Article contents
The Barry Urban District Council, disaster relief funds and civic society, 1913–1934
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 August 2020
Abstract
The early twentieth century witnessed some of the worst mining disasters the UK has ever seen. Towns and cities leapt to the aid of bereaved families, raising tens of thousands of pounds in aid. Yet, while the effects of disaster funds on the locality in which they were administered have been the focus of scholarly work, little attention has been given to how these funds were created in constituencies outside of the disaster zone. The Barry Urban District Council (UDC) responded to the call for help after the Senghenydd (1913) and Gresford (1934) disasters, opening relief funds to aid the affected. The funds blurred the line between charity and local government, with the Barry UDC reliant on functions of civic society to aid its philanthropic turn. Their reaction offers insights into the charitable role of UDCs, reflecting on how they used these opportunities to further civic activity.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press.
Footnotes
My thanks go to the Society for the Study of Labour History, who provided a grant to cover much of this research, and to James McConnel, Michael Reeve, Rowan Thompson and the reviewers who all took time to read and comment on this piece.
References
1 See, for example, the excellent case-study of charity given to Londoners after the Great Fire by Field, J., ‘Charitable giving and its distribution to Londoners after the Great Fire, 1666–1676’, Urban History, 38 (2011), 3–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also work on the aid distributed in Lancashire after the Cotton Famine: Shapley, P., ‘Urban charity, class relations and social cohesion: charitable responses to the Cotton Famine’, Urban History, 28 (2001), 46–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kiesling, L., ‘The long road to recovery: postcrisis coordination of private charity and public relief in Victorian Lancashire’, Social Science History, 21 (1997), 219–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
2 Garrard, J. and Goldsmith, M., ‘Municipal progress and decline since 1835’, International Journal of Regional and Local Studies, 7 (2013), 41–2Google Scholar.
3 Williams, C., ‘Labour and the challenge of local government, 1919–1939’, in Tanner, D., Williams, C. and Hopkin, D. (eds.), The Labour Party in Wales 1900–2000 (Cardiff, 2000), 141Google Scholar.
4 Trainor, R.H., ‘The “decline” of British urban governance since 1850’, in Morris, R.J. and Trainor, R.H. (eds.), Urban Governance: Britain and Beyond since 1750 (Aldershot, 2000), p. 37Google Scholar; Doyle, B. and McElligott, A., ‘The rise and fall of European municipal power since 1800’, International Journal of Regional and Local Studies, 7 (2013), 11Google Scholar.
5 Stead, P., ‘The town that had come of age: Barry 1918–1939’, in Moore, D. (ed.), Barry: The Centenary Book (Barry Island, 1985), 368Google Scholar.
6 Morton, G., ‘Civil society, municipal government and the state: enshrinement, empowerment and legitimacy. Scotland, 1800–1929’, Urban History, 25 (1998), 353CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
7 R.J. Morris, ‘Governance: two centuries of urban growth’, in Morris and Trainor (eds.), Urban Governance, 1.
8 The phrase was originally coined in Finlayson, G., ‘A moving frontier: voluntarism and the state in British social welfare 1911–1949’, Twentieth Century British History, 1 (1990), 202CrossRefGoogle Scholar; also see Thane, P., The Foundations of the Welfare State (Cambridge, 2008), 143Google Scholar. For a description of its historiographical use, see Thane, P., ‘The “Big State” versus the “Big Society” in twentieth-century Britain’, in Williams, C. and Edwards, A. (eds.), The Art of the Possible: Politics and Governance in Modern British History, 1885–1997: Essays in Memory of Duncan Tanner (Manchester, 2015), 34Google Scholar.
9 Prochaska, F., The Voluntary Impulse (London, 1988), 72, 82Google Scholar; Moore, M.J., ‘Social service and social legislation in Edwardian England: the beginning of a new role for philanthropy’, Albion, 3 (1971), 37CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
10 Grant, P., Philanthropy and Voluntary Action in the First World War: Mobilizing Charity (London, 2014), 168–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
11 Finlayson, ‘A moving frontier’, 202.
12 Thane, ‘The “Big State” versus the “Big Society”’, 35.
13 Doyle, B., ‘The changing functions of urban government: councillors, officials and pressure groups’, in Daunton, M. (ed.), The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, vol. III (Cambridge, 2000), 311Google Scholar. For a discussion of this in relation to the South Wales coalfield, see Thompson, S., ‘Varieties of voluntarism in the South Wales Coalfield, c. 1880–1948’, in Rochester, C., Gosling, G.C., Penn, A. and Zimmeck, M. (eds.), Understanding the Roots of Voluntary Action: Historical Perspectives on Current Social Policy (Brighton, 2011), 82–94Google Scholar.
