^{page 51 note 1} E.g. Darlington, R. R., ‘Ecclesiastical Reform in the late Old English Period’, Eng. Hist. Rev., li (1936)Google Scholar; Knowles, D., Episcopal Colleagues of Archbishop Thomas Becket, Cambridge, 1951Google Scholar; Cheney, C. R., From Becket to Langton, Manchester, 1956Google Scholar; Gibbs, M. and Lang, J., Bishops and Reform, 1215–72, Oxford, 1934Google Scholar; Smith, E. L., Episcopal Appointments and Patronage in the Reign of Edward II, Chicago, 1938Google Scholar; Edwards, K., ‘The Political Importance of the English Bishops during the Reign of Edward II’, Eng. Hist. Rev., lix (1944)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and ‘Bishops and Learning in the Reign of Edward II’,Church Quarterly Rev., cxxxviii (1944)Google Scholar; Highfield, J. R. L., ‘The English Hierarchy in the Reign of Edward III’, Transactions of the Roy. Hist. Soc, 5th ser., vi (1956)Google Scholar; Pantin, W. A., The English Church in the Fourteenth Century, Cambridge, 1955Google Scholar; Thompson, A. H., The English Clergy and their Organisation in the later Middle Ages, Oxford, 1947Google Scholar.

^{page 51 note 2} Cf Eng. Hist. Rev., lix. 311–45.

^{page 52 note 1} Cf. Pantin, , op. cit., pp. II–14, 24–5, 54–5Google Scholar; Thompson, A. H., op.cit., pp. 14–38, 41–5Google Scholar.

² The views of German historians of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries on these subjects were conveniently summarized by ProfessorBarraclough, G. in his Papal Provisions (Oxford, 1935), pp. 38–65Google Scholar.Cf. also Lewis, F. R., ‘Prelates and Nobles in the Rhineland: a Church Province in the Thirteenth Century’, History, xxii (1937), 193–200Google Scholar.

^{page 53 note 1} Böhmer, H., ‘Das Germanische Christentum. Ein Versuch’ in Theologische Studien und Kritiken, lxxxvi (1913), 165–280Google Scholar.

^{page 53 note 2} Barraclough, , op. clt., pp. 48–9Google Scholar.

^{page 53 note 3} Hay, D., From Roman Empire to Renaissance Europe (London, 1953), pp. 69–71Google Scholar.

^{page 53 note 4} Douglas, D., ‘The Norman Episcopate before the Norman Conquest’ in Camb. Hist. Jour., xiii (1957), 102–6Google Scholar.

^{page 53 note 5} Gallia Christiana in provincias ecclesiasticas distributa, ed. Piolin, P., Paris, 1870Google Scholar et seq.; Ughelli, F., Italia Sacra (Venice, 1717–1722), 10 volsGoogle Scholar. For a guide to local studies in France, see Carrière, V., Introduction aux Etudes d'histoire ecclésiastique locale (Bibliothèque de la Société Ecclésiastique de la France), 3 vols., 1934Google Scholar et sea.

^{page 54 note 1} Watt, D. E. R., ‘Scotsmen at Universities between 1340 and 1410, and their subsequent Careers’. Unpublished Oxford D.Phil, thesis, 1957Google Scholar, chapter 3.

^{page 55 note 1} Pantin, , op. cit., pp. 22–5Google Scholar.

^{page 55 note 2} Vita Edwardi Secundi Monachi Cuiusdam Malmesberiensis, ed. and trans. Denholm-Young, N. (Nelson's Medieval Texts, 1957), p. 28Google Scholar.

^{page 55 note 3} E.g. ibid., p. 45; Chronica Monasterii de Melsa (Rolls Ser.), ii. 329; Flores Historiarum (Rolls Sen), iii. 169; Foedera, ed. Rymer, T. (Record Commission, 1818), II, i. 319, 325, 406, 407, 411, 414–15, 425Google Scholar; Parliamentary Writs, ed. Palgrave, F. (Record Commission), II, ii. 619Google Scholar; II, iii. 520.

