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² Abu-Lughod, J., ‘Tale of two cities: the origins of modern Cairo’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 7 (1965), 429–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious (Princeton, 1971).

³ Arnaud, J.-L., Le Caire: mis en place d'une ville moderne, 1867–1907 (Paris, 1998), 357–9Google Scholar.

⁴ M. Volait, ‘Making Cairo modern (1870–1950): multiple models for a “European-style” urbanism’, in Nasr and Volait (eds.), Urbanism: Imported or Exported?, 17–50.

⁵ Fahmy, K., ‘An olfactory tale of two cities: Cairo in the nineteenth century’, in Edwards, J. (ed.), Historians in Cairo: Essays in Honour of George Scanlon (Cairo, 2002), 155–87Google Scholar; H.F. Ahmed, ‘Nineteenth-century Cairo: a dual city?’, 143–72, and Fahmy, K., ‘Modernizing Cairo: a revisionist narrative’, 173–200, both in AlSayyad, N., Bierman, I.A., and Rabbat, N. (eds.), Making Cairo Medieval (Lanham, 2005)Google Scholar; M. Elshahed, ‘Facades of modernity: image, performance, and transformation of the Egyptian metropolis’, MIT MA thesis, 2007, 30–1.

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⁸ Abu-Lughod, ‘Tale of two cities’, 440. Her theory may reflect an urban legend in Cairo, already registered in the 1890s: Sharubim, M., al-Kafi fi Taʾrikh Misr al-Qadim wa-l-Hadith, 4 vols. (Cairo, 2004; orig. publ. 1898), vol. IV, 186–7Google Scholar.

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¹⁰ Scharabi, M., Kairo: Stadt und Architektur im Zeitalter des europäischen Kolonialismus (Tübingen, 1989), 79Google Scholar; ʿAli, ʿA.ʿA., al-Qahira fi ʿAsr Ismaʿil (Cairo, 1998), 27–9Google Scholar.

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¹² Arnaud, Le Caire, 358.

¹³ G. Charmes quoted in Volait, ‘Making Cairo modern’, 21.

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¹⁵ Behrens-Abouseif, Azbakiyya, 40–3.

¹⁶ Wiet, G., Cairo: City of Art and Commerce (Norman, 1964), 119–21Google Scholar; idem, ‘Fêtes et jeux au Caire’, Annales Islamologiques, 8 (1969), 99–128; Behrens-Abouseif, Azbakiyya, 24–5, 77–8; Sadgrove, P., The Egyptian Theatre in the Nineteenth Century (Cairo, 2007; orig. publ. 1996), 13Google Scholar; ʿAbdun, S., Khamsun ʿAman min al-Musiqa wa-l-Ubira (Cairo, 2000), 45Google Scholar.

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¹⁹ Behrens-Abouseif, Azbakiyya, 78; Cole, Napoleon's Egypt, 115, 123–4. In case of an earthquake, Cairenes also ran to Azbakiyya to seek safety in the open space. Al-Jabarti, ʿAjaʾib, vol. III, 233–4.

²⁰ Wiet, Cairo, 121.

²¹ Shoshan, B., Popular Culture in Medieval Cairo (Cambridge, 1993), 20CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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²⁷ Fahmy, ‘Modernizing Cairo’, 181; Basha, A. Sami, Taqwim al-Nil, 3 parts in 5 vols. (Cairo, 2003, reprint of 1936), pt 2 (vol. II), 547–52Google Scholar.

²⁸ This waqf belonged to the Bakri family (information gratefully received from A. Sabra). de Bellefonds, M.L., Mémoires sur les principaux travaux d'utilité publique exécutés en Égypte, depuis la plus haute antiquité jusqu'à nos jours (Paris, 1872), 596Google Scholar, indicates that the new park's designer was ‘Murthan Bey’, the minister of public works who studied in Europe. Such a description rather fits Muhammad Mazhar (d. 1873). Sami, Taqwim al-Nil, pt 2 (vol. II), 598; Heyworth-Dunne, J., An Introduction to the History of Education in Modern Egypt (London, 1938), 161Google Scholar; M. Karkégi, ‘Commentaires topographiques’ (L'Égypte d'antan, www.egyptedantan.com/egypt.htm, accessed 25 Mar. 2011), identifies ‘l'ingénieur Marilhat’ but P. Marilhat, an artist, painted a Place de l'Esbekieh.

