^{page 75 note 1} The present paper owes much to both these works. I must also thank Mr. Hilary Jenkinson for constant guidance and advice. The work was first begun by Miss E. Nottingham, and was taken over by me when she was obliged by ill-health to relinquish it; she very kindly allowed me to use her notes and I owe to her especially most of my references tothe Memoranda Rolls.

^{page 76 note 1} Sometimes referred to as the Book of Necessaries, or Book ofParticulars.

^{page 76 note 2} Br. Mus., Nero C. viii.(Unless otherwise stated, references throughout are to documents in the Public Record Office).

^{page 76 note 3} The Wardrobe had a counting table, counters(computatoria) “pro summis garderobe jactandis” and scales; presumably these were used chiefly in hearing the accounts here recorded (see E. 101/375/8, ff. 6, 8 and 9; Br. Mus., Nero C. viii, f. 54d.).

^{page 77 note 1} E.g. E. 101/376/11 and 14.

^{page 77 note 2} ProfTout, has given comparative figures for several years in Adm. Hist., ii, 236 and AppGoogle Scholar.

^{page 77 note 3} Out of £43,000 received by Northburgh from the Exchequer in 13 Ed. II, over £7,000 was in cash. Melton received about £17,800 in cashout of £56,000 in 8–9 Ed. II, and Waltham £22,600 out£ of £45,400.

^{page 78 note 1} The tally might thus be levied either before or after the actual payment.

^{page 78 note 2} Sheriffs thus come to account at the Wardrobe for many administrative services which would formerly have been allowed them on the Pipe Roll. Anc. Corresp., Vol. 34, No. 63 contains an interesting description of the efforts of a collector of the sexannual tenth to get money from other collectors in order that he might comply with the order to cash a Wardrobe debenture.

^{page 78 note 3} It may be noted that the catchword “Gard”. was not always written against such sums in the margin of the Receipt Roll.

^{page 78 note 4} For an example, see E. 101/374/15. T. de Swynford, sheriff of Notts, and Derby, received on 8 Jan. 1311, a Wardrobe letter for £70 gs. 5d.; in K.R. Mem. Roll 84, m. 87 (Status et Visus, Easter, 4 Ed. II), he is allowed the sum. He got the tally on the following 3 Nov. (I. Roll 159, R. Roll 198). These letters of acquittance were not in the same form as the ordinary “Debentur in Garderoba,” but were epistolary in style, addressed affectionately to the Treasurer and Chamberlains by the Wardrobe Keeper or in his name, and bearing his seal appended by a tongue, not applied on the face. The Exchequer endorsed them with the date whe the allowance was made or the tally levied.

^{page 79 note 1} K.R. Mem. Roll 86, m. 116.

^{page 79 note 2} In 13 Ed. II such allowances amounted to £9,600 out of £43,000, and for 14 Ed. II over £4,100 out of nearly. £27,000. In Waltham's account for 15–17 Ed. II they form more than a quarter of the receipts from the Exchequer. In this connection some importance evidently attaches to the question of how many of such payments were ordered by writ of the Exchequer as compared with writs of Chancery or PrivySeal, but it is doubtful whether enough evidence survives to make decision possible. The practice of putting all these sums through the Exchequer Rolls was apparently to meet the demand of the baronial party that all issues of the land should pass through the Exchequer.

^{page 80 note 1} Br. Mus., Stowe 553.

^{page 80 note 2} For example, on f. 15 is entered £179 10s. received from Roger de Somervill for victuals sold by him; on f. 137d is recorded the same sum as an imprest to him “in denariis remanentibus penes eundem in finem compoti sui,” for which he is to answer at the Exchequer. Similarly, out of £1,463 13s. 8d. said to have been received by the sale of stock at Carlisle and Skymberness, no less than £1,333 14s. 8d. proves on examination to be represented only by letters obligatory from the purchasers, and appears among the imprests at the end, where the names of these debtors are given.

^{page 80 note 3} See Mr. C. Johnson's article on the Wardrobe of Ed. I, ante.

^{page 81 note 1} E. 101/506/18 and E. 101/374/6, which in all probability were originally one book.

^{page 81 note 2} The Journal of this year is in two books—E. 101/374/7 and E. 101/373/30—the break coming at 14 February.