^{page 55 note 4} For the prejudice against foreigners, see e.g. Adam Murimuth's remark that Louis de Beaumont, bishop of Durham, , was claudus utroque pede, sicut sunt multi Francigenae (Continuatio Chronicarum (Rolls Ser.), p. 25)Google Scholar.

^{page 55 note 5} E.g. Historiae Dunelmensis Scriptores Tres (Surtees Soc), p. 93. It is interesting to notice that John XXII pointed out to Edward II that there was no reasonable cause for revoking John Stratford's provision to the see of Winchester, , since he was non alienigena, non extraneus (Foedera, II, i. 533)Google Scholar. Both king and archbishop, in recommending candidates for bishoprics, were careful to stress any local qualifications their candidates might have (e.g. Hid., II, i. 319; Registrum Roberti Winchelsey, Cantuariensis Archiepiscopi, Canterbury and York Soc., p. 514)Google Scholar.

^{page 56 note 1} Cockayne, G. E., Complete Peerage, ed. Gibbs, V. and others, ii. 59 nGoogle Scholar.

^{page 56 note 2} Ibid., ii. 60. He was later known as earl of Buchan, but his son did not inherit the title.

^{page 56 note 3} D[ict.] N[at.] B[iog.], s.v. Beaumont, Louis.

^{page 56 note 4} Cf. Pad. Writs, II, ii. 619; II, iii. 520, 791. Henry was a knight in Edward II's household as prince and king, and Isabella was in the service of Queen Isabella. She married John de Vescy, of the important northern and Irish baronial family of Vescy (see articles by Tout in D.N.B. on members of the Vescy family).

^{page 57 note 1} Complete Peerage, ii. 89; Fraser, C. M., A History of Antony Bek, Bishop of Durham, 1283–1311 (Oxford, 1957), pp. 4–10Google Scholar.

^{page 57 note 2} Complete Peerage, iii. 338–54; Pearce, E. H., Thomas de Cobham, Bishop of Worcester, 1317–27 (London, 1923), pp. 2–5Google Scholar.

^{page 57 note 3} Complete Peerage, ii. 425–7; D.N.B., s.v. Burghersh. Bishop Cobham wrote that Henry was ‘michi sanguinis proximitate et sincera dileccione coniunctus’, Register of Thomas de Cobham, Bishop of Worcester (Wore. Hist. Soc), pp. 46–7Google Scholar.

^{page 57 note 4} Foedera, II, i. 414–15. Cf. ibid., pp. 406–7, 411, 425; Vita Edwardi Secundi, p. 105; Adae Murimuth Cont. Chron., p. 31.

^{page 57 note 5} Eng. Hist. Rev., lix. 335–6, 340.

^{page 57 note 6} Complete Peerage, x. 603 et seq.; D.N.B., s.v. Segrave. The bishop and the contemporary theologian of the same name were not identical.

^{page 58 note 1} Maxwell-Lyte, H. C., ‘Burci, Falaise and Martin’, Proc. Somerset Archaeological and Natural Hist. Soc, 4th ser., v. 20Google Scholar; Complete Peerage, viii. 530–8.

^{page 58 note 2} Saltmarshe, P., History and Chartulary of the Hothams of Scorborough (York, 1914)Google Scholar, chapters xvii and xviii; cf. Cal. Close Rolls, 1327–30, p. 207.

^{page 58 note 3} Register of William Greenfield, Archbishop of York, 1306–15 (Surtees Soc), v, pp. liv–lixGoogle Scholar.

^{page 59 note 1} Rotuli Ricardi de Gravesend, Diocesis Lincolniensis, 1260–79 (Canterbury and York Soc.), pp. i–viGoogle Scholar; D.N.B., s.v. Gravesend; Moor, C., Knights of Edward I (1929Google Scholar et seq.), ii. 141.

^{page 59 note 2} Annales Paulini in Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II (Rolls Ser.), i. 284.

