2 Magnus Enzensberger, Hans, Norsk utakt (Norwegian anachronisms) (Oslo, 1984).Google Scholar

3 Blom, G. A. (ed.), Urbaniseringsprosessen i Norden, Del 3. Industrialiseringens første fase (The process of urbanization in Norden, vol 3. The first phase of industrialization) (Oslo, 1977).Google Scholar The contributors are Jan Eivind Myhre (Norway), Eino Jutikkala and Päiviä Tommila (Finland), Niels Thomsen, Per Boje, and Ole Hyldtoft (Denmark), Helgi Skúli Kjartanson (Iceland), and Bo Öhngren (Sweden).

4 Adna Ferrin Weber misunderstood the nature of Nordic urbanization when he wrote that the small ‘cities’ of Sweden and Norway, some of which had fewer than 500 inhabitants, were remnants of a medieval separation of town and country. Weber, A. F., The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1899), 7.Google Scholar

5 Andersson, Henrik B., Tätorternas bebyggelsesstruktur och förändring. En översikt över Suerige och övriga Norden (Settlement structure and change in built-up areas. A survey of the Nordic countries) (Lund, 1977);Google Scholar Myklebost, Hallstein, Bosetningsutviklingen i Norge 1950–1975 (Norway's settlement structure 1950–1975) (Oslo, 1978)Google Scholar, Summary in English; Alestalo, Jouko, ‘The concenration of population in Finland between 1880 and 1980’, in Fennia, 161, 2 (Helsinki, 1983);Google Scholar Prange, Knud (ed.), Lokalsamfundene i de seneste 100 år (Local communities in the last 100 years) (Copenhagen, 1979).Google Scholar This book has a section called ‘Samfundsudvikling og bosætningsstruktur’ (Societal development and settlement structure) with contributions from Viggo Hansen (Denmark), Marie Nisser (Sweden), Peter Sjøholt (Norway), and Veijo Saloheimo (Finland).

6 A recent urban biography, detailed and thorough, but rather old-fashioned, is Bjurling, Oscar (ed.), Malmö stads historia, del 2–4 (The history of M., vols 2–4, 1500–1914) (Malmo, 1977–1985).Google Scholar Representative of the newer brand, with an emphasis on demography and social structure, is Nilsson, Sven A. (ed.), Halmstad stads historia (The history of H.) (Halmstad, 1987).Google Scholar The history of Odense has elements of both ‘traditional’ and ‘modern’ approaches: Thrane, H. et al., Fra boplads til bispeby. Odense til 1539 (From settlement to episcopal centre. 0. up to 1539) (Odense, 1983);Google Scholar Ladewig Pedersen, Erling et al., De fede år. Odense 1539–1660 (The fertile years. O.1539–1660) (Odense, 1984);Google Scholar Aa. Blomberg, F., De magre år. Odense 1660–1700 (The lean years. O. 1660–1700) (Odense, 1981);Google Scholar Riising, Anne, Gudsfrykt og oplysning. Odense 1700–1789 (Piety and enlightenment. O. 1700–1789) (Odense, 1981);Google Scholar Hans Chr. Johansen, , Næring og bystyre. Odense 1700–1789 (Trade and town government. O. 1700–1789) (Odense, 1983);Google Scholar Thestrup, Poul et al., Mod bedre tider. Odense 1789–1868 (Toward better times. O. 1789–1868) (Odense, 1986);Google Scholar Boje, Per and Nielsen, Henning, Moderne Tider. Odense 1868–1914 (Modem times. O. 1868–1914) (Odense, 1985);Google Scholar Hæstrup, J., Krig og besættelse. Odense 1940–1945 (War and occupation. O. 1940–1945) (Odense, 1979).Google Scholar

7 Hammarström, Ingrid (ed.), Kalmar stads historia I–III (History of the town of K., vols I-III) (Kalmar, 1979–1984);Google Scholar Hammarström, Ingrid, Hagstedt, Rolf and Nilsson, Lars, ‘Prosjektet jamforande stadshistoria‘ (PJÄS), in Historisk Tidsskrift (Sweden, 1975).Google Scholar The fivevolume History of Oslo, now in preparation, also takes a comparative approach.

8 Söderberg, Johan, ‘Den stagnerande staden. Stockholms tillväxtproblem 1760–1850 i ett jämförande europeisk perspektiv’ (The stagnating town; Stockholm's growth problems 1760–1850 in a comparative European perspective), in Historisk Tidsskrift (Sweden) 2 (1985).Google Scholar Summary in English.