14 Field, ‘Charitable giving and its distribution to Londoners’, 5.
15 Benson, J., ‘Colliery disaster funds, 1860–1897’, International Review of Social History, 19 (1974), 73–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
16 Prochaska, The Voluntary Impulse, 41.
17 Finlayson, G., Citizen, State, and Social Welfare in Britain (Oxford, 1994), 129–35, 238Google Scholar.
18 Durham Chronicle (DC), 12 Mar. 1909, 7.
19 JBenson, ., ‘English coal-miner's trade-union accident funds, 1850–1900’, Economic History Review, 28 (1975), 402Google Scholar.
20 Benson, ‘Colliery disaster funds’, 73.
21 Williamson, S., Gresford: The Anatomy of a Disaster (Liverpool, 1999), 54–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
22 Welsby, C., ‘“Warning as to her future behaviour”: the lives of the widows of the Senghenydd mining disaster of 1913’, Llafur, 6 (1995), 95–6Google Scholar.
23 Williamson, Gresford, 54.
24 Ibid.
25 Welsby, ‘“Warning as to her future behaviour”’, 97–8, 104–5.
26 Williamson, Gresford, 57–8.
27 Prochaska, The Voluntary Impulse, 60; Hindson, C., ‘“Gratuitous assistance”? The West End theatre industry, late Victorian charity, and patterns of theatrical fundraising’, New Theatre Quarterly, 30 (2014), 17–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Charitable sporting matches were also common, see Kay, J. and Vamplew, W., ‘Beyond altruism: British football and charity, 1877–1914’, Soccer & Society, 11 (2010), 181–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
28 Times, 30 Aug. 1862, 7, 22 Dec. 1866, 3, 6 Jul. 1914, 4, 5 Sep. 1923, 4.
29 Philips, J.B., Senghenydd: A Brave Community (Abertillery, 2002), 164Google Scholar; Brown, J.H., The Valley of the Shadow (Port Talbot, 2009), 145Google Scholar; Lieven, M., The Universal Pit Village 1890–1930 (Llandysul, 1994), 251Google Scholar.
30 Williamson, Gresford, 53.
31 B.C. Luxton, ‘Ambition, vice and virtue: social life, 1884–1914’, in Moore (ed.), Barry, 272; R.W. Thomas, ‘The building of Barry, 1914’, in Moore (ed.), Barry, 335–50.
32 K.O. Morgan, Rebirth of a Nation (Oxford, 2002), 126.
33 Supple, B., The History of the British Coal Industry, vol. IV: 1913–1946 (Oxford, 1987), 278Google Scholar.
34 Stead, ‘The town that had come of age’, 402, 404.
35 Harris, B., The Origins of the British Welfare State: Social Welfare in England and Wales, 1800–1945 (Basingstoke, 2004), 187–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gardiner, J., ‘“Searching for the gleam”: finding solutions to the political and social problems of 1930s Britain’, History Workshop Journal, 71 (2011), 104Google Scholar.
36 Glamorgan Archives (GA), Borough of Barry Clerk Gresford Colliery disaster files (BB/C/8/5), circular, 27 Oct. 1934.
37 Williams, C., Capitalism, Community and Conflict: The South Wales Coalfield 1898–1947 (Cardiff, 1998), 53Google Scholar; Stead, ‘The town that had come of age’, 392, 414. For an overview of the Labour party's development across the South Wales coalfield, see Leeworthy, D., Labour Country: Political Radicalism and Social Democracy in South Wales 1831–1985 (Cardigan, 2018)Google Scholar.
38 Stead, ‘The town that had come of age’, 410.
39 GA, Borough of Barry Clerk Senghenydd Colliery disaster files (BB/C/241), house-to-house collection accounts, 1913; BB/C/8/55, house-to-house collection.
40 Barry Dock News (BDN), 14 Nov. 1913, 6.
41 GA/BB/C/241, Barry relief fund concert programme.
42 GA/BB/C/8/55, variety concert programme, 26 Oct. 1934.
43 GA/BB/C/241, Barry Urban District Council relief fund (BUDCRF) to lord mayor of Cardiff, 12 Dec. 1913; R.J. Webber to BUDCRF, 5 Dec. 1934.
