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¹¹ Rennstich, J.K., ‘Three steps in globalization’, in Gills, B.K. and Thompson, W.R. (eds.), Globalization and Global History (London, 2006), 203–31Google Scholar.

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²⁶ Lees and Lees, Cities and the Making of Modern Europe, 3.

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²⁸ Ibid ., 277.

²⁹ Lenger, European Cities in the Modern Era, 58.

³⁰ Ibid ., 199.

³¹ The same is true with respect to Clark, European Cities and Towns. Transurban interconnectivities are highlighted with respect to the spread of urban planning models (241, 326ff, 335), immigration (363) and the rise of the urban bourgeoisie (290).

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³⁵ Ewen, What is Urban History?, 119.

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⁸¹ Nightingale, ‘The seven Cs’, 28–9, 35ff.

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