9 Hall, Thomas, Planung europäischer Hauptstädte. Zur Entwicklung des Städtebaues im 19. Jahrhundert (The planning of European capitals in the 19th century) (Stockholm, 1986);Google Scholar Hietala, Marjatta, Services and Urbanization at the Turn of the Century. The Diffusion of Innovations (Helsinki, 1987).Google Scholar

10 Eivind Myhre, Jan, ‘Tilnærminger til byhistorien. På leting etter de urbane variabler’ (Approaches to urban history. In search of the urban variables), in Historisk Tidsskrift (Norwegian) 2 (1987)Google Scholar, summary in English; Degn, Ole, Urbanisering og industrialisering. En forskningsoversikt (Urbanization and industrialization. A research overview) (København, 1978).Google Scholar Several valuable articles are printed in Hall, Thomas (ed.), Städer i utveckling. Tolv studier kring stadsförändringar tillägnade Ingrid Hammarström (Evolving cities. Twelve studies about urban change in honour of I. H.) (Stockholm, 1984)Google Scholar; Goldfield, David R., ‘The study of cities. On urban history research in the United States and Sweden’;Google Scholar Bo Öhngren, ‘Urbaniseringen som forskningsobjekt. Trender och problem’ (Urbanization as an object of research. Trends and problems).

11 Industrial Buildings and Dwellings. The Industrial Environment 1840–1940, 2 (1978) (Copenhagen).Google Scholar Hall, Thomas, ‘Swedish urban enviroment. A presentation’ (Svensk stadsmiljø);Google Scholar Bo Öhngren, ‘The city and environs. Voluntary associations and urbanization in a comparative perspective 1890–1975 (Stad och omland); Ole Hyldtoft, ‘Industrial buildings and dwellings — the industrial environment in Denmark 1840–1940’ (Industria-lismens bygninger of boliger. Det industrielle miljø i Danmark 1840–1940); Eivind Myhre, Jan, ‘The Christiania Study’Google Scholar (Christianiaprosjektet). See also Langholm, Sivert, ‘The Christiania Project: historians investigate the making of urban society’, in Research in Norway 1976; Eivind Myhre, Jan and Sigurd Østberg, Jan (eds)Google Scholar, Mennesker i Kristiania. Sosialhistorisk søkelys på 1800–tallet (People of Kristiania. Social-historical searchlight on the 19th century) (Oslo, 1979);Google Scholar Hyldtoft, Ole, ‘From fortified town to modern metropolis’, in Hammarström, Ingrid and Hall, Thomas (eds), Growth and Transformation of the Modern City (Stockholm, 1979).Google Scholar

12 Historica IV. Foredrag vid det XVIII Nordiska historikermötet Jyuäskylä 1981. Studia Historica Jyväskylänsia 27 (Proceedings at the XVIII Nordic Conference of Historians at J. 1981) (Jyväskyla, 1983).Google Scholar The contributors on urbanization were: Jan Eivind Myhre (Norway), Eino Jutikkala (Finland), Ole Hyldtoft (Denmark), and Lars Nilsson (Sweden).

13 An important report stems from the Gausdal (Skeikampen) conference in 1979: Rolf Flad by and Winge, Harald (eds), By og bygd. Stad og omland (City and country. Town and hinterland) (Oslo, 1981).Google Scholar The book contains 21 articles from Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden, dealing with town-hinterland relations in the demographic, economic, social, and cultural spheres. See also the Knud Prange collection mentioned in note 5 above. A Norwegian anthology, with articles from a local history conference, is Martinsen, Liv (ed.), Om byhistorie. Problemstillinger og metode (On urban history. Problems and methods) (Oslo, 1986).Google Scholar It includes contributions from Rolf Fladby on modern Norwegian urban history, from Peter Sjøholt on geographical methods, from Jan Eivind Myhre on suburban history, and from Kjell-Olav Masdalen on eighteenth- and nineteenth-century sources of urban history. A report from the Nesbyen conference 1985 on the History of Oslo project is printed in Urban History Yearbook (1986).Google Scholar See also Historisk Tidsskrift för Finland (1981)Google Scholar: ‘Synpunkter på lokalhistoria’ (Viewpoints on local history).

14 An international bibliography of modern urban history, with Nordic contributions, is in preparation at the ‘Deutches Institut für Urbanistik’ in Berlin. General editor is Dr Christian Engeli.