^{page 81 note 3} These numerous small loans are of some interest, but it seems as though they can only be traced by means of the Journal, and Wardrobe TRANS. 4TH S.—VOL. XII.

Journals are unfortunately of rare survival. It would perhaps be worth the trouble to endeavour to ascertain whether a similar custom was common in the Exchequer—see the paragraph on loans, below. A comparative study of the Wardrobe Journal and the Exchequer Jornalia roll might be fruitful, for some Jornalia rolls strongly resemble the Wardrobe Journals.

^{page 82 note 1} In the final accounts only the sum actually expended by them would appear, being derived from the account rendered by them to the Wardrobe.

^{page 82 note 2} I owe these calculations to Miss Nottingham.

^{page 83 note 1} E.g. C.C.R., p. 555(1318); ib., p. 44(1314). Wardrobe bills paid off in this way were retained by the payer to be produced in support of hisaccount. Orders to collectors of customs to make similar payments are even more numerous.

^{page 83 note 2} One loan does figure in the enrolment of Melton's account (Pipe 166, m. 29), but there is no similar memoranda book for that period, so comparisonis impossible: so with the loans in 11 Ed. II (Tout, , Adm. Hist., ii, p. 363)Google Scholar.

^{page 83 note 3} In E. 101/506/16, J. de Sandall, Lt. of the Treasurer, appears as lending £1,400 despatched on 22 Oct. from the Exchequer, together with £600 from that department, and delivered to the Wardrobe at York; and also £20 handed to the men carrying it, for the expenses of the journey. He is repaid by the Exchequer—£20 on the same day, £200 on 31 Oct., £700 on 6 Nov., and £500 on 7Nov. (E. 403/149). The treasurer lent 100 marks on 19 March, and was repaid by the Exchequer on the same day; and 350 marks on 14 April, repaid on 30 April. In all the cases cited the repayments by the Exchequer seem to have been made in cash and not by assignment. In Cal. of Fine Rolls, ii, 158, is a long list of loans by Sandall which had not yet been repaid. These officials must have been men of substance.

^{page 84 note 1} E.g. C.P.R. (1312), p. 491Google Scholar. In 7 Ed. II Gilbert de Bromley, as Receiver of Victuals at Carlisle, received a loan from divers northern abbeys. The Keeper of the Wardrobe issued letters patent of receipt, and the sums were to be allowed to the abbeys “in proximis solucionibus quas sibi facere tenebuntur sive de decimis sive pro servicio suo Scocie seuin aliis suis debitis quibuscumque” (E. 101/14/29).

^{page 84 note 2} E. 403/155, m. 4, where it seems as though Wardrobe tallies must be meant.

^{page 85 note 1} It should always be remembered that expenses incurred in one year may be brought into account in a later year. Where a group of expenses are spread over two years, they may even be all included in the account for the first year.

^{page 85 note 2} See Trans, for 1923, p. 60Google Scholar.

^{page 86 note 1} Among the Foreign Receipts for 9 Ed. II (E. 101/376/11 f. 8d)is £89 195. &d. allowed to the clerk of the Marshalsea “per dietas in Rotulo expensarum Hospicii … ultra summam vadiorum … solutam”, and so returned by him. An account was made from time to time with each member of the Household, and he then received a Wardrobe debenture for the sum due to him according to the Marshal's roll. In E. 101/376/17 is a roll of wages due, giving the dates, etc.; see also Br. Mus. MS., Nero C. viii—Liber de Compotis.

^{page 86 note 2} Br. Mus. MS., Ad. 35293. The original of the Kitchen account for fifteenth and sixteenth years is extant(E. 101/379/1), and the copy of that for the fourth year (in Nero C. viii).

^{page 86 note 3} E. 101/376/25; there is a similar one for May and June (E. 101/375/18). That the King was frequently not with the Household is suggested by the mention of J. de Houton as having been “out of court” several times in the company of the King in 13 Ed. II (Br. Mus., Ad. MS. 17362, f. 17).

^{page 87 note 1} E. 101/380/9 and 382/18.

^{page 87 note 2} In Northwell's account for the Kitchen, 4 Ed. II (Br. Mus., Nero C. viii, f. 46d) we read that certain sums are owed “Sicut patet per DCXIX tallias per ipsum clericum in garderoba liberatas.” See also K.R. Mem. Roll. 99, Recorda m. 94d, where a Wardrobe debenture is issued “per billam Clerici coquine Regis in garderoba liberatam ”—eight years after the purchase; it was still unpaid in 18 Ed. II, when the holder petitioned for satisfaction. Northwell's account was not made up until 17 Ed. II, and by that time the names of many of the creditors were unknown.