²⁹ Fahmy, ‘Modernizing Cairo’, 189.

³⁰ Raymond, Le Caire, 300; Arnaud, Le Caire, 40.

³¹ Najm, Z. al-ʿA. Sh. al-D., Misr fi ʿAhday ʿAbbas wa-Saʿid (Cairo, 2007), 189, 192, 203Google Scholar.

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³³ de Nerval, G., Voyage en Orient, 2 vols. (Paris, 1851), vol. I, 141–2Google Scholar. Pfeiffer, I., A Visit to the Holy Land, Egypt and Italy (London, 1852), 245Google Scholar, saw building materials in 1842 while according to Schoelcher, V., L'Égypte en 1845 (Paris, 1846), 174Google Scholar, in 1845 it was still under construction. Cf. Ampère, J.-J., Voyage en Égypte et en Nubie (Paris, 1868), 233Google Scholar.

³⁴ Humphreys, A., Grand Hotels of Egypt in the Golden Age of Travel (Cairo, 2011), 48–51Google Scholar.

³⁵ Laorty-Hadji, Le R.P., L'Égypte (Paris, 1856), 234–5Google Scholar.

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³⁷ Apart from Zeyneb Hanım and Kamil Pasha's famous palace (Sarāy al-Azbakiyya), on the south side stood Ahmed (Tahir) Pasha's and Abbas Hilmi's palaces (Lane, E.W., Cairo Fifty Years Ago (London, 1896), 71Google Scholar) and during the rule of the latter, Said Pasha also acquired land at Azbakiyya to build a palace, Sami, Taqwim al-Nil, pt 3 (vol. I), 21.

³⁸ Konrad, F., Der Hof der Khediven von Ägypten: Herrscherhaushalt, Hofgesellschaft und Hofhaltung (Würzburg, 2008), 351 and 353Google Scholar.

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⁴⁰ Toledano, E., State and Society in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Egypt (Cambridge, 1990), 243Google Scholar.

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⁴² Bellefonds, Mémoires, 598.

⁴³ de Pardieu, C., Excursion en Orient (Paris, 1851), 36Google Scholar.

⁴⁴ Lane, E.W., An Account of the Manners and Costumes of the Modern Egyptians (London, 1860), 333Google Scholar.

⁴⁵ Joanne, Itinéraire de l'Orient, 972.

⁴⁶ Dar al-Wathaʾiq al-Qawmiyya (The National Archives of Egypt, DWQ), Muhafazat Misr files (MM) 2002–000019 (p. 14), note from al-Maʿiyya al-Khidiwiyya to Muhafazat Misr, 11 Muḥarram 1273.

⁴⁷ al-Khulaʿi, M.K., al-Musiqa al-Sharqi (1904–6; Cairo, 2000), 142Google Scholar. al-Najmi, K., Turath al-Ghinaʾ al-ʿArabi (Cairo, 1993), 106Google Scholar, gives the coffeehouse of Shaykh Shaʿban. Yet Shaʿban was a singer-master of ʿAbduh; cf. Rizq, Q., Al-Musiqa al-Sharqiyya wa-l-Ghinaʾ al-ʿArabi wa-Nusrat al-Khidiwi Ismaʿil li-l-Funun al-Jamila wa-Hayat ʿAbduh al-Hamuli, 4 vols. (Cairo, 1936–43)Google Scholar; F. Lagrange, ‘Musiciens et poètes en Égypte au temps de la Nahḍa’, Université de Paris VIII à Saint Denis Ph.D. thesis, 1994, 67–71.

⁴⁸ Poitou, E., Un hiver en Égypte (Tours, 1860), 122–3Google Scholar; Baillière, H., En Égypte: Alexandrie, Port Said, Suez, Caire: journal d'un tourist (Paris, 1867), 206–11Google Scholar.

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⁵² A certain Mm. Colrinde Rogé hosted a musical evening at her home. Le Ménestrel, 7 Jun. 1835, 4.