15 Scandinavian atlases of historic towns: Jutikkala, Eino, Turku (Åbo) (Odense, 1977);Google Scholar Jutikkala, Eino, Porvoo (Borgå) (Odense, 1977);Google Scholar Degn, Ole, Ribe, (Odense, 1983);Google Scholar Niels Ahlberg og Hall, Thomas, Uppsala (Odense, 1983);Google Scholar Tuxen, Poul, Stege (Odense, 1987).Google Scholar The Finnish atlases are rather small, while the other three contain a large number of maps with full-bodied commentaries in two languages, of which English is one.

16 In Norway and Finland it has been commonplace for a long time for distinguished historians to write local history besides their other work. In Sweden and Denmark, however, local history has up to recently been less tempting to professional historians. Eivind Myhre, Jan, ‘Historien om oslohistoriene’ (The History of the Histories of Oslo), in Byminner, 3 (1986).Google Scholar

17 Blomkvist, Nils, ‘Av makt och marknadskrafter? Reflexioner kring the svårfangade stadsbegreppet’ (From power and market forces? Reflections on the evasive concept of ‘urban’), in Hall, (ed.), Städer i utveckling;Google Scholar Jan Eivind Myhre, ‘“By”, “tettsted”, “urbanisering” — En innledning’ (‘Town’, ‘urban place’, ‘urbanization’ — an introduction), in Blom (ed.), Urbaniseringsprosessen i Norden 3; Andersson, Roger, Den svenska urbaniseringen. Kontextualisering av begrepp och processer (The Swedish urbanization. Contextualization of concepts and processes) (Uppsala, 1987)Google Scholar, Summary in English.

18 Authén Blom, Grethe (ed.), Urbaniseringsprosessen i Norden 1, Middelaldersteder (The process of urbanization in the Nordic countries, vol. 1, Medieval towns) (Oslo, 1977).Google Scholar The contributors are: Henrik M. Jansen, Tore Nyborg, and Thomas Riis (Denmark); Hans Andersson (Sweden); Erkki Kuujo (Finland); Helgi Porlakson (Iceland), and Knut Helle and Arnved Nedkvitne (Norway). See also the Swedish project ‘Medeltidsstaden — den medeltida urbaniseringsprosessens konsekvenser for nutida planering. Rapport 1–’ (The medieval town: implications of early urbanization for modern planning, vol. 1–). Among the important biographies are Helle, Knut, Bergen bys historie I. Kongssete og Kjøpstad. Fra opphavet til 1536 (History of B., vol. 1. From the origins to 1536. King's residence and trade centre) (Oslo/Bergen, 1982);Google Scholar Per Norseng and Arnved Nedkvitne. Oslos historie I (History of O., vol. I), forthcoming; Blomkvist, Nils, Kalmars uppkomst och äldstautveckling. Tiden till 1300–talets mitt (The origins and oldest history of K. until the middle of the 14th century) (Karlshamn, 1978)Google Scholar summary in German; Thrane, et al. , Fra boplads til bispeby. Odense til 1539.Google Scholar

19 Jan Eivind Myhre in Blom (ed.), Urbaniseringsprosessen i Norden 3. In Norway, during the nineteenth century kjøpstad was a fully privileged town, while ladested had limited privileges. The corresponding Danish and Icelandic terms were købstad and handelsplads. Sweden's legal urban hierarchy consisted of stad, köping, and municipalsamhällen, and Finland's of stad and köping.

20 Finn-Einar Eliassen, ‘Norske byer, 1500–1800: Identifikasjon, avgrensning, funksjoner’ (Norwegian towns 1500–1800: Identification, delimitation, functions), in Heimen, 3 (1987); Niemi, Einar, Vadsøs historie til 1833 (The history of V. to 1833) (Vadsø, 1983).Google Scholar

21 An exception is Erik Frits Hansen, Jens, Københavns forstadsbebyggelse i 1850’erne (Copenhagen's suburbs in the 1850s) (Copenhagen, 1977).Google Scholar See also Thomas Lundén, ‘Stockholm — a hundred years of suburban growth. Agents, flows and restrictions’, in Hammarström and Hall, Growth and Transformation of the Modern City.

22 Rambusch, S., Rødovre 1901–1976 (History of R. 1901–1976 [suburb of Copenhagen]) (København, 1978);Google Scholar Eivind Myhre, Jan, Bærum 1840–1980 (History of B. 1840–1980) (Oslo, 1982);Google Scholar Thue, Lars, Asker 1840–1980) (History of A. 1840–1980) (Oslo, 1984).Google Scholar Bærum and Asker are two of Oslo's suburban municipalities.

