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BCLM: Forging Ahead: building a new urban history of the Black Country

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 January 2020

Simon Briercliffe*
Affiliation:
Black Country Living Museum, Tipton Road, Dudley, DY1 4SQ, UK
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Abstract

The recreation of urban historical space in museums is inevitably a complex, large-scale endeavour bridging the worlds of academic and public history. BCLM: Forging Ahead at the Black Country Living Museum is a £23m project recreating a typical Black Country town post-World War II. This article uses case-studies of three buildings – a Civic Restaurant, a record shop and a pub – to argue that urban-historical research methodology and community engagement can both create a vivid sense of the past, and challenge pervasive prejudices. It also argues that such a collaborative and public project reveals much about the urban and regional nature of industrial areas like the Black Country in this pivotal historical moment.

Type
Survey and Speculation
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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Footnotes

I would like to thank my colleagues at the Black Country Living Museum, and the project's historical advisory panel for their support and advice throughout this project. I am also particularly grateful to Dr Oliver Betts, Prof. Matt Houlbrook, Dr Shane Ewen and Dr Tosh Warwick for their comments on this article.

References

1 Black Country Living Museum (BCLM), Forging Ahead Oral History Project 2018/010/001, interview with Cynthia Burgin regarding Burgin's newsagents, conducted by Simon Briercliffe, 28 Nov. 2017.

2 BCLM, Forging Ahead Oral History Project 2018/075/001, interview with John Purchase regarding the Elephant & Castle public house, conducted by Simon Briercliffe, 29 Nov. 2017.

3 BCLM's interpretative ethos is ‘real lives, real stories’, so that while archival research has included sources covering the whole of the region such as newspapers, council reports and publications, focus has been particularly on the individual buildings included within Forging Ahead. Extensive and ongoing oral history research has been undertaken in relation to each of these buildings in dialogue with the archival work, to ensure individual stories are at the forefront of research and interpretation.

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9 Political strategy can be seen in Black Country Development Corporation of 1987–98 which can lay claim to enabling the peripheral authorities like Wolverhampton to buy into a unified Black Country for the first time. Recent bottom-up initiatives such as a Black Country flag and Black Country Day on 14 July (to commemorate the invention of the Newcomen Engine, the first of which was built in the region in 1712) have received strong support from local councils and politicians.

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13 John Benson noted this in his review of the Museum, although his criticisms were broadly assuaged by other factors: Public history review essay: the Black Country Living Museum’, Labour History Review, 66 (2001), 243–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also criticisms of BCLM and other, similar museums (particularly Beamish and Ironbridge Gorge) by Raphael Samuel, Tony Bennett and Bob West: Samuel, Theatres of Memory, 340–1; Bennett, T., ‘Museums and “the people”’, in Lumley, R. (ed.), The Museum Time Machine: Putting Cultures on Display (Abingdon, 2003)Google Scholar; B. West, ‘The making of the English working past: a critical view of the Ironbridge Gorge Museum’, in Lumley (ed.), The Museum Time Machine.

14 Blackburn, ‘Employers and social policy’; S.C. Blackburn, ‘Sweated labour and the minimum wage: a case study of the women chainmakers of Cradley Heath, South Staffordshire, 1850–1950’ (Royal Holloway, University of London Ph.D. thesis, 1984); Morgan, C.E., ‘Gender constructions and gender relations in cotton and chain-making in England: a contested and varied terrain’, Women's History Review, 63 (1997), 367–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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19 The end date was chosen to represent a symbolic end of older industry in the region with the closure of Baggeridge Colliery, the last deep mine in the Black Country.

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24 Although see Smith, H., Masculinity, Class and Same-Sex Desire in Industrial England, 1895–1957 (Basingstoke, 2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. A way forward on this is suggested by the successful collaboration between academic historians and heritage organizations for Historic England's Pride of Place project in 2015–17. Pride of Place, Historic England, 29 Jun. 2015, https://historicengland.org.uk/research/inclusive-heritage/lgbtq-heritage-project/.

25 Dudley's capacity in January 1942 was 1,000 meals per day; and across Darlaston's two British Restaurants, 21,538 meals were served in June alone the next year. Dudley Herald (DH), 17 Jan. 1942, ‘Dudley's third British Restaurant’; Walsall Observer (WO), 5 Jun. 1943, ‘Popular British Restaurants’.