^{page 59 note 3} Register of Walter de Stapeldon, Bishop of Exeter, 1307–26, ed. Hingeston-Randolph, F. C. (London, 1892), pp. viii–ix, 301Google Scholar; D.N.B., s.v. Stapeldon, ; Part. Writs, II, iii. 1456Google Scholar.

^{page 59 note 4} Eyton, R. W., Antiquities of Shropshire, viii. 69Google Scholar; cf. 236.

^{page 59 note 5} Ibid., pp. 62, 67–9, 85, 275; Cal. Inq. post mortem, vi. 39; vii. 283, 710; Parl. Writs, II, iii. 979. Other kinsmen held benefices and offices at Wells cathedral after his appointment as bishop (Hist. MSS. Comm., Wells, i. 191, 250, 54i, 544).

^{page 59 note 6} Cf. Church Quarterly Rev., cxxxviii. 59, 71–2, 74; le Neve, J., Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae, ed. Hardy, T. D., ii. 32, 49, 59–60, 126, 160–1, 168Google Scholar;Lincoln Cathedral Statutes, ed. Bradshaw, H. and Wordsworth, C., i. 83, 122, 263, 319, 322, 328, 340Google Scholar; Register of Simon de Gandavo, Bishop of Salisbury 1293–1315 (Canterbury and York Soc), ii. 568Google Scholar.

^{page 60 note 1} Farnham, G. F. and Thompson, A. H., ‘The Manor of Noseley’, Trans. Leics. Archaeological Soc, xii, pt. ii (1922), 219–25Google Scholar.

^{page 60 note 2} Register of Thomas of Corbridge, Archbishop of York, 1300–04 (Surtees Soc), ii. 130Google Scholar.

^{page 60 note 3} Registrum Henrici Woodlock, Diocesis Wintoniensis, 1305–16 (Canter-bury and York Soc), i, pp. v–viGoogle Scholar. The Bishop's name in religion was Henry of Marwell.

^{page 60 note 4} Rotuli Ricardi de Gravesend, Dioc. Line., pp. 20, 36; Rolls and Register of Oliver Sutton, Bishop of Lincoln (Lincoln Record Soc), i. 58–9, 185, 203Google Scholar.

^{page 61 note 1} Church Quarterly Rev., cxxxviii. 59, 67, 69, 71–2; Hist. MSS. Comm., 12th Rept., app. ix, p. 568; Schalby, , ‘Lives of the Bishops of Lincoln’, Giraldi Cambrensis Opera (Rolls Ser.), vii. 212Google Scholar.

^{page 61 note 2} Cf. D.N.B., s.v. Newport, Richard, ; Pad. Writs, II, iii. 1227Google Scholar; Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1324–7, p. 349–3 Chronicles Edw. I and II, i. 314–15.

^{page 61 note 4} Tout, T. F., Chapters in the Administrative History of Medieval England (Manchester, 1920–1933), ii. 299Google Scholar. A William of Baldock held a knight's fee in Landbeach, Cambridgeshire, in 1302–3 (Feudal Aids, i. 148), and Bishop Ralph, when archdeacon of Middlesex, bought property near by in the city of Ely (Chapman, F. R., Sacrist Rolls of Ely, i (1907), p. 156Google Scholar). His deed was witnessed by Richard Newport, who was then archdeacon of Colchester.

^{page 61 note 5} Register of John de Sandale, Bishop of Winchester, 1316–19 (Hampshire Record Soc., 1897), pp. xvii–xx, lxivGoogle Scholar. Cf. Cal. Inq. p.m., vi. 130. His niece married into the knightly family of the Willoughbys of Nottinghamshire.

^{page 61 note 6} Tout, , Chapters, iiGoogle Scholar. 16; Parl. Writs, II, iii. 786; Registrum Johannis de Pontissara, Dioc. Wint. (Canterbury and York Soc..) i. 68Google Scholar; Reg. Henrici Woodlock, Dioc. Wint., i. 564, 590; ii. 728, 745, 779, 804, 822, 844–5, 953.

^{page 61 note 1} Cal. Inq. p.m., vii. 160–1.