23 Fladby og Winge (eds), By og bygd. See also the three dissertations which make up parts of the history of Kalmar: Blomkvist, Kalmars uppkomst och äldsta utveckling; Lilja, Sven, Kalmar under Gustav Vasa och hans söner (K. at the time of Gustav Vasa and his sons, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries) (Karlshamn, 1983)Google Scholar, summary in English; Nilsson, Lars, Näringsliv och befolkning i Kalmar 1910–1975 (Economy and population in K. 1910–1975) (Karlshamn, 1980)Google Scholar, summary in English.

24 Öhngren, ‘Urbaniseringen som forskningsobjekt. Trender och problem’ (Urbanization as an object of research. Trends and problems), in Hall (ed.), Städer i utveckling.

25 Torstenson, Joel S., Metcalf, Michael F. and Rasmussen, Tor Fr., Urbanization and community building in modern Norway (Oslo, 1985);Google Scholar Jan Eivind Myhre, “Moderne by historie. Noen perspektiver’ (Modern urban history. Some perspectives), in Heimen, 3 (1987); Myklebost, Bosettingsutviklingen i Norge 1950–1975.

26 Some of these small town histories are: Norway: Andressen, Leif T., Moss bys historie frem til 1700, bind I (History of M. to 1700) (Moss, 1984);Google Scholar Niemi, , Vadsøs historie til 1833;Google Scholar Buggeland, Tord and Ågotnes, Jacob E. (eds), Lillehammer. By og bygd — gate og grend (History of L.) (Lillehammer, 1977). SwedenGoogle Scholar: Dahlgren, Stellan (ed.), Enköpings historia. Del 2 (History of E., vol. 2) (Enküping, 1979);Google Scholar Björklund, Jörgen and Rentzhog, Sten (eds), Östersunds historia (History of Ö.) (Östersund, 1986).Google Scholar Denmark: Peter Dragsbo, Menneskerog husei Aabenraa — en etnologisk studie af kvarterudvikling i en nordslesvigsk købstad 1850–1920 (People and houses in Aa. An ethnologic study of a town in northern Slesvig 1850–1920 (1978). Finland: Olli Vehviläinen, Savonlinnan kaupungin historia 3. Sauoniinnan kaupunki 1876–1976 (History of Savonlinna 1876–1976), Savonlinna 1978; Rasila, Viljo, Tampereen historia 2.1840—luuolta vuoteen 1905 (History of Tampere from the 1840s to 1905) (Tampere, 1984);Google Scholar Birck, E., Nykarlebys historia II, 1810–1875 (History of Nykarleby, vol. II, 1810–1875) (Nykarleby, 1980).Google Scholar Iceland: ppór, Jon, Saga Isafjardar og Eyrarhrepps hins forna, 2 b. (The history of Isafjordur to 1920, 2 vols) (Isafjordur, 1984, 1986); Asgeir Gudmundsson, Saga Hafnarfjardar 1908–1983 3 b. (History of Hafharfjördur, 3 vols) (Hafnarfjördur, 1983–1984).Google Scholar

27 Ole Hyldtoft, ‘Urbaniseringen i Danmark 1914–1970’, Historica IV. Föredrag vid det XVIII Nordiska historikermötet Jyväskylä 1981. 28 Anders Bjarne Fossen and Tore Grønlie, Byen sprengergrensene 1920–1972. Bys, Bergen historie, bind IV (The history of B., vol. IV, The city crosses its borders 1920–1972) (Oslo/Bergen, 1985).Google Scholar

29 Blom (ed.) Urbaniseringsprosessen i Norden 1. Middelaldersteder;. Authén Blom, Grethe (ed.), Urbaniseringsprosessen i Norden 2, De anlagte steder på 1600–1700 tallet (The process of urbanization in the Nordic countries, vol 2, the founded towns of the 1600s and 1700s) (Oslo, 1977).Google Scholar The contributors are: Ole Degn (Denmark); Bjøm Sogner (Norway); Bjørn Teitsson (Iceland); Birgitta Ericsson (Sweden); and Sven-Erik Åström (Finland).

30 See the Fladby and Winge anthology, By og Bygd. Stad og omland, where the urban economy of the mercantilist era is treated by Ilkka Mäntylä, Raimo Ranta, and Mauno Jokipii (Finland), Stein Tveite and Finn-Einar Eliassen (Norway), and Birgitta Ericsson and Anne-Marie Fällström (Sweden).

