeenth-century England: ‘Stability and change in Old and New England: Clayworth and Dedham’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, iii (Winter 1976), 359–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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18. S. Kipp, ‘Old notables and newcomers: the economic and political elite of Greensboro, North Carolina, 1880–1920’, forthcoming in the Journal of Social History.

19. Ridgway, W., ‘Measuring wealth and power in antebellum America: a review essay’, Historical Methods Newsletter, ii (03 1975), 74–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Pessen, E., Riches, , Class and Power Before the Civil War (Lexington, Mass., 1973)Google Scholar, and ‘The social configuration of the antebellum city: an historical and theoretical inquiry’, Journal of Urban History, ii (05 1976), 267–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar In the recent article, Pessen re-emphasizes the stability of the rich, but seems more open to the possibility that subsequent mobility research may qualify his interpretation.

20. H. Gutman, ‘The reality of the rags-to-riches “myth”: the case of the Paterson, New Jersey, locomotive, iron and machinery manufacturers, 1830–1880’, in Thernstrom and Sennett (eds), Nineteenth-Century Cities and ‘Class, status, and community power in nineteenth-century American industrial cities – Paterson, New Jersey: a case study’, in Jaher, Frederic (ed), The Age of Industrialism in America (New York, 1968).Google Scholar

21. Singleton, G., ‘Protestant voluntary organizations and the shaping of Victorian America’, American Quarterly, v (12 1975), 549–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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1. ‘Somewhat narrow horizons’, Canadian Historical Association Historical Papers (1968), 2.Google Scholar

2. For a full discussion of these trends, see Stelter, Gilbert, ‘The historian's approach to Canada's urban past’,Histoire sociale/Social History, vii (1974), 5–22.Google Scholar

3. Nader, George, Cities of Canada, 2 vols (Toronto, 1975–1976)Google Scholar, includes considerable useful historical material. The only general bibliography in the field, Stelter, Gilbert, Canadian Urban History: A Selected Bibliography (Sudbury, 1972)Google Scholar is now quite dated. For a list of the most important literature since 1972, see the final section in Stelter, Gilbert and Artibise, Alan (eds), The Canadian City: Essays in Urban History (Toronto, 1977).Google Scholar

4. Winnipeg: A Social History of Urban Growth, 1874–1914 (Montreal, 1975).Google Scholar

5. ‘The merchants of Halifax, 1815–1850: a commercial class in pursuit of metropolitan status’. (Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto, 1975).Google Scholar

6. ‘Saint John boosters and the railroads in the mid-nineteenth century’, paper presented at Second Atlantic Canada Studies Conference, Fredericton, 04 1976.Google Scholar

7. ‘Urban growth in a staple economy: the emergence of Vancouver as a regional metropolis, 1889–1914’, in Evenden, L. J. (ed.), Vancouver: Western Metropolis (Victoria, 1977).Google Scholar

8. ‘Early Calgary 1875–1895’, in McCormack, A. R. and MacPherson, Ian (eds), Cities in the West (Ottawa, 1975).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

9. ‘Sir Alexander T. Galt and the Northwest’ (Ph.D. thesis, University of Alberta, 1975).Google Scholar

10. Beach, Noel, ‘Nickel capital: Sudbury and the nickel industry, 1905–25’, Laurentian University Review, vi (1974), 55–74Google Scholar; Stelter, Gilbert, ‘The origins of a company town: Sudbury in the nineteenth century’, Laurentian University Review, iii (1971), 3–27.Google Scholar

11. ‘The social geography of a commercial city, ca. 1853’, Appendix One of Katz, Michael, The People of Hamilton, Canada West: Family and Class in a Mid-Nineteenth Century City (Cambridge, Mass., 1975)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Doucet, M., ‘Working class housing in a small nineteenth century Canadian city: Hamilton, Ontario, 1852–1881’, in Kealey, G. S. and Warrian, P. (eds), Essays in Canadian Working Class History (Toronto, 1976).Google Scholar

12. Groupe de recherche sur la société Montréalaise au 19e siécle, Rapport, 1972–1973, and Rapport, 1974–1975 (Montreal, 1973 and 1975)Google Scholar; Linteau, Paul-André and Thiviege, Jean et al., Montréal au 19e siècle, Bibliographie (Montreal, 1972).Google Scholar

13. Paul-André Linteau and Jean-Claude Robert, ‘Land ownership and society in Montreal: a hypothesis’, in Stelter and Artibise, The Canadian City.

14. ‘The Montreal working class in prosperity and depression’, Canadian Issues (1975), 85–98.Google Scholar

15. ‘The condition of the working class in Toronto. 1900–1921’ (Ph.D. thesis, Concordia University, 1975).Google Scholar

16. ‘The plan-makers and the city: architects, engineers, surveyors and urban planning in Canada, 1890–1939’ (Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto, 1975)Google Scholar; ‘Sources for the history of urban planning in Canada, 1890–1939’, Urban History Review, i (1976), 6–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

17. ‘Community development in Toronto's commercial empire: the industrial towns of the Nickel Belt, 1883–1931’, Laurential University Review, vi (1974), 3–53.Google Scholar

18. ‘Histoire de la ville de Maisonneuve, 1883–1918’ (Ph.D. thesis, University of Montreal, 1975).Google Scholar

19. ‘House and home in Vancouver: images of West Coast urbanism, 1886–1929’, in Stelter and Artibise, op.cit.

20. ‘The evolution of architectural styles in Toronto’, in Stelter and Artibise, op.cit.

21. Saving the Canadian City (Toronto, 1974).Google Scholar

22. ‘Approaches to the history of urban reform’, Urban History Review, ii (1976), 3–11Google Scholar; ‘Tomorrow's metropolis revisited: a critical assessment of Canadian urban reform, 1890–1920’, in Stelter and Artibise, op.cit.

23. ‘The reformer and the machine in Montreal civic politics’, paper presented at Canadian Historical Association, Quebec City, 06 1976.Google Scholar

24. ‘The great fight for clean government’, Urban History Review, ii (1976), 50–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

25. Others to appear shortly are Armstrong, F. H., Toronto to 1850 (1978)Google Scholar; Linteau, Paul-André, Montreal since 1850 (1978)Google Scholar; Wallace, Carl, Saint John (1978).Google Scholar

26. Some examples of those published are: Artibise, Alan, Winnipeg, the Growth of a City (1974)Google Scholar; Copp, Terry, Poverty in Montreal, 1897–1920 (1974)Google Scholar; Careless, J. M. S., Urban Development in the Canadas to 1850 (1974).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

27. Nagy, Thomas L., Ottawa in Maps: A Brief Cartographical History of Ottawa (Ottawa, 1974)Google Scholar; Artibise, Alan and Dahl, Edward, Winnipeg in Maps (Ottawa, 1975).Google Scholar