26 Atkins, P.J., ‘Communal feeding in war time: British Restaurants, 1940–1947’, in Zweiniger-Bargielowska, I., Duffett, R. and Drouard, A. (eds.), Food and War in Twentieth Century Europe (Farnham, 2011), 139–53Google Scholar; Durbach, N., ‘British Restaurants and the gender politics of the wartime midday meal’, in Crowley, M.J. and Dawson, S. Trudgen (eds.), Home Fronts: Britain and the Empire at War, 1939–45 (Woodbridge, 2017), 1936Google Scholar. See also Hammond, R.J., Food and Agriculture in Britain 1939–45: Aspects of Wartime Control (Stanford, CA, 1954)Google Scholar; Vernon, J., Hunger: A Modern History (Cambridge, MA, 2009), 187–93Google Scholar; Burnett, J., England Eats Out: A Social History of Eating out in England from 1830 to the Present (London, 2004), 245Google Scholar.

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29 Le Gros Clark, The Communal Restaurant; Dudley Archives and Local History Service (DALHS), County Borough of Dudley (CBD), ‘Provision of new Civic Restaurant on the Birmingham Street/Fisher Street site’, 1948.

30 DALHS/CBD, ‘Provision of new Civic Restaurant'. This had been true of wartime British Restaurants too: menus to cater to ‘Scottish tastes’ appeared in Scotland, including Scotch broth and haggis; kosher food appeared in some parts of London. Durbach, ‘British Restaurants and the gender politics of the wartime midday meal’.

31 2s 3d in 1948 is approximately £3.50 in 2019; 10d in 1942 is approximately £1.64. DH, 31 Jul. 1948, ‘Opening of new Civic Restaurant’; DH, 31 Jul. 1942; ‘Cheap Walsall meals’, WO, 4 Apr. 1942.

32 DALHS/CBD, ‘Dinner at the Ednam Restaurant, Fisher Street, Dudley on Friday 10th September 1954 to mark the occasion of the visit to Dudley of a party of Tanganyikan chiefs’, 10 Sep. 1954.

33 A.B. Dodo, ‘A report on his recent journey to England by Chief Amri Beo Dodo of the Gorowa Tribe’, 31 May 1955, Institute of Current World Affairs, www.icwa.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/RFG-9.pdf, accessed 13 Feb. 2019.

34 Birmingham Daily Post (BDP), 28 Jul. 1954, ‘“Close Civic Restaurant”’; BDP, 30 Apr. 1956, ‘Restaurant may be sold’; DALHS/CBD, ‘Civic entertainments and Civic Restaurants Committee minutes’, CE/2/1, 29 Aug. 1956.

35 BCLM, Forging Ahead Oral History Project 2018/010/001, interview with Cynthia Burgin, 28 Nov. 2017.

36 Although local community representatives have fed into the selection and research process since the earliest planning stages, the nature of interpretation within a living museum – involving translocated or replicated buildings, set at a specific point in time – means this project is not formally co-production in a strict museological sense.

37 BCLM, Forging Ahead Oral History Project 2018/010/001, interview with Kay Quinn regarding L. Thomas hairdressers, conducted by Clare Weston and Nadia Awal, 15 Jan. 2018.

38 See, for example, Gildart, K., Images of England through Popular Music: Class, Youth and Rock ‘n’ Roll, 1955–1976 (London, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Horn, A., Juke Box Britain: Americanisation and Youth Culture, 1945–1960 (Manchester, 2010)Google Scholar.

39 DH, 8 Sep. 1956, ‘Police arrival at Dudley Cinema checked an ugly scene’; Times, 1 Aug. 1962, ‘Rowdies hunt coloured people’; Daily Mail (DM), 2 Aug. 1962, ‘11 held in race riot’; DH, 4 Aug. 1962, ‘Dudley's week of violence'.

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42 DH, 9 May 1961, ‘New Stanton house marks beginning of a £500,000 Scheme’.

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44 Black Country dialect actually varies significantly over the region, but one common denominator across the West Midlands is that the colloquial term for mother is definitively not ‘mum’, but ‘mom’.

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46 BCLM, Forging Ahead Oral History Project 2018/010/001, interview with Kay Quinn, 15 Jan. 2018.

47 See Katherine Fennelly's recent review of material culture in Urban History, with particular reference to Sefryn Penrose's Ph.D. thesis and the University of Birmingham's Modern British Studies blog: Fennelly, K., ‘Materiality and the urban: recent theses in archaeology and material culture and their importance for the study of urban history’, Urban History, 44 (2017), 564–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

48 C.W. Smith, ‘Census analysis, immigration patterns of non-UK born populations in England and Wales in 2011. Office of National Statistics’ (Office for National Statistics, 2013), www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/datasets/2011censusanalysisimmigrationpatternsofnonukbornpopulationsinenglandandwalesin2011, accessed 13 Feb. 2019.

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57 Hirsch, In the Shadow of Enoch Powell, 39.

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