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11 For extended treatment of these topics see, for instance: Garrard, J., ‘Parties, members and voters after 1867: a local study’, Historical J., xx (1977)Google Scholar; MacLaren, A., Religion and Social Class…in Aberdeen (1974)Google Scholar; McLeod, H., Class and Religion in the Late Victorian City (1974)Google Scholar; Yarmie, A. H., ‘Employers' organizations in mid-Victorian England’, International Rev. Social History, xxv (1980).Google Scholar

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14 The middle class here excludes the smallest retailers and craftsmen but includes other marginals (e.g. those with a very few employees) who, more frequently than working men, enjoyed the parliamentary vote 1832–67, the effective municipal vote, and eligibility for posts such as Poor Law guardian.

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