31 See the reports from the Trondheim 1977 and Jyväskylä 1981 conferences referred to above.

32 Lars Nilsson, ‘Öst och väst i Sveriges urbana historia 1800–1900. Forsök till en teori om ojämn urbanutveckling’ (East and West in Swedish urban history. Attempting a theory about uneven urban development), in Hall (ed.), Städer i utveckling; Peltonen, Arvo, Suomen kaupunkijärjestelmän kasvu 1815–1970 (Size—growth process of the Finnish town system, 1815–1970 (Helsinki, 1982).Google Scholar

33 Andersson, Harri, ‘Urban structural dynamics in the city of Turku, Finland’, in Fennia, 161, 2 (Helsinki, 1983).Google Scholar

34 See the Jyväskylä reports above. Swedish urbanization took an upswing around 1930.

35 The Jyväskylä reports follow urban development up to the 1970s. The geographers, of course, are more up to date. Among the town biographies which deal with the contemporary epoch are the histories of Bergen, Kalmar, Östersund and Linkøping mentioned above. There is also Laakso, Veikko, Turun kaupungin historia 1918–1970 (History of Turku 1918–1970) (Turku, 1980);Google Scholar Anttila, Olavi, Heikkinen, Antero, Pihkala, Erkki and Turpeinen, Oiva, Lahden historia (History of Lahtis since 1905) (Hämeenlinna, 1980);Google Scholar Clausager, J. P.. Viborg som erhvervs by (Economic history of V.) (Viborg, 1980);Google Scholar Paludan, Helge et al., Århus bys historie fra vikingetid til nutid (History of Å. from the Viking age to the present) (Århus, 1984).Google Scholar Oslo, Trondheim, Sundsvall and Gothenburg are forthcoming. Some limited themes, like urban planning, have been brought up to the contemporary age (see below).

36 Öhngren in Blom (ed.), Urbaniseringsprosessen i Norden, 3. The classification stems from Gregor Paulsson's classic work Suensk Stad (1950).

37 Johansen, Næring og bystyre. Odense 1700–1789. It should be noted that the Scandinavian languages do not distinguish between ‘city’ and ‘town’. The everyday terms are by in Danish and Norwegian, stad in Swedish.

38 Bjarne Fossen, Anders, Bergen Bys Historie, bind II. Borgerskapets By 1536–1800 (History of B., vol. II. The town of the burghers) (Bergen/Oslo, 1979).Google Scholar

39 Ertresvaag, Egil, Bergen bys historie, bind III. Et bysamfunn i utvikling 1800–1920 (History of B., vol. III. An evolving urban community 1800–1920) (Oslo/Bergen, 1982).Google Scholar

40 The new six-volume history of Copenhagen makes good popular history, but is of limited scientific value: Cedergren Bech, S. (ed.), Københavns historie, del I-VI (History of Copenhagen) (København, 1980–1983).Google Scholar Høgberg's, Staffan Stockholms historia I–II (History of Stockholm, vols I–II) (Stockholm, 1981)Google Scholar, also aims at popularizing history. Its leitmotif is the role of Stockholm in the Swedish state. Oslo's latest biography of any importance dates from the 1920s, but a five-volume history is forthcoming from 1989 on. The authors are: Per Norseng and Amved Nedkvitne (1050–1537), Knut Sprauten (1537–1814), Jan Eivind Myhre (1814–1900), Knut Kjeldstadli (1900–48), and Edgeir Benum (1948–80s). The history of Helsinki in nine volumes appeared 1950–67. Reykjavik has not had its biography written.

41 Other literature particularly dealing with the cities' function as capitals: Knut Mykland, ‘Hovedstadsfunksjonen. Christiania som eksempel’ (The function as capital. The Christiania example); Thomas Hall (ed.), Städer i utveckling; Jan Eivind Myhre, ‘Fra hovedstad til hovedby. Oslo på 1800-tallet’ (From capital to primate city. O. in the 19th century), St. Hallvard 1 (1987); Knud Prange, ‘Svenskekrig — stilstand — opgang’ (War with the Swedes — stagnation — progress [about the towns of Zealand seventeenth to nineteenth centuries]), Thomas Hall (ed.), Städer i utveckling; Sven-Erik Åström, ‘Town planning in imperial Helsingfors 1810–1910’, Hammarström and Hall (eds.), Growth and Transformation.

