Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-30T22:23:40.643Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Emotions, speech, and the art of politics in fifteenth-century York: House Books, mystery plays and Richard duke of Gloucester

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 September 2016

SARAH REES JONES*
Affiliation:
Department of History, Centre for Medieval Studies, University of York, York, YO1 7EP, UK

Abstract:

The York House Books provide much-cited evidence of Richard III's relationship with the City of York in 1485, yet the nature and purpose of the House Books has never been satisfactorily explored. Through a focus on the records of a single year (1476–77), this article places their development within the context of new forms of civic bureaucracy in England and France in which the recording of emotions and speech had particular rhetorical and political significance in the reign of Edward IV. This expanding culture of civic literacy led not only to the creation of fuller records of civic politics and events (including the surviving texts of the Corpus Christi drama), but also enabled new forms of political activity.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Reid, R.R., The King's Council in the North (London, 1921), 42–7Google Scholar; Palliser, D.M., Tudor York (Oxford, 1979), 43 Google ScholarPubMed; Pollard, A.J., 'North, south and Richard III', The Ricardian, 74 (1981), 384–90Google Scholar; Hicks, M.A., ‘Richard, duke of Gloucester and the north’, in Horrox, R. (ed.), Richard III and the North (Hull, 1986), 1126 Google Scholar; D.M. Palliser, ‘Richard III and York’, in Horrox (ed.), Richard III and the North, 51–81; Pollard, A.J. (ed.), The North of England in the Reign of Richard III (Stroud, 1996)Google Scholar; Hicks, Michael and Horspool, D., Richard III: A Ruler and his Reputation (London, 2015), 4950.Google Scholar

2 Lady Justice Hallett and others, Judgement in the High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division. The Plantagenet Alliance Ltd v. The Secretary of State for Justice and Others, Neutral Citation Number: [2014] EWHC 1662, Case No.: CO/5313/2013, 23 May 2014, pp. 2–3. A PDF of the judgement can be downloaded from the Courts and Tribunals Judiciary website www.judiciary.gov.uk/judgments/, accessed 29 Aug. 2014.

3 L. Earle, ‘Philippa Langley: hero or villain?’, The Independent, 10 Feb. 2013, online at www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/philippa-langley-hero-or-villain-8488318.html, accessed 10 Jun. 2014; C. Fletcher, ‘(Dead) kings and queens history: Richard III and the car park saga’, online at the University of Sheffield's History Matters, www.historymatters.group.shef.ac.uk/richard-iiidead-kings-queens-history/, accessed 10 Jun. 2014; R. Catton, ‘Family bid for Richard III's return’, York Press, 9 Feb. 2013, online at www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/10218188.Family_bid_for_Richard_III_s_return/, accessed 10 Feb. 2016.

4 York City Archives (YCA), B 2/4, fol. 169v; York House Books 1461–1490, ed. Lorraine C. Attreed, 2 vols. (Stroud, 1991) (House Books), vol. I, 368–9.

5 See definitions ‘Hevinesse’ (n.), Middle English Dictionary (Michigan, 2001), online at http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/med/, accessed 10 Jun. 2014.

6 Palliser, ‘Richard III and York’.

7 White, S.D., ‘The politics of anger’, in Rosenwein, B.H. (ed.), Anger's Past: The Social Uses of an Emotion in the Middle Ages (Ithaca, NY, 1998), 127–52Google Scholar; Rosenwein, Barbara H., ‘Thinking historically about medieval emotions’, History Compass, 8 (2010), 828–42, at 830–1CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

8 Dumolyn, J. and Lecuppre-Desjardin, E., ‘Propagande et sensibilité: la fibre émotionelle au coeur des luttes politiques et sociales dans les villes des anciens Pay-Bas bourguignons. L'exemple de la révolte brugeoise de 1436–1438’, in Lecuppre-Desjardin, E. and Van Bruaene, A.-L. (eds.), Emotions in the Heart of the City (Turnhout, 2005), 4162 Google Scholar.

