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The Prevention Imperative: International Health and Environmental Governance Responses to Emerging Zoonotic Diseases

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2014

Patricia L. Farnese
Patricia L. Farnese*
Affiliation:
University of Saskatchewan, College of Law, Saskatoon, SK (Canada). Email: [email protected].
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Abstract

Despite widespread recognition of the threat posed by emerging zoonotic diseases (EZDs) to human and animal health and the economy, the root causes of EZDs are largely ignored by the international community. In particular, the links between wildlife health, human-induced land-use change, and EZDs have not been adequately addressed. Generally, states are not required to evaluate the health impacts of land-use decisions within their territories. Similarly, global efforts to protect wild spaces are rarely identified as a health imperative. Where initiatives have been undertaken, they remain focused largely on detecting and controlling only those wildlife diseases that are known or suspected to be a threat to human and animal health or the economy. A critique of the existing international responses leaves no doubt that a preventative approach must be adopted to address human vulnerability to EZDs.

Keywords

WildlifeEmerging Zoonotic DiseasesInternational Environmental LawHuman HealthPreventative ApproachLand Use
Type
Articles
Information
Transnational Environmental Law , Volume 3 , Issue 2 , October 2014 , pp. 285 - 309
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

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60 Ibid., Glossary.

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63 Ibid., Art. 6(1).

64 Ibid., Art. 7.

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74 Ibid., at p. 25.

75 Ibid., Annex 2.

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84 Washington, DC (US), 3 Mar. 1973, in force 1 July 1975, available at: http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/text.php.

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86 Ibid., at p. 56.

87 Ibid.

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89 Ibid., at p. 17.

90 N. 84 above.

91 CITES AC26 Doc. 23 (Rev. 1), ‘Relationship Between Wildlife Trade and Wildlife Diseases’, available at: http://www.cites.org/eng/com/ac/26/E26-23.pdf. See generally Sands, P. & Galizzi, P., Documents in International Environmental Law (2nd edn, Cambridge University Press, 2004)Google Scholar, at p. 661; Hutton, J. and Dickson, B., Endangered Species Threatened Convention: The Past, Present and Future of CITES, (Earthscan, 2000), at p. 3.Google Scholar

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119 Ibid., Annex I, Art. 31.

120 Ibid., Annex I, Art. 19.

121 Ibid., Annex I, Art. 27.

122 Ibid., Annex I, Art. 29.

123 Wyler & Sheikh, n. 88 above, at p. 22.

124 N. 114 above.

125 Bonn (Germany), 23 June 1979, in force 1 Nov. 1983, available at: http://www.cms.int/documents/index.htm.

126 See generally Gillespie, n. 34 above, at p. 5; Kingsbsury, n. 34 above, at p. 77.

127 Bonn Convention, n. 125 above, Art. 3.4.

128 UNEP/CMS/Resolution 8.27, ‘Migratory Species and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza’, s. 1, available at: http://www.cms.int/bodies/COP/cop8/documents/proceedings/pdf/eng/CP8Res_8_27_Avian_Influenza_eng_rev.pd.

129 UNEP/CMS/Resolution 9.8, ‘Responding to the Challenge of Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases in Migratory Species, Including Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1’, s. 6, available at: http://www.cms.int/bodies/COP/cop9/Report%20COP9/Res&Recs/E/Res_9_08_Wildlife_Disease_En.pdf.

130 Ibid., s. 9.

131 Parties to each sub-agreement reflect the range of the species targeted.

132 Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds, The Hague (the Netherlands), 16 June 1995, in force 1 Nov. 1999, [2006] OJ L 345/26, 8 Dec. 2006, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/world/agreements/downloadFile.do?fullText=yes&treatyTransId=13881.

133 UNEP/EUROBATS, Agreement on the Conservation of Populations of European Bats, London (United Kingdom), 4 Dec. 1991, in force 16 Jan. 1994, available at: http://www.eurobats.org/official_documents/agreement_text. (EUROBATS)

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141 Ramsar Res. IX.23, ‘Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza and its Consequences for Wetland and Waterbird Conservation and Wise Use’, Art. 17, available at: http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-resol-resolutions-of-9th/main/ramsar/1-31-107%5E20925_4000_0__.

142 Ibid., at s. 22.

143 Ramsar Res. X.21, ‘Guidance on Responding to the Continued Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza’, Art. 2, available at: http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/res/key_res_x_21_e.pdf. Ibid., Art. 12.

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148 Ibid., Target 4.

149 Ibid., Target 5.

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152 Simon, W., Toyota Jurisprudence: Legal Theory and Rolling Rule Regimes, Paper No. 04–79, Columbia Law School: Public Law & Legal Theory Working Paper Group, pp. 1–41, at 4, available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=602626.Google Scholar

153 Ibid., at p. 5.

154 Ibid., at p. 3.

155 Ibid., at p. 10.

156 FAO et al., n. 68 above, at pp. 29–30.

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158 A recently published study systematically reviewed the available evidence and concluded that there was a close link between agricultural intensification and EZDs: Jones, B.A. et al. ., ‘Zoonosis Emergence Linked to Agricultural Intensification and Environmental Change’ (2013) 110(21) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, pp. 8399–404.Google Scholar

159 See, e.g., the resources related to agriculture referenced by University of Minnesota’s Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, available at: http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/biosecurity/ag-biosec/index.html.

160 See http://www.ipbes.net/about-ipbes.html. See generally Gillespie, n. 34 above, at p. 8.

161 IPBES, ‘Functions, Operating Principles and Institutional Arrangements of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services’, 21 Apr. 2012, available at: http://www.ipbes.net/policies-and-procedures.html.