^{page 61 note 2} Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough (Royal Hist. Soc, Catnden 3rd Ser., lxxxix, 1957), p. 382Google Scholar; Foedera, I. ii. 956; Tout, , Chapters, ii. 15–16, and Place of the Reign of Edward II in English History (1936 edn.), p. 54Google Scholar; Annales de Dunstaplia in Annales Monastici (Rolls Ser.), iii. 373; cf. Sayles, G. O., ‘ The Household of the Chancery’ in Scottish Hist. Rev., no. 98 (1928), IIIGoogle Scholar.

^{page 61 note 3} But cf. Raine, J., ed. Register of Walter Grey, Archbishop of York (Surtees Soc), pp. 122–3 nGoogle Scholar.

^{page 61 note 4} The dean had a nephew Walter Langton, who was presented to the church of Keighley, 30 July 1272 (Reg. Walter Giffard, Archbishop of York, p. 35), of which he was deprived in 1294 (Register of John le Romeyn, Archbishop of York (Surtees Soc), i. 138). This Walter cannot be the Walter Langton who was rector of Askham Richard from 1268, when he was not beneficed elsewhere (Reg. Walter Giffard, pp. 27, 29), holding it until his death, 23 Aug. 1319 (Register of William Melton, fo. 636 in Miscellanea (Yorkshire Arch. Soc, Record Ser., i. 138), and who in turn must be distinguished from Walter Langton, the bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, who died in 1321.1 owe these references to the kindness of Sir Charles Clay, who has been working on the history of William Langton, dean of York, for his forthcoming volumes on the dignitaries and prebendaries of York for the period ending 1307.

^{page 63 note 1} Cal. Inq. p.m., vi. 195–6; cf. Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1321–4, p. 237. The details relating to Castle Ashby given by Farrer, W., Honors and Knights Fees (London 1924), ii. 335–6Google Scholar, also show a close connexion between them.

^{page 63 note 2} Cal. Inq. p.m., vi. 196; cf. ibid., iv. 260.

^{page 63 note 3} Public Record Office, Ancient Correspondence, xxvii, no. 113. I owe this reference to the kindness of Professor Sayles. The letter is printed below, p. 78.

^{page 63 note 4} Katherine Periton could not have been John's actual mother, because of the descent of the manor of Rampisham, Wiltshire. This was her own inheritance, and if John Langton were her son by a first husband he would have been her heir and the manor would have passed to him on her death, but it passed to the Paynel issue: Clay, C. T. and Farrer, W., The Paynel Fee in Early Yorkshire Charters (Yorks. Arch. Soc, Record Ser., 1939), vi. 13–16Google Scholar. Perhaps the phrase means only that John had been brought up in her household. The only other Katherine of this period mentioned in histories of the Paynel family, viz. Katherine who was Philip Paynel's possible first wife, was probably too young to have been John's mother (cf. ibid., pp. 1, 15).

^{page 64 note 1} Cal. Inq.p.m., vi. 197. This land was also held by Edmund Peverel at his death (ibid., vii. 256).

^{page 64 note 2} Cal. Pat. Rolls. 1292–1301, p. 223. The prebend is not here named as Fridaythorpe, but it is certain from other evidence to be published shortly by Sir Charles Clay that it was Fridaythorpe. John held the prebend until he became bishop of Chichester in 1305 (ibid., 1301–07, p. 378).

^{page 64 note 3} In 1294 two recognizances of Robert de Morteyn, knight, to a John de Langeton described him as brother of a Walter de Langeton (P.R.O., K.R. Mem. R. 22 Edw. I, E.159/67, mm. 7id, 72), but no evidence has been found to prove that these men were the future bishops. For another John Langton, see below, n. 5.

^{page 64 note 4} P.R.O., Inquisitions ad quod damnum, File xi, 15 Edw. I (C. 143/11/3, m. 1). Nichols, J., History and Antiquities of the County of Leicester (London, 1798), II, iii. 663Google Scholar, and Hill, J. H., History of Langton (Leicester, 1867), pp. 18–19, 55Google Scholar, describe this John as rector of Church Langton, but I can find no evidence to substantiate their statements. Their accounts of the Langton family are very confusing.