9 For example the common use of love-days in the arbitration of disputes such as those in Norwich in 1414: Mcree, B.R., ‘Peacemaking and its limits in late medieval Norwich’, English Historical Review, 111 (1994), 831–66, at 850CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

10 House Books, vol. I, xi–xviii. By 1909, the earliest surviving materials dated from 1475, earlier records in the series (which had been noted by earlier archivists) had been lost by that date. Extensive extracts from the House Books up to 1591 were published as Raine, A. and Sutton, D. (eds.), York Civic Records, 9 vols. (Leeds: Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Series, 1939–78)Google Scholar. Lorraine Attreed's more recent edition (House Books) provides a full transcript and translation up to 1490.

11 House Books, vol. I, 4: ‘Rigistrum civitatis Ebor de novo factum. . .Februario anno regni regis Edwardi iiiiti post conquestum anno. . .tempore Thome Wrangwishe tunc maioris civitatis predicte.’ Wrangwish was mayor from February 1476 to February 1477 and again in 1484–85. For this article, the particular focus will be on the records for his first mayoralty.

12 For further background and more detailed bibliographies on the civic constitution and ceremonial of the City of York in the later fifteenth century, see Miller, E., ‘Medieval York’, in Tillot, P.M. (ed.), A History of Yorkshire: The City of York (London, 1961), 25116, at 75–84Google Scholar; Jones, S. Rees (ed.), The Government of Medieval York: Essays in Commemoration of the 1396 Royal Charter (York, 1997)Google Scholar; Kermode, J., Medieval Merchants: York, Beverley and Hull in the Later Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1998), 2569 Google Scholar; Palliser, D.M., Medieval York, 600–1540 (Oxford, 2014), 254–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

13 For what follows, see Jones, S. Rees, York: The Making of a City, 1068–1350 (Oxford, 2013), 214–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

14 YCA, D 1. This coincided with the adoption of the codex in London for the civic Letter Books (1272–).

15 Blickley, F., Little Red Book of Bristol, 2 vols. (Bristol, 1900)Google Scholar; P. Studer (ed.), The Oak Book of Southampton of c. A.D. 1300 (Southampton Record Society, 1911).

16 YCA, D 1, fols. 311–320v; YCA, E20, E20/A; Sellers, M. and Percy, J.W. (eds.), York Memorandum Books, 3 vols. (Durham: Surtees Society, 1912–73) (Memorandum Books)Google Scholar; Liddy, Christian D., ‘Urban conflict in late fourteenth-century England: the case of York in 1380–1’, English Historical Review, 118 (2003), 132, at 13CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

17 For the development of historical perspectives through the use of legal compilations in London, see Hanna, R., London Literature, 1300–1380 (Cambridge, 2005), 54–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

18 Memorandum Books, vol. III, 123–4.

19 Carruthers, M., The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture (Cambridge, 1990), 116 Google Scholar.

20 YCA, E20, fols. 219v–246v; E20/A, fols. 88v, 135r–136r; Memorandum Books, vol. II, 101; Memorandum Books, vol. III, 123–4, 172–3.

21 Jones, S. Rees, ‘Richard Scrope, the Bolton hours and the church of St Martin in Micklegate: reconstructing a holy neighbourhood in later medieval York’, in Goldberg, P.J.P., Richard Scrope, Archbishop, Rebel, Martyr (Donington, 2007), 214–36, at 220–2Google Scholar.

22 Brewer, T., The Life and Times of John Carpenter, Town Clerk of London in the Reigns of Henry V and Henry VI (London, 1856)Google Scholar; Carrel, H., ‘Food, drink and public order in the London “Liber Albus”’, Urban History, 33 (2006), 176–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Appleford, A., ‘The good death of Richard Whittington: corpse to corporation’, in Akbari, S. and Ross, J. (eds.), The Ends of the Body in Medieval Culture (Toronto, 2012)Google Scholar.

23 Records in English in the Memorandum Books were published in Raine, J. (ed.), A Volume of English Miscellanies Illustrating the History and Language of the Northern Counties of England (Durham: Surtees Society 85, 1890), 122, 35–52Google Scholar.

24 House Books, vol. I, 44.

25 Ibid., 60–1.

26 Ibid., 44, 45, 46–8, 50.

27 Ibid., 4–79.

28 Powell, E., ‘Arbitration and the law in England in the late Middle Ages’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 33 (1983), 4967 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Attreed, L., ‘Arbitration and the growth of urban liberties in late medieval England’, Journal of British Studies, 31 (1992), 205–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

29 Memorandum Books, vol. II, 54–5.

30 House Books, vol. I, 29, 34, 36.

31 For a nuanced discussion of the relationship between speech and written letters see S.R. Williams, ‘English vernacular letters c. 1400–1600. Language, literacy and culture’, unpublished Centre for Medieval Studies, University of York Ph.D. thesis, 2001, 14–15.