^{page 88 note 1} The same course was followed with other stock whose price had been charged elsewhere (bread in some cases), or which had been received “de presento”.

^{page 88 note 2} C.P.R. 1321–1324, 242Google Scholar.

^{page 88 note 3} In E. 101/559/5 the sheriff of Glouc. provides for the transport of corn by view of the mayor of Bristol and the bailiffs of the city of Gloucester, who append their seals.

^{page 89 note 1} c.c.R. 1307–1313, 536Google Scholar.

^{page 89 note 2} An excellent example is the account of R. de Refham, sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk, in E. 101/574/22. This is a very complete and interesting group, containing writs, indentures, preliminary partial accounts, and the final account which is copied into the Wardrobe Book (E. 101/376/7, f. 21).

^{page 90 note 1} E.g. C.C.R. 1318–1323, 249 and 591Google Scholar.

^{page 90 note 2} K.R. Mem. Roll 99, Trin. Rec.; see also C.C.R. 1318–1323, 641Google Scholar.

^{page 90 note 3} E.g. C.C.R. 1313–1318, 522 and 551; 1323–7, 627Google Scholar.

^{page 90 note 4} For one case, see C.P.R. 1307–1313, 287Google Scholar; C.C.R. 1307–1313, 288Google Scholar; and Br. Mus. MS. Nero C. viii, f. 21.

^{page 91 note 1} A good example is E. 101/15/11, the account of Robert de Hastings for his service in the Scotch war (10 Ed. II), together with indenture of service, certificate and writs. He sets down first of all the sums due to him for the wages of himself and men, and for a gift to him from the King; then follow the sums which he had received on imprest, both in cash and victuals; and, finally, the balance due to him. Numerous similar accounts are copied into the Liber de Compotis of 4 Ed. II.

^{page 91 note 2} E.g. E. 101/15/25, 27and28.

^{page 91 note 3} A considerable number of these survive, either in the original (E. 101/14/22) or as they were included in the Wardrobe account (Br. Mus., Nero C. viii, f. 66).

^{page 92 note 1} K.R. Mem. Roll ioo, Communia, Mich. Presentaciones.

^{page 92 note 2} They were frequently paid direct to Wardrobe creditors, so that the Keeper of the Hanaper made a periodical account with the Wardrobe and paid off whatever balance remained.

^{page 93 note 1} C.F.R., 343.

^{page 93 note 2} C.C.R., 249.

^{page 93 note 3} Ib., 262.

^{page 94 note 1} Writ attached to E. 101/77/20.

^{page 94 note 2} B.Mus., Ad. MS. 17362.

^{page 94 note 3} Enrolled on E. 361/2, m. 17.

^{page 94 note 4} E. 101/376/20 compared with E. 101/376/7.

^{page 94 note 5} At various times the king's brothers and the king's son accounted to the Wardrobe, but sometimes direct to the Exchequer. The household of the King's brothers accounted to the Wardrobe down to 3–4 Ed. II and after that to the Exchequer (Pipe 6 Ed. II, m. 44). W. de Culpho accounted to the Wardrobe for the Household of John of Eltham for 19 Ed. II (E. 101/381/12).

^{page 95 note 1} K.R. Mem. Roll 87, m. 102; also E. 101/325/4.

^{page 96 note 1} See p. 87, note 2.

^{page 96 note 2} E.g. on 17 March 1311 William de Castello received from thesheriff of Northumberland ten shillings for the expenses of carrying wood for the King's pavilions. On 2 April 1313 the sheriff rendered his account at the Wardrobe in London, and the sum of ten shillings was set down in the Book of Unde Respondebit as an imprest to John de Somerset, the King's Pavilioner (E. 101/374/5, f. 52d).