44 GA/BB/C/8/55, Wrexham (Gresford) Colliery disaster relief fund to BUDCRF, 29 Sep. 1934.
45 Doyle, ‘The changing functions of urban government’, 309.
46 GA/BB/C/8/55, Barry & District Trades Union Council to BUDCRF, 1 Oct. 1934.
47 Ibid.
48 GA/BB/C/8/55, internal memo, 3 Oct. 1934.
49 Luxton, ‘Ambition, vice and virtue’, 286.
50 GA/BB/C/8/55, internal memo, 3 Oct. 1934.
51 GA/BB/C/241, poster; committee meeting minutes, 10 Nov. 1913.
52 GA/BB/C/241, committee meeting minutes, 29 Oct. 1913; Barry Herald Co. to BUDCRF, Dec. 1913; BUDCRF to W.H. Waite, 12 Dec. 1913.
53 GA/BB/C/241, ‘Barry Dock News’ Printing & Publishing Works to BUDCRF, 11 Dec. 1913; concert programme.
54 GA/BB/C/8/55, BUDC concert committee minutes, 12 Oct. 1934, 2; bills, 26 Oct. 1934; statement of accounts; route taken by billposter; concert committee meeting minutes, 15 Oct., 25 Oct. 1934.
55 GA, BB/C/8/55, Barry & District News to BUDCRF, 31 Oct. 1934; E.J. & I.J. Llewellin to BUDCRF, Oct. 1934; Barry Herald Limited to BUDCRF, Oct. 1934; Brook & Williams to BUDCRF, 24 Oct. 1934. E.J. & I.J. Llewellin charged 17s 6d; The Barry & District News charged 17s 6d; Brook & Williams charged 17d; and the Barry Herald Limited charged 17s 6d.
56 GA/BB/C/8/55, Barry Herald Ltd to BUDCRF, 29 Oct. 1934; Barry & District News to BUDCRF, 24 Oct. 1934; Barry Advertiser Limited to BUDCRF, 27 Oct. 1934.
57 GA/BB/C/8/55, Wrexham (Gresford) Colliery disaster relief fund to BUDCRF, 29 Sep. 1934.
58 Rodger, R., ‘The “common good” and civic promotion: Edinburgh 1860–1914’, in Colls, R. and Rodger, R. (eds.), Cities of Ideas: Civil Society and Urban Governance in Britain, 1800–2000 (Aldershot, 2004), 166Google Scholar.
59 Kiesling, ‘The long road to recovery’, 236.
60 Doyle, B., ‘The structure of elite power in the early twentieth-century city: Norwich, 1900–35’, Urban History, 24 (1997), 193–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
61 GA/BB/C/241, J.L. Frazer to BUDCRF, 22 Oct. 1913.
62 GA/BB/C/241, Stephen Brothers’ Limited to BUDCRF, 22 Oct. 1913.
63 GA/BB/C/241, William Crawford & Sons Ltd to BUDCRF, 24 Oct. 1913.
64 GA/BB/C/241, E.J. Chick and S. Smith to BUDCRF, 10 Nov. 1913.
65 DC, 26 Mar 1909, 12.
66 GA/BB/C/8/55, house-to-house collection.
67 GA/BB/C/241, W. Evans to BUDCRF, 24 Nov. 1913.
68 GA/BB/C/241, D. Jenkins to BUDCRF, 17 Nov. 1913.
69 GA/BB/C/241, leaflet, 22 Oct. 1913.
70 Stead, ‘The town that had come of age’, 404–6.
71 BDN, 14 Nov. 1913, 6.
72 King, A., Memorials of the Great War in Britain: The Symbolism and Politics of Remembrance (London, 1998), 32Google Scholar.
73 See, for example, BDN, 7 Nov. 1913, 2. For more on the anonymous donor, see Flew, S., ‘Unveiling the anonymous philanthropist: charity in the nineteenth century’, Journal of Victorian Culture, 20 (2015), 20–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
74 GA/BB/C/241, H.R. Topping to BUDCRF, 27 Oct. 1913.
75 GA/BB/C/8/55, Western Mail & South Wales Echo to BUDCRF, 2 Nov. 1934.
76 Times, 12 Dec. 1934, 4.
77 For instance, see Times, 7 Nov. 1913, 3, 3 Dec. 1913, 6.
78 GA/BB/8/C/55, sixth and final list of subscriptions.
79 BDN, 31 Oct. 1913, 5.
- 1
- Cited by