32 For definitions, see ‘conversacioun, n.’, Middle English Dictionary, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/med, accessed 8 Jul. 2015); ‘conversation, n.’, Oxford English Dictionary Online (Oxford, 2014), www.oed.com/>, accessed 23 Jul. 2014. The focus in the aldermanic council was overwhelmingly on male speech. Lesser, neighbourhood, courts could be more concerned about female speech: Bardsley, S., Venomous Tongues: Speech and Gender in Late Medieval England (Philadelphia, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

33 Raine, J. (ed.), A Volume of English Miscellanies Illustrating the History and Language of the Northern Counties of England (Durham: Surtees Society, 1888), 10 Google Scholar; Jones, S. Rees and Riddy, F., ‘The Bolton Hours of York: female domestic piety and the public sphere’, in Mulder-Bakker, A.B. and Wogan-Browne, J. (eds.), Household, Women and Christianities in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Turnhout, 2005), 216–17Google Scholar.

34 House Books, vol. I, 4, 8, 10, 63, 72, 75; ‘wel-biloved’, Middle English Dictionary, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/med, accessed 18 Jul. 2016.

35 House Books, vol. I, 45–7, 73.

36 Ibid ., 114.

37 Williams, ‘English vernacular letters’; Barron, C., London in the Later Middle Ages: Government and People 1200–1500 (Oxford, 2004), 154–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Harris, M.D. (ed.), The Coventry Leet Book or Mayor's Register: Containing the Records of the City Court Leet, or, View of Frankpledge, A.D. 1420–1555 with Divers Other Matters (London: Early English Text Society, 1907)Google Scholar; Norfolk County Record Office, Case 16D; Maddern, P., ‘Order and disorder’, in Rawcliffe, C. and Wilson, R. (eds.), Medieval Norwich (London, 2004), 189212 Google Scholar.

38 Chevalier, B., ‘ Les bonne villes and the king's council in fifteenth-century France’, in Highfield, J.R.L. and Jeffs, R. (eds.), The Crown and Local Communities in England and France in the Fifteenth Century (Gloucester, 1981), 110–28Google Scholar; Small, G., ‘Municipal registers of deliberations in the late Middle Ages: cross-Channel comparisons’, in Genet, J.-P. (ed.), Les idées passent-elles La Manche? (Paris, 2007), 3766 Google Scholar.

39 Rivaud, D., Les villes et le roi. Les municipalités de Bourges, Poitiers et Tours et l’émergence de l’état moderne, v. 1440 – v. 1560 (Rennes, 2007), 175, 180–6, 192CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

40 Small, G., George Chastelain and the Shaping of Valois Burgundy: Political and Historical Culture at Court in the Fifteenth Century (Woodbridge, 1997), 137–8Google Scholar. In Burgundy, the importance of civic registers in consolidating political relationships was further emphasized by the destruction of civic archives considered antipathetic to ducal government: Lowagie, H., ‘The political implications of urban archival documents in late medieval Flemish cities: the example of the diary of Ghent’, in Mostert, M. and Adamska, A. (eds.), Writing and the Administration of Medieval Towns, Medieval Urban Literacy I (Turnhout, 2014), 209–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

41 Harris (ed.), Coventry Leet Book, 314–16. This correspondence was but one part of a major propaganda initiative aimed at the hearts and minds of the people of England by the Yorkist party in 1460–61. See Ross, C., ‘Rumour, propaganda and popular opinion during the Wars of the Roses’, in Griffiths, R. (ed.), Patronage, the Crown and the Provinces in Later Medieval England (Gloucester, 1981), 1532 Google Scholar.

42 House Books, vol. I, xx–xxiii, 371–2, 377–8, 384, 398, 466–7, 471–2, 473–6, 478–9, 487–8, 587–8.

43 Scase, W., Literature and Complaint in England, 1272–1553 (Oxford, 2007)Google Scholar.

44 Wakelin, D., Humanism, Reading and English Literature 1430–1530 (Oxford, 2007), 160–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

45 Coleman, J., Public Reading and the Reading Public in Late Medieval England and France (Cambridge, 1996)Google Scholar.