^{page 64 note 5} Cf. Cal. Close Rolls, 1288–96, p. 316; 1296–1302, p. 478. There was, however, another John Langton, appointed a chamberlain of the exchequer in 1323, who had previously been a clerk of Bishop Walter Langton (Tout, , Place of.… Edw. II, p. 313Google Scholar).

^{page 65 note 1} Tout, , Chapters, iii. 41–2; D.N.B., s.v. Stratford; Viet. Co.Hist. Warwick-shire, ii. 19, 123–4; iii. 247, 269, 278Google Scholar.

^{page 65 note 2} Chapman, F. R., Sacrist Rolls of Ely, i (1907), pp. 151–62Google Scholar. His brothers became archdeacons. Another probable member of the family was the famous Alan of Walsingham, sacrist of Ely, who was responsible for the building of the octagon in the cathedral church in Edward Ill's reign. The bishop may have been born outside Ely at Meldreth, where his father held property; his name in religion seems to have been John de Melre or John de Ely; cf. Bentham, J., History and Antiquities of the Cathedral Church of Ely, ed. Stevenson, W. (Norwich, 1812– 1817), i. 218Google Scholar.

^{page 65 note 3} Pad. Writs, II, ii. 619; II, iii. 520.

^{page 65 note 4} Registrum Palatinum Dunelmense (Rolls Ser.), iii, pp. cxii–cxiv; D.N.B., s.v. Kellawe; Lewis, S., Topographical Dictionary of England (7th edn., London, 1848)Google Scholar, s.v. Kelloe. The bishop's brother, Peter de Kellawe, a graduate, was possibly author of the Gesta Dunelmensia, a lively account of Durham priory's quarrel with Bishop Anthony Bek, Camden Miscellany, xiii (Royal Hist. Soc., 1924), pp. viGoogle Scholar; cf. 43–4).

^{page 66 note 1} Registrum Hamonis Hethe, Diocesis Roffensis, 1319–52 (Canterbury and York Soc.), i, pp. ix–x, 393–4, 428Google Scholar.

^{page 66 note 2} Ibid., pp. ix–x, 424–8; Registrum Palatinum Dunelmense, iii, pp. xii–xiv; de Graystanes, Robert in Hist. Dunelmensis Scriptores Tres (Surtees Soc), p. 97Google Scholar.

^{page 66 note 3} Evans, S. J. A., ‘ Ely Chapter Ordinances and Visitation Injunctions’, Camden Miscellany, xvii (Camden 3rd Ser., lxiv, Royal Hist. Soc, 1940), p. 2nGoogle Scholar.

^{page 66 note 4} Flores Historiarum (Rolls Ser.), iii. 103; Reg. S. de Gandavo, Bishop of Salisbury, pp. v–vii.

^{page 66 note 5} Vita Edwardi Secundi, p. 45; Ann. Paul, in Chronicles Edward I and II, i. 257; Foedera, II, i. 101; T. F. Tout in D.N.B., s.v. Reynolds.

^{page 66 note 6} Cf. Wharton, H., Anglia Sacra (London, 1691), i. 532Google Scholar. Birchington (ibid., p. 18) said that he was of Windsor; and a Ralph of Windsor was one of his executors, Sede Vacante With, ed. Woodruff, C. E. (Kent Records, iii, Kent Arch. Soc, 1914), p. 71Google Scholar. He is called Heyne in Ann. Lond., Chronicles Edward I and II, i. 229. A Richard Heyne, pestour, of London, presented a petition in parliament in 1322, Rotuli Parliamentorum (Record Commission), i. 392.

^{page 67 note 1} Registrum Ricardi de Swinfield, Episcopi Herefordensis, 1283–1317 (Canterbury and York Soc), pp. 477–82, 507. He founded a chantry there for their souls in 1313. He had previously been vicar of Ross (Cal. Papal Letters, ii. 72), and was also a canon and subdean of Hereford cathedral, and archdeacon of Shropshire. The suggestion in D.N.B., s.v. Ross, that he was a son of Robert, first baron Ros of Helmsley in Yorkshire, is without foundation. The author of the Lanercost Chronicle wrote of him as a southerner, and said that after his death his body was taken for burial to the south whence he came, Chronicon de Lanercost (Maitland Club), pp. 253, 276.