42 Helge Dahl, Rjukan, 1984–5; Lasse Brunnström, Kiruna — ett samhällsbygge i sekelskiftets Sverige, del I-II (K. – A Swedish mining town from the turn of the century) (Umeå, 1981). A medium-sized (30,000) Norwegian town with an important industrial element is Drammen: Thorson, Odd W. and Nøkleby, Berit, Drammen. En norsk østlandsbys utviklingshistorie, bd. IV (D. – the history of a town in eastern Norway, vol. IV, 1914–45) (Drammen, 1981).Google Scholar

43 Stationsbyen. Rapport fra et seminar om stationsbyens historie (The railway town. Report from a seminar on the history of railway towns) (1980); Vigand Dann Rasmussen, Nørrejyskejernbanebyer (The railway towns of northern Jutland) (1981); Flemming Just (ed.), Arbejdsrapport om Vestjyllands udviklingshistorie ca. 1750–1914 (Report on the history of western Jutland) (1984). Finnish and Norwegian examples of mixed railway and factory towns are: Hoffren, Jouko, Penttilä, Kalevi, Riihimäen historia (History of Riihimäki) (Hameenlinna, 1979);Google Scholar Harald Hals, Lillestrøms historie I-II (History of Lillestrøm, vols I-II) (1978). The Swedish journal Bebyggelseshistorisk tidskrift, 12 (1986) is devoted to ‘Järnväg, bygd och bebyggelse’ (Railways and settlements), summaries in English.

44 There are demographic databases e.g. in Stockholm, Umeå/Haparanda, Tromsø, and Oslo.

45 Kari Pitkänen, ‘Stad och influensområde. Flyttningsrörelse och social förändring före industrialiseringsperioden (c. 1720–1850)’ (Towns and spheres of influence. Migration and social change before industrialization, c. 1750–1820 [Finland]); Max Engman, S:t Petersburg och Finland. Migration och influens 1703–1917 (St. P. and F. Migration and influence 1703–1917) (Helsingfors, 1983); Rasila, Viljo, Teollistumiskauden muuttliikkeet. Mikrohistoriallinen tutkimus Tampeeren seudulta (Migration in Finland during the period of industrialization. A microhistorical study) (Tampere, 1983)Google Scholar, summary in English; Bo Öhngren, ‘Stad och omland i ett socialt-demografiskt perspektiv. Bakgrund-steckning’ (Town and hinterland in a social and demographic perspective [Sweden]), both in Fladby and Winge (eds), By og bygd. Stad og omland; Eivind Myhre, Jan, Sagene — en arbeiderforstad befolkes 1801–1875 (S. — the peopling of a working class suburb 1801–1875) (Oslo, 1978);Google Scholar Jan Eivind Myhre, ‘“Det livligste vexel-forhold”. Flyttingene til Kristiania på annen halvdel av 1800-tallet’ (Migration to K. in the 19th century); Sivert Langholm, ‘Frå Holmestrand til hovudstaden. Litt om røttene til handelsborgerskapet i Christiania på 1800-talet’ (From the town of H. to the capital. About the roots of the Christianian bourgeoisie in the 19th century), both in Gjerdåker, Brynjulv (ed.), På flyttefot. Innanlands vandring på 1800-talet (On the move. Domestic migration in the 19th century [Norway]) (Oslo, 1981);Google Scholar Sivert Langholm, ‘“Noget at fare med” — Angående handverksmestrene i Christiania’ (Origin of the master artisans in nineteenth-century C); Sølvi Sogner, ‘Barselkvinner på flyttefot og barnefedre på flukt. En studie av flytting i forbindelse med uekte fødsel i Vår Frelsers menighet i Christiania 1731–1800’ (Migration in connection with illegitimate births in C. 1731–1800), both in Langholm, Sivert and Sejersted, Francis (eds), Vandringer (Migration) (Oslo, 1980);Google Scholar Johansen, Hans Chr., ‘In-and out-migration of Danish cities 1750–1901’, Paper, seminar on urbanization and population dynamics in history (Tokyo, 1986).Google Scholar

46 Knud Prange, ‘Geografisk mobilitet — en overset (?) faktor i lokalsamfunnenes demografi. Et forslag til nogle målemetoder’ (Geographic mobility – a neglected (?) factor in the demography of local communities. Suggestion for some methods of measurement [Denmark]), in Fladby and Winge (eds), By og bygd. Stad og omland; Gunnar Thorvaldsen, ‘Befolkningsutviklingen i Tromsø 1866 til 1900’ (Population growth in T. 1866–1900 [Norway]), in Heimen, 3 (1984); Jan Eivind Myhre, Oslos historie 1814–1900 (History of O. 1814–1900), forthcoming.