^{page 97 note 1} The following will serve as an example. In 9 Ed. II Henry de Wardecoppe, sheriff of Westmorland, is alleged to have received from the servants of the lateGilbert de Bromley, Receiver of Victuals at Carlisle, six tuns of wine for the munition of certain castles. In the Liber Cotidianus the value, £24, is entered as an imprest to the sheriff (E. 101/376/7) and at the same time is included among the foreign receipts as a payment from G. de Bromley under the heading “Victualia Vendita” (E. 101/376/11). In Pipe Roll 166, m. 29, thisappears among the imprests with the note “Et respondet infra.” On the same roll, under Westmorland, is the entry again with the note “Et respondet in rotulo xvi in Westmorland.” In Pipe 168 the item then appears under the heading “De Oblatis.” In the Memoranda Roll (K.R. 100, Hil. Rec.) for 18 Ed. II is a writfrom which it appears that after all Wardecoppe denied receiving the wine.

^{page 98 note 1} In 17 Ed. II Drokensford expressly stated that he had not been able when keeper to supervise the keeping of accounts through his frequent absences on the King's business. He also claimed, as a bishop, to be exempt from the onus of rendering account personally or of taking the oath (K.R. Mem. Roll 97, Hil. Rec). For the Controller's Clerk, see E. 101/376/7, f. 28 and 87. The expenses of the clerks engaged in drawing up the accounts were allowed among the Necessaria. Waltham's account cost £182 IOS., and took two years.

^{page 98 note 2} There is an interesting list of some of Warley's accounts delivered to the Exchequer in K.R. Mem. Roll 105, m. I5id.

^{page 98 note 3} See E. 101/376/7, f. god and 91.

^{page 99 note 1} See Melton's account enrolled on Pipe 166, m. 29. Benstead, Melton, Northburgh, Waltham and Wodehouse, the only keepers of this reign for whom we have final accounts, all had a surplus.

^{page 99 note 2} Adhuc item Ebor.

^{page 99 note 3} E.g. Pipe 185, Resid' Cant'.

^{page 99 note 4} Tout, , Place of Ed. II, p. 314Google Scholar.

^{page 99 note 5} Hall, , Red Book of Exch., p. 908Google Scholar.

^{page 100 note 1} This arrangement had been anticipated by letters patent of3 July 1323 (C.P.R. 306). E. 101/256/5 is a roll of estreats of fines of the market forpart of 20 Ed II, but was not sent to the Exchequer until 4 Ed. III.

^{page 101 note 1} E. 101/380/1.

^{page 101 note 2} For the seventeenth year this was in book form: E. 101/379/19.

^{page 102 note 1} Brit. Mus. Ad. 35114.

^{page 102 note 2} E. 361/2.

^{page 102 note 3} E. 101/381/15.

^{page 102 note 4} E. 101/381/6.

^{page 102 note 5} Compare this with the practice shown in SirLyte's, H. MaxwellGreat Seal, p. 36Google Scholar. It had been common for individual payments on the Wardrobe account out of the block sum authorised by a writ of Liberate to be made by writ of P.S.; but itis new for the Liberate to be replaced by the P.S.

^{page 102 note 6} Such payments amount to £815 05. II½d. in the seventeenth year (Ad. 35114); to £745 195. 9¾d. in nineteenth year (E. 101/381/15); to £28 os. bd. in eighteenth year; to £122 5s. 5¾d. in twentieth year (E. 101/381/6).

^{page 103 note 1} From the appointment of Th. de Ousefleet as Clerk of the Great Wardrobe on 26 Aug. 1323 there is a remarkable change in the condition of the Great Wardrobe accounts; henceforth we have a fairly complete series of well-kept accounts.

^{page 103 note 2} Pipe Roll 2 Ed. Ill, m. 43.

^{page 103 note 3} This writ is preserved in Issue Roll 210, where are also recorded the payments made in pursuance thereof. In Dec. 1316 she had been granted 11,000 marks yearly, less the income of her lands in England (C.C.R. 380).

^{page 103 note 4} The portion from Mich, to Nov. is added at the end and is not mentioned in the heading of the roll (E. 101/380/9); this continuation is omitted from the counter-roll (E. 101/380/10).

^{page 104 note 1} E. 101/381/12.

^{page 104 note 2} Pipe Roll 19 Ed. II, m. 8; E. 101/382/3; C.C.R. 1323–1327, 620Google Scholar.

^{page 104 note 3} K.R. Mem. Roll 101, m. 150.

^{page 104 note 4} K.R. Mem. Roll 103, m. 186d.

^{page 104 note 5} Tout, , Ad. Hist. iv. 91Google Scholar.