⁵³ Pfeiffer, A Visit to the Holy Land, 245; De Nerval, Voyage en Orient, 112, 168–70; Sadgrove, The Egyptian Theatre, 37–9. Behrens-Abouseif, Azbakiyya, 88–9, believes that this building was the French army's Comédie. This possibility may be excluded; cf. Le Ménestrel, 7 Jun. 1835, 4: ‘il ne manque qu'un théâtre pour jouer l'Opéra’.

⁵⁴ Sadgrove, The Egyptian Theatre, 42.

⁵⁵ Le Ménestrel, 7 Dec. 1862, 7.

⁵⁶ Audouard, Les mystères de l'Égypte, 199, 297–8.

⁵⁷ L.S.R. complains in 1868 that (French/European) ‘musique n'existe pas en Égypte’. Le Ménestrel, 24 May 1868, 204–5. Bellefonds remarked that in the cafés ‘actes d'ivrognerie, de débauche, de filouterie’ took place, Mémoires, 599.

⁵⁸ Gekas, S., ‘Colonial migrants and the making of a British Mediterranean’, European Review of History, 19 (2012), 75–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁹ Arnaud, Le Caire, 48.

⁶⁰ DWQ/ʿAbdin/Diwan al-Khidiwi (Mutafarriqat), Carton 616, receipts and contract for Said Pasha's ‘teatro francese’ from Apr. to Sep. 1860, the first receipt dated Alexandria, 1 Apr. 1860.

⁶¹ W. Hanley, ‘Foreigness and localness in Alexandria’, Princeton Ph.D. thesis, 2007.

⁶² Papageorgiou, I., ‘Adelaide Ristori's tour of the East Mediterranean (1864–1865) and the discourse on the formation of modern Greek theatre’, Theatre Research International, 33 (2008), 161–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶³ Hanssen, J., ‘History, heritage and modernity: cities in the Muslim world between deconstruction and reconstruction’, in Cook, M. (ed.), The New Cambridge History of Islam, 6 vols. (Cambridge, 2010), vol. VI, 515–42Google Scholar.

⁶⁴ Sevengil, R.A., Opera sanʿatı ile ilk temaslarımız (Istanbul, 1959)Google Scholar; And, M., ‘Türkiyede Italyan Sahnesi’, Italyan Filologi-Filologia Italiana, 2 (1970), 127–42Google Scholar; and Aracı, E., Naum Tiyatrosu: 19. yüzyıl İstanbulu'nun İtalyan Operası (Istanbul, 2010)Google Scholar.

⁶⁵ La Comédie, 17 Feb. 1867, 9.

⁶⁶ Le Ménestrel, 7 Dec. 1862, 7.

⁶⁷ Letter dated 28 Nov. 1862, Mr Thayer to Mr Seward, in United States Department of State, Message of the President of the United States, and Accompanying Documents, to the Two Houses of Congress, at the Commencement of the First Session of the Thirty-eighth Congress, 2 parts (US Government Printing Office, 1863), pt 2, 1197–8. Digitalized version: Foreign Relations of the United States, University of Wisconsin, http://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/FRUS, accessed 25 Jun. 2012.

⁶⁸ Clancy-Smith, J., Mediterraneans: North Africa and Europe in an Age of Migration (Berkeley, 2011), 8Google Scholar.

⁶⁹ Fahmy, ‘Modernizing Cairo’, 183–5.

⁷⁰ Abu-Lughod, ‘Tale of two cities’, 437–8; Fahmy, ‘Modernizing Cairo’, 185. Widening Muski's street, order dated 28 Rabīʿ al-Awwal 1280 (9 Dec. 1863), in Sami, Taqwim al-Nil, pt 3 (vol. II), 512. Although not as significant as the aggressive urbanism from 1868, all in all this early urban policy was certainly more than ‘aucun développement remarquable’, as Arnaud states, Le Caire, 46.

⁷¹ Pacha, Nubar, Mémoires (Beirut, 1983), 312Google Scholar; Raymond, Le Caire, 309; Abu-Lughod, Cairo: 1001 Years, 104–5; Volait, Architectes, 103–6.

⁷² Cf. Sami, Taqwim al-Nil, pt 3 (vol. II), corresponding hijri years.