47 Matovic, Margareta, Stockholmsäktenskap. Familjebildning och partnerval i Stockholm 1850–1890 (‘The Stockholm Marriage’. Family formation and choice of partners in S. 1850–1890) (Stockholm, 1984)Google Scholar, summary in English. See also Susanne Lindgrén, ‘Äktenskap, föräktenskapliga förbindelser och sammanboende. Sociala mönster i den tidiga industrialismens Helsignfors’ (Marriage, premarital relations, and cohabitation. Social patterns in early industrial Helsinki), in Historisk Tidsskrift för Finland (1984);Google Scholar Merja Manninen, The opportunities of independent life for women in an eighteenth-century Finnish provincial town’, in Scandinavian Journal of History (1984).

48 Jonsson, Ulf, ‘Mortality pattern in 18th and 19th century Stockholm in a European perspective’, Research report no. 2, Project ‘Stagnating Metropolis’ (Stockholm, 1984).Google Scholar

49 Fladby and Winge (eds), By og bygd. Stad og omland.; Friberg, Nils and Friberg, Inga, Stockholm i bottniska farvatten. Stockholms bottniska handelsfält under senmedeltiden och Gustav Vasa. En historisk-geografisk studie (Commercial relations of S. in the Gulf of Bothnia during the late middle ages and the reign of Gustav Vasa) (Stockholm, 1983).Google Scholar

50 See the reports of the 1977 Trondheim conference, above; Degn, Urbanisering og industrialisering. Hyldtoft, Ole, Københavns industrialisering 1840–1914 (The industrialization of Copenhagen 1840–1914) (Herning, 1984)Google Scholar, is a detailed study of economic development in the Danish capital.

51 Denmark: Industrialismens bygninger og boliger (Industrial buildings and dwellings); Sweden: Bebyggelseshistorisk tidskrift (Journal of building history).

52 Ingrid Hammarström, ‘Urban growth and building fluctuations. Stockholm 1860–1920’, Hammarström and Hall (eds), Growth and Transformation of the Modern City; Hyldtoft, Københavns industrialisering; Myhre History of Oslo 1814–1900 (forthcoming); John Sjöström. ‘Industrin som bostadsprodusent. Aspekter på den moderna bostadspolitikens genombrott’ (The manufacturing industry as a producer of dwellings. Aspects of the breakthrough of modern housing politics), in Hall (ed.), Städer i utveckling; Hansen, Københavns forstadsbebyggelse; Johansen, Hans Chr., Boje, Per and Monrad Møiler, Anders, Fabrik og bolig. Det industrielle miljø i Odense 1840–1940 (factory and dwelling. The industrial environment in Odense 1840–1940) (Odense, 1983);Google Scholar Aslaksby, Truls, Grønland og Nedre Tøyens bebyggelseshistorie (the building history of G. and N. T. [Oslo, mainly nineteenth-century]) (Oslo, 1986);Google Scholar Hoel Malmstrøm, Kari, Fabrikk og bolig ved Akerselva. Et industrimiljø på 1800-tallet (factory and dwelling at the Akerselva River [Oslo]. An industrial environment in the nineteenth century) (Oslo, 1982)Google Scholar, summary in English; Guldbrandsen, Lars, Boligmarked og boligpolitikk. Eksemplet Oslo (Housing market and housing politics. The Oslo example [mainly twentieth century]) (Oslo, 1983);Google Scholar Gudrun Pentén, ‘Så byggdes Östersund’ (How Östersund was built 1786–1986), Björklund and Rentzhog (eds), Ostersund III; Brunnström, Kiruna 1–2; Rolf Näslund, Studier i Härnösands bebyggelseshistoria 1585–1800-talets mitt (Studies in the architectural history of H. 1585-C.1850) (Umeå, 1980) summary in English.

53 Niels Thomsen, ‘Urbaniseringen og den politiske adfærd’ (Urbanization and political behaviour), in Blom (ed.), Urbaniseringsprosessen i Norden, 3; Hietala, Services and Urbanization.

54 Päiviö Tommila (ed.), Suomen kaupunkilaitoksen historic., 1–3 (The history of civic administration in Finland, vols 1–3) (Vantaa, 1981–4). The collection contains a large number of articles on urbanization, politics and administration.