^{page 67 note 2} Registrum Roberti Winchelsey, Cantuariensis Archiepiscopi (Canterbury and York Soc), pp. xxxii, 1342.

^{page 67 note 3} Cf. Murray, K. M. E., Constitutional History of the Cinque Ports (Manchester, 1935), pp. 1, 12–15, 235 and passimGoogle Scholar; Tout, T. F., ‘ Medieval Town Planning’ in Collected Papers (Manchester 1934), iii. 81–4Google Scholar.

^{page 67 note 4} Canon Bannister, the editor of Adam's Hereford register, favoured the idea that he was born on the manor of Orleton, and argued that the bishop's political adherence to Roger Mortimer of Wigmore was in part territorial loyalty to the lord on whose manor he was born. Leland, however, had said that he was born in Hereford (natus in Hereforde), Register of Adam de Orleton, Bishop of Hereford, 1317–27, p. ii; Leland, J., Itinerary, ed. Smith, L. T. (London, 1907– 1910), v. 161Google Scholar.

^{page 67 note 5} Hist. MSS. Comm., 13th Rept., app. iv, pp. 296–7; Pad. Writs, I, i. 766; II. iii. 1246; Reg. Orleton, p. ii.

^{page 67 note 6} Register of Henry Woodlock, Bishop of Winchester, i. 592; Foedera, II, i. 137. Cf. Bodl. Lib., Tanner MS. 197, fo. 42 (A.D. 1311): ‘Magistro Ade de Orleton’ dicto de Hereford', clerico.….’

^{page 68 note 1} Register of Adam de Orleton, Bishop of Winchester, 1333–45 (at Winchester), fo. 68v. I owe this reference to the kindness of Dr. G. A. Usher. Adam's nephews, John and Thomas Trillek, came from the village of Trilleck, co. Monmouth, where members of their family held land and were sufficiently important to bear arms, Registrum Johannis de Trillek, Episcopi Herefordensis, 1344–61 (Canterbury and York Soc), pp. i–ii.

^{page 68 note 2} Butler, L. H., ‘ Archbishop Melton, his Neighbours and his Kinsmen’, Jour. Eccl. Hist., ii (1951), 63Google Scholar.

^{page 68 note 3} Ibid., pp. 54–68.

^{page 68 note 4} Cf. Eng. Hist. Rev., lix (1944), 337–8; B. Wilkinson, ‘The Sherburn Indenture and the Attack on the Despensers, 1321’, ibid., lxiii (1948), 4 ff.

^{page 68 note 1} Cf. below, p. 76, n. 2.

^{page 69 note 2} Ann. Paid, in Chronicles of Reigns ofEdward Iand II, i. 287.

^{page 69 note 3} Feet of Fines for the County of York, 132J–47 (Yorkshire Archaeological Soc, Record Ser. xlii, 1910), p.6.

^{page 69 note 4} Stevenson, W. H., in his unpublished introduction to the Calendars of Close Rolls of Edward IPs reign, quoted in Scottish Hist. Rev., xxv (1928), 381–2Google Scholar, and Thompson, A. H., Register of Thomas Corbridge, Arch-bishop of York, 1300–04, (Surtees Soc), i. iinGoogle Scholar., suggest that Adam of Osgodby, Robert of Barlby and William of Airmyn, the three chancery clerks in charge of the great seal in 1311 and 1312, were all Yorkshiremen from the south-east of the county.

^{page 69 note 5} Fuller, T., Worthies of England (1840 edn.), ii. 272–3Google Scholar.