⁷³ Volait, Architectes, 90–7; G. Alleaume, ‘Politiques urbaines et contrôle de l'entreprise: une loi inédite de ʿAli Mubarak sur les corporations du bâtiment’, Annales Islamologiques, 21 (1985), 155–6; Raymond, Le Caire, 310.

⁷⁴ For instance, the plan submitted in 1868 by ʿAli Mubarak was not implemented. Fahmy, ‘Modernizing Cairo’, 180. Original in Alleaume, ‘Politiques urbaines’, 147–88.

⁷⁵ Arnaud, Le Caire, 82.

⁷⁶ Arnaud thought that the mostly French documents in the (former) ʿAhd Ismaʿil (in the following AI) section of DWQ covered all that took place in Cairo in the period and so he did not use Arabic archival sources. Fahmy, ‘Modernizing Cairo’, 179–80.

⁷⁷ Nubar, Mémoires, 211.

⁷⁸ Halim Pasha's palace and the munākh of Ahmed Pasha was registered as mīrī-land, dated 3 Shaʿbān 1280 (13 Jan. 1864). Sami, Taqwim al-Nil, pt 3 (vol. II), 534.

⁷⁹ Arnaud, Le Caire, 46.

⁸⁰ Perhaps due to Egypt's financial crisis in the summer of 1866 or to the 1865 European crash. Arboit, G., ‘L'arme financière dans les relations internationales: l'affaire Cernuschi sous le Second Empire’, Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, 46 (1999), 545–59, here 546CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸¹ Volait, ‘Making Cairo modern’, 26; Arnaud, Le Caire, 46; Nubar, Mémoires, 255.

⁸² Cf. Nubar's narrative in his Mémoires, 256–9, as opposed to Sami, Taqwim al-Nil, pt 3 (vol. II), 688 (order dated 8 Shawwāl 1283, giving compensation to Nubar for his house); and DWQ/MM 2002–000253, letter dated 23 Shaʿbān 1285 (9 Dec. 1868).

⁸³ Danglar, E.G., Lettres sur l'Égypte, 1865–1875 (Paris, 1876), 13–14Google Scholar.

⁸⁴ ‘L'unique théâtre que possedait la ville du Caire a été demoli’, La Revue musicale de Paris, 33 (14 Oct. 1866), 326.

⁸⁵ Sacré, A. and Outrebon, L., L'Égypte et Ismaïl Pacha (Paris, 1865), 243Google Scholar.

⁸⁶ de Basterot, Le Vicomte, Le Liban, la Galilée, et Rome (Paris, 1869), 272Google Scholar.

⁸⁷ Abu-Lughod admits that Azbakiyya's new plan was first discussed and only then was the new district of Ismaʿiliyya drawn. She dates both as 1867 (!). Abu-Lughod, Cairo: 1001 Years, 106.

⁸⁸ Bellefonds, Mémoires, 599; cf. Volait, Architectes, 111.

⁸⁹ According to Fahmy, ʿAli Mubarak and Khedive Ismail agreed to start the transformation of Cairo at Azbakiyya. Fahmy, ‘Modernizing Cairo’, 177. However, in Dec. 1867, Ismail had already demanded to see the plans of the gardens in Paris. Volait, ‘Making Cairo modern’, 25.

⁹⁰ Volait, Architectes, 111–16.

⁹¹ Cf. the story of a new sāqiya 1865/66–1870s for Sarāy al-Azbakiyya, instead of the one which was destroyed by the French, in DWQ/al-Majlis al-Khususi, 0019–000313 and 0019–000316; and DWQ/MM 2002–000253, two letters dated 15 Rajab 1285, and more; cf. Arnaud, Le Caire, 51 (and n. 80), for the plan of Cordier (12 Mar. 1868).

⁹² Sadgrove, The Egyptian Theatre, 52. Karkegi, ‘Commentaires topographiques’, referring to Le Progrès Egyptien, 17 Oct. 1868, 3, states that the theatre burned down. The khedive paid compensation to the owners of the burned houses, like Shaykh ʿAli al-Qabbani, DWQ/MM daftar 2002–000255.

⁹³ Rosenzweig, R. and Blackmar, E., The Park and the People: A History of Central Park (Ithaca, NY, 1992)Google Scholar.