55 Eyvind Næss, Hans et al., Folkestyre i by og bygd. Norske kommuner gjennom 150 år (Democracy in town and countryside. Norwegian municipalities during 150 years) (Oslo, 1987).Google Scholar

56 Literature on social structure and political power: Stadsadministrationen i Norden på 1700-talet (Town administration in the Nordic countries during the 18th century), Det nordiska forskningsprojektet Centralmakt och lokalsamhälle — besluttsprocess på 1700-talet. Publikation 1 (Oslo, 1982); Langholm, Sivert, Elitenes valg. Sosial avstand og politisk oppslutning blant Christianiavelgerne i 1868 (Election of the elites. Social distance and political mobilization among the Christiania electorate, 1868 [Oslo]) (Oslo, 1984)Google Scholar, summary in English; Lindberg, Folke, Växande stad. Stockholms stadsfullmāktige 1862–1900 (Growing city. The town council of S. 1862–1900) (Stockholm, 1980)Google Scholar, summary in English; Ström-Billing, Inger, Stockholms hamn 1909–1939. Näringsliv och politik i samverkan (The port of S. 1909–39; the co-operation of business and politics) (Stockholm, 1984)Google Scholar summary in German; Birgitta Ericsson, Överheten och den fria valrätten. Borgermästartillsätningarna i Stockholm från 1770-talet til 1840-talet’ (Appointing mayors in S. from the 1770s to the 1840s), in Hall (ed.), Städer i utveckling; Stadin, Kekke, Småstäder, småborgare och stora samhällsförändringar. Borgarnas social struktur i Arboga, Enköping och Västervik under perioden efter 1680 (Burghers of three small towns during early capitalism in Sweden) (Uppsala, 1979);Google Scholar Ilkka Mäntylä, ‘Stadernas burskaps-och näringspolitik och deras befolkning’ (The politics of citizenship and trade privileges [Seventeenth- and eighteenth- century Finland]), in Fladby and Winge (eds), By og bygd. Stad og omland. Literature on urban administration and public services: Lajos Juhasz, A series of articles on town administration (Oslo/Christiania in the journals St. Hallvard and Byminner (1977–87); Johansson, Ulla, Fattiga och tiggare i Stockholms stad och län under 1700-talet. Studier kring den offentliga fattigvården under frihetstiden (Poor people and beggars. Poverty relief in the city and county of S. during the 18th century) (Stockholm, 1984)Google Scholar with a summary in German; Anne-Marie Fāllström, ‘Fattigvård i stad och på landsbygd’ (Poor relief in urban and rural areas [Sweden, seventeenth to nineteenth centuries]), in Fladby and Winge (eds), By og bygd. Stad og omland; Henningsen, L. N., Fattigvæsenet i de sønderjydske købstßder 1736–1841 (Poor relief in the towns of southern Jutland 1736–1841) (Åbenrå, 1978).Google Scholar

57 Some of the Stockholm monographs are exceptions, e.g. Dufwa, Arne, Trafik, broar, tunnelbanor, gator (Traffic, bridges, subways, streets [since 1862]) (Stockholm, 1985).Google Scholar

58 Hall, Planung europäisscher Hauptstädte; Thomas Hall (ed.), Urban planning in the Nordic countries (forthcoming, London, 1988). The contributors are: Thomas Hall (Sweden), Erik Lorange and Jan Eivind Myhre (Norway), Ole Thomassen and Bo Larsson (Denmark), and Mikael Sundman (Finland); Thomas Hall, ‘The central business district; planning in Stockholm 1928–1978’, in Hammarström and Hall, Growth and Transformation of the Modern City; Thomas Hall, ‘Stadsplanering i vardande. Kring lagstiftning, beslutsprocess och planeringsidéer 1860–1910’ (The coming of urban planning 1860–1910), in Hall (ed.), Städer i utveckling; Marianne Råberg, ‘The development of Stockholm since the seventeenth century’, in Hammarström and Hall (eds), Growth and Transformation of the Modern City; Sidenbladh, Göran, Planering för Stockholm 1923–1958 (Planning for S. 1923–1958) (Stockholm, 1981);Google Scholar Jensen, Rolf, Moderne norsk byplanlegging blir til (The origins of modern Norwegian urban planning [c. 1850–1920, with an emphasis on planning ideas]) (Trondheim, 1980)Google Scholar, summary in English; Torstenson, Metcalf, and Rasmussen, Urbanization and community building in Norway; Sven-Erik Åström, ‘Town planning in imperial Helsingfors’, in Hammarström and Hall, Growth and Transformation of the Modern City; Kouppamäki-Kalkkinen, , Kaupunkisuunnittelu ja rakentaminen Helsingin Kalliossa 1880–1980 (Town planning and construction in the city of Kallio 1880–1980) (Helsinki, 1984).Google Scholar

59 Hietala, Marjatta, ‘Urbanization: contradictory views. Finnish reactions to the continental discussion at the beginning of the 20th century’, Studia Historica, 12, Miscellanea (Helsinki, 1983).Google Scholar