46 This helps explain the much greater volume of common complaint entered in to civic records from the later fifteenth century noted in Liddy, C., ‘Urban enclosure riots: risings of the commons in English towns, 1480–1525’, Past and Present, 226 (2015), 4177, at 72CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

47 Bauman, Z., Liquid Modernity (Cambridge, 2000)Google Scholar.

48 Royal Commission of Historical Monuments of England: The City of York, vol. V (London, 1981), 76–93.

49 Dobson, R.B., ‘Aliens in the city of York during the fifteenth century’, in Mitchell, J. (ed.), assisted by M. Moran, England and the Continent in the Middle Ages: Studies in Memory of Andrew Martindale: Proceedings of the 1996 Harlaxton Symposium (Stamford, 2000), 249–66Google Scholar.

50 House Books, vol. I, 2, 250; ibid., vol. II, 475, 515, 663.

51 Ibid ., vol. I, 29–30.

52 Beadle, R., ‘Nicholas Lancaster, Richard of Gloucester and the York Corpus Christi play’, in Rogerson, M. (ed.), The York Mystery Plays: Performance in the City (Woodbridge, 2011), 3152 Google Scholar.

53 House Books, vol. I, 40–1. The two new plays on the funeral and the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary may have been understood to bolster the status of the mayor whose annual election fell at Candlemass. In addition to these two Marian plays, the coronation of the Virgin was, before 1463, the responsibility of the mayor. See C. Davidson (ed.), The York Corpus Christi Plays, online edition in the University of Rochester's TEAMS Middle English Texts Series (2011), http://d.lib.rochester.edu/teams/publication/davidson-the-york-corpus-christi-plays, accessed 29 Aug. 2014, Play 46, ‘The Coronation of the Virgin’.

54 Raine and Sutton (eds.), York Civic Records, vol. II, 56–9, 70–1, 74–5, 89–100.

55 Liddy, C. and Haemers, J., ‘Popular politics in the late medieval city: York and Bruges’, English Historical Review, 128 (2013), 771805, at 771CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

56 King, P., The York Mystery Plays and the Worship of the City (Woodbridge, 2006), 112 Google Scholar.

57 See references in n. 1 above; and Liddy and Haemers, ‘Popular politics’.

58 S. Rees Jones, ‘York's civic administration, 1354–1464’, in Rees Jones (ed.), The Government of Medieval York, 109–39, at 135.

59 Pollard (ed.), The North of England.

60 House Books, vol. I, 8, 78. The number 5,000 may not be literally accurate, but suggests a show of very significant force.

61 Raine, J. (ed.), The Register of the Guild of Corpus Christi in the City of York (Durham: Surtees Society, 1871), 101 Google Scholar. For Yotten, see n. 26 above.

62 Miller, ‘Medieval York’, 61; Palliser, ‘Richard III and York’; Palliser, Medieval York, 246–7.

63 Wrangwish remained a keen supporter of Richard III even after Richard's deposition. See Palliser, , ‘Richard III and York’; Hicks, M., ‘The Yorkshire rebellion of 1489 reconsidered’, Northern History, 22 (1986), 3962 Google Scholar.

64 Beadle, ‘Nicholas Lancaster’.

65 Lancaster then, was the mayor of York who presided over the meeting in which the record of Richard's piteous murder was made in Aug. 1485.

66 See above, n. 25.

67 Richard owned an ‘Hours of the Virgin’, which contained a prayer apparently written by himself: Duffy, E., Marking the Hours: English People and their Prayers, 1240–1570 (Yale, 2006), 100 Google Scholar; Rivaud, Les villes, 220–6

68 See Palliser, ‘Richard III and York’; Pollard, A.J., North-Eastern England during the Wars of the Roses: Lay Society, War, and Politics, 1450–1500 (Oxford, 1990), 332, 354Google Scholar.

69 House Books, vol. II, 707.

70 Liddy and Haemers, ‘Popular politics’, 805.

71 Raine and Sutton (eds.), York Civic Records, vol. II, 98; ibid., vol. III, 4–5.