⁹⁴ A perhaps important detail is provided by an article in which the citizens of Pera/Beyoğlu demand a new promenade/public garden, published in Sep. 1868, when the khedive visited Istanbul. Levant Herald, 4 Sep. 1868, 1. For the Taksim Garden, completed in 1869, Çelik, Z., The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley, 1993), 69Google Scholar.

⁹⁵ Arnaud, Le Caire, 73–5, mentions only Cordier. However, for instance, MM's engineer ʿAli Mansur executed the measurement of Junaynat al-Ṭawāshī, DWQ/MM 2002–004267, order dated 19 Ṣafar 1285 (6 Jun. 1868).

⁹⁶ DWQ/MM 2002–000253, from MM to Ashghal-i ʿUmumiyya, 19 Shaʿbān 1285 (5 Dec. 1868).

⁹⁷ Delchevalerie, G., Le parc public de l'Ezbékieh au Caire (Ghent, 1897), 2Google Scholar.

⁹⁸ Al-Jawaʾib, 12 Apr. 1871, 2, as translated in Sadgrove, The Egyptian Theatre, 61–2.

⁹⁹ Order to Nāẓir al-Māliyya, dated 17 Ṣafar 1287, Sami, Taqwim al-Nil, pt 3 (vol. II), 861–2.

¹⁰⁰ For instance, MM repeats that muṣarrifāt al-Tiyātrū wa-l-Janbāz al-Khuyūl laysat min al-tabaʿiyyat li-Muḥāfaẓat (the expenses of the Theatre and the Circus do not belong to the Governorate). DWQ/MM daftar 2002–000256 (p. 95), MM to Umur-i Khassa, 12 Dhū al-Ḥijja 1285 (26 Mar. 1869). Later, it had to be clarified that not even the gardens of the theatres were in the care of the MM. DWQ/MM daftar 2002–000262 (p. 25), 20 Shaʿbān 1286 (25 Nov. 1869).

¹⁰¹ Said, E.W., Culture and Imperialism (New York, 1993), 114Google Scholar.

¹⁰² DWQ/AI Carton 80, to Kiamil Bey, 22 Sep. 1868.

¹⁰³ Levant Herald, 16 Oct. 1868, 2.

¹⁰⁴ He had been the chief architect of the khedivial palaces (Bāsh-muhandis ʿimārāt-ı saniyya) since 1863. Volait, Architectes, 67. DWQ/MM 2002–000255 and 2002–000256, several dispatches during 1285 (1868–69).

¹⁰⁵ Carl von Diebitsch (1819–69) had drawn a plan of a theatre for the khedive that resembles the final Comédie (Architekturmuseum der Technischen Universität Berlin, Universitätsbibliothek, inv. n. 41638). Hector Horeau (1801–72) also had drawn a never-realized plan of an Egyptian theatre in Apr. 1870 (Victoria and Albert Museum, published in Dufournet, P., Hector Horeau précurseur: idées, techniques, architecture (Paris, 1980], 124–5)Google Scholar. I am grateful to R. Bodenstein and M. Volait for calling my attention to these images.

¹⁰⁶ Sharubim, al-Kafi, vol. IV, 187.

¹⁰⁷ Sadgrove, The Egyptian Theatre, 46.

¹⁰⁸ al-Ayyubi, I., Taʾrikh Misr fi ʿAhd al-Khidiw Ismaʿil, 2 vols. (1922; Cairo, 1996), vol. I, 292Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁹ Volait, Architectes, 106. Franz might work under/with an Egyptian, Muhammad Bey, at the time maʾmūr al-abniyya (‘commissioner in charge with buildings’). Ismaʿil, S.A., Taʾrikh al-Masrah fi Misr fi al-Qarn Tasiʿ ʿAshar (Cairo, 1997; repr. 2005)Google Scholar, 31 n. 2, with reference to al-Waqaʾiʿ al-Misriyya, 8 Apr. 1869. I had no access to this number.

¹¹⁰ Dupavillon, C., Architectures du cirque, des origines à nos jours (Paris, 1982), 175Google Scholar.

¹¹¹ Thétard, H., La merveilleuse histoire du cirque (Paris, 1978), 218Google Scholar.

¹¹² Many European visitors thought the 1869 autumn opening its inauguration (for instance, Blanc, Voyage, 41), yet the Circus was already in use during the spring of 1869, its troupe (Rancy's) already having arrived on 6 February 1869. Levant Herald, 18 Feb. 1869, 4.

¹¹³ Leconte, M.-L. Crosnier and Volait, M., L'Égypte d'un architecte: Ambroise Baudry (1838–1906) (Paris, 1998), 63 and n. 53Google Scholar.

¹¹⁴ Levant Herald, 9 Feb. 1869, 3.

¹¹⁵ Levant Herald, 24 Apr. 1870, 10.

¹¹⁶ ʿAbdun, S., ʿAyida wa-Miʾa Shamʿa (Cairo, 1975), 47Google Scholar; Ulacacci, N., Pietro Avoscani: cenni biografici ([Leghorn], 1871)Google Scholar; Balboni, L.A., Gl'Italiani nella Civiltà Egiziana del Secolo XIX, 2 vols. (Alexandria, 1906), vol. I, 294–408Google Scholar; Tagher, J., ‘Pietro Avoscani, artiste-décorateur et homme d'affaires’, Cahiers d'histoire égyptienne, 4 (1949), 306–14Google Scholar; Douin, G., Histoire du règne du Khédive Ismail (Rome, 1934), 470–1Google Scholar; Arnaud, Le Caire, 59–61; Pallini, C., ‘Italian architects and modern Egypt’, in Studies in Architecture, History and Culture: Papers by the 2003–2004 AKPIA@MIT Visiting Fellows (Cambridge, MA, 2006), 39–50Google Scholar; Volait, Architectes, 51, 106. Other names include Julius Franz (Mubarak, A., Al-Khitat al-Tawfiqiyya, 20 vols. (Cairo, 1886–89; repr. 1980–2007), vol. XVIII, 241Google Scholar); ‘Fasciotti and Rossi’ (Mostyn, T., Egypt's Belle Epoque: Cairo and the Age of the Hedonists (London, 1989; repr. 2006), 72Google Scholar, without any further reference); ‘Avoscani and Rossi’ (Cairo Opera House: www.cairoopera.org/history.aspx, accessed 2 Nov. 2009). Avoscani was certainly the entrepreneur. Draneht Bey accepted his offer to be engaged to ‘direct the construction and the decoration of the Theatre’ (‘engagé à diriger la construction et la décoration du Théâtre’). This letter (dated 21 Apr. 1869) is quoted in a letter, DWQ/AI Carton 80, from ‘Nazir de la Daira Hassa’ to Avoscani, 18 Sep. 1869.

¹¹⁷ ‘M. Frantz-Bey, architecte du khédive, a réduit de 150.000 Francs le mémoire de l'entrepreneur Avoscani, constructeur du Théâtre-Italien du Caire, rien que pour la peinture décorative’. Le Ménestrel, 15 May 1870, 191. Perhaps an ʿAli Rida Bey was also responsible. Ismaʿil, Taʾrikh al-Masrah, 53 (without reference).

¹¹⁸ LeBlanc, L. and LeBlanc, G., Traité d'aménagement des salles de spectacles, 2 vols. (Paris, 1950), vol. II, 4–5Google Scholar.

¹¹⁹ Garnier, C., Le théâtre (Paris, 1871), 401–6Google Scholar; cf. Pougnaud, P., Théâtres 4 siècles d'architectures et d'histoire (Paris, 1980), 5Google Scholar.

¹²⁰ Cambon, Chevet, Despléchin, Daran et Poisson, Robecchi, Sachetti. Le Ménestrel, 4 Jul. 1869, 247.

¹²¹ Abdoun, S. (ed.), Genesi dell' ‘Aida’, con documentazione inedita, Quaderni dell'Istituto di Studi Verdiani 4 (Parma, 1971), 147–51Google Scholar, a text under the title ‘Il Teatro d'Opera del Cairo nota di Saleh Abdoun’, here: 148. Repeated in unknown author, ‘Histoire de l'Opéra du Caire’, Bulletin Annuel de L'Atelier d'Alexandrie, 1 (1972), 53–7, at 54.

¹²² Contrary to popular belief, neither Aida was ordered (or performed) for this occasion, nor did any visiting celebrity monarchs (Emperor Franz Joseph of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy or Empress Eugènie of France) attend the first evening; cf. Ribeyre, F., Voyage de Sa Majesté Imperatrice en Corse et en Orient (Paris, 1870), 124–59Google Scholar. Emperor Franz Joseph only visited the Opera on his way back to Europe.

¹²³ Letter of Avoscani, quoted in an essay of Abdoun (ʿAbdun) which is annexed to Abdoun, Genesi dell' ‘Aida’, under the title ‘Il Teatro d'Opera del Cairo’ nota di Saleh Abdoun, here: 148.

¹²⁴ Volait, Architectes, 106.

¹²⁵ Ismaʿil, Taʾrikh al-Masrah, 31 n. 2.

¹²⁶ Compiled from various letters in DWQ/AI Carton 80 and the international press of 1869–75.

¹²⁷ Letter of Draneht Bey to Verdi, in Weaver, W., Verdi: A Documentary Study ([London], 1977), 225Google Scholar.

¹²⁸ Basha, A. Shafiq, Mudhakkirati fi Nisf Qarn, 3 parts in 4 vols. (Cairo, 1934), pt 1, 57–8Google Scholar.

¹²⁹ Cf. Russian Grand Duke Nicholas, L'Orient illustré, 16 Dec. 1872, 279, and Levant Herald, 5 Dec. 1872, 226–7; grand duke of Oldenburg, L'Orient illustré, 23 Nov. 1870, 227; Prince Arthur of Britain, Levant Herald, 3 Feb. 1875, 37; or the uncle of the Persian shah, Butler, A., Court life in Egypt (London, 1887), 291–2Google Scholar.

¹³⁰ For instance, al-Mahrusa, 13 Feb. 1885, 4; Le Bosphore Égyptien, 3 Feb. 1885, 3.

¹³¹ Al-Waqaʾiʿ al-Misriyya, 10 Jun. 1869, 1; Al-Jawaʾib, 2 Dec. 1869, 2.

¹³² For instance, M. Unsi, ‘Malʿab al-Ubira bi-Misr al-Qahira’, Wadi al-Nil, 28 Feb. 1870 (1869 is wrongly printed on the title-page), 1332–4, or Wadi al-Nil, 4 Mar. 1870 (1869 is wrongly printed on the title-page), 1348–52.

¹³³ Abou-Hodeib, T., ‘Taste and class in late Ottoman Beirut’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 34 (2011), 475–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹³⁴ Fahmy, Ordinary Egyptians, 40–3.

¹³⁵ Unsi allied with Louis Farrugia. DWQ/AI Carton 80, from Draneht to Khairi, 20 Apr. 1872. To his letter he attached the (French) project of the Arab theatre, dated 15 Mar. 1872, which was published first by Sadgrove, The Egyptian Theatre, Appendix 3, 186–96; cf. his analysis at 105–6.

¹³⁶ Six Egyptian guards (farrāsh) guarded the Opera and the Comédie in 1878. DWQ/Diwan al-Ashghal al-ʿUmumiyya 4003–037847, from Léopold Larose to unknown, 30 Dec. 1878.

¹³⁷ Information in this paragraph is based on my dissertation: A. Mestyan, ‘“A garden with mellow fruits of refinement”: music theatres and politics in Cairo and Istanbul, 1867–1892’, CEU Ph.D. thesis, 2011.

¹³⁸ Fahmy, Ordinary Egyptians, 115–17, 128.

¹³⁹ Zádori, J., Éjszakafrikai útivázlatok: I. Egyiptom (Budapest, 1874), 95Google Scholar.

¹⁴⁰ Cachia, P., Popular Narrative Ballads of Modern Egypt (Oxford, 1989), 103–19Google Scholar.

¹⁴¹ Al-Khulaʿi, Al-Musiqa al-Sharqi, 172 n. 1.

¹⁴² Shawqi, A., ‘Fi dar al-Ubira’, in his Al-Aʿmal al-Shiʿriyya al-Kamila, 2 vols. (Beirut, 1988), vol. II, pt 4, 52–4Google Scholar.

¹⁴³ Anon., ‘Dawr al-ghinaʾ wa-l-raqs’, al-Fath, 8 Dhu'l-Qaʿda 1355 (20 Jan. 1937), 15.