^{page 69 note 6} Feudal Aids, iii. 202; vi. 479. A family of Sewals of Airmyn held property at Airmyn in Yorkshire in 1328 (Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1327–30, p. 247; cf. ibid., 1317–21, p. 337; Cal. Close Rolls, 1307–13, p. 258), but no evidence has been found to connect members of this family with William or his brothers. The names of William's parents are given inAnglia Sacra, i. 802, as Adam and Matilda.

^{page 69 note 7} D.N.B., s.v. Northburgh.

^{page 69 note 8} Cf. ibid.; Tout, , Chapters, iv. 119–20Google Scholar; Le Neve, , Fasti Eccl. Anglicane, i. 589, 591, 593, 595–6, 602, 608,624, 640Google Scholar. The author of the Flores Historiarum (Rolls Ser.), iii. 200, says that Roger succeeded to his bishopric per viam impressionis et ambitionis, suggesting that he was a new man.

^{page 70 note 1} Although a king's clerk and provided to a bishopric while on a royal mission to the pope (cf. Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1301–7, p. 67; 1307–13, p. 454; Cal. Close Rolls, 1307–13, p. 456; Foedera (1818), II, i. 161, 175–6, 194, 196–7, 226–7, 240) he is not mentioned in Tout's Chapters, nor in the D.N.B. His register as bishop has not been printed. A number of men called Maidstone who appear in records of the period were connected with Kent, but no evidence has been found to show that they were kinsmen of the bishop.

^{page 70 note 2} Register of Rigaud de Asserio, Bishop of Winchester, 1320–23 (Hamp-shire Record Soc. 1897), p. ix1Google Scholar.

^{page 70 note 3} Cf. ibid., pp. 555–60.

^{page 70 note 4} Ibid., pp. 388, 463, 473, 496, 588–95 and passim.

^{page 70 note 6} Hasted, E., History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent (Canterbury, 1778– 1799), viii. 124Google Scholar, says that he was born there.

^{page 70 note 6} Tout in D.N.B., s.v. Swinfield, ; Roll of the Household Expenses of Richard de Swinfield, Bishop of Hereford, 1289–90, ed. Webb, J. (Camden Soc, 1855), p. cviGoogle Scholar; Reg. Swinfield, index.

^{page 71 note 1} Reg. Swinfield, pp. 234–5; Acta Sanctorum, Octobris, I (Paris and Rome, 1866), p. 541Google Scholar.

^{page 71 note 2} Register of John de Halton, Bishop of Carlisle, 1292–1324 (Canterbury and York Soc.), i. iGoogle Scholar; Bouch, C. M. L., Prelates and People of the Lake Counties. A History of the Diocese of Carlisle, 1133–1933 (Kendal, 1948), p. 63Google Scholar.

^{page 71 note 3} E.g. Registrum Roffense, ed. Thorpe, J. (London, 1769), pp. 75, 118, 122, 317Google Scholar. Monks at this time normally took their surnames from the places where they were born, and so these names, unlike those of the seculars, are important evidence for the bishops' provenance.

^{page 71 note 4} Hist. Eliensis in Anglia Sacra, i. 641–2.

^{page 71 note 5} Quoted by Bentham, J., History and Antiquities of the Cathedral Church of Ely, ed. Stevenson, W. (Norwich, 1812– 1817), iii. 84Google Scholar.

^{page 71 note 6} Palmer, C. F. R., ‘Prelates of the Black Friars’, The Antiquary, xxvi (1892), 209Google Scholar.

^{page 71 note 7} Memorials of the See of Llandaff (Neath, 1912), p. 325Google Scholar.

^{page 72 note 1} In 1314, when a papal penitentiary, he wrote to Bishop Halton of Carlisle, absolving a layman of the diocese of Carlisle from sacrilege (Reg. Halton, ii. 95). Between 1318 and 1323, when he was unable to get possession of his dioceses of Glasgow and Down and Connor because of the war, he seems to have been employed mainly on commissions from Archbishop Melton in York diocese (Historical Papers and Letters from the Northern Dioceses (Rolls Sen), pp. 299–300 and n.). Nothing has been found to prove that he was connected with the knightly family of Eaglescliff which held land in the counties of Durham and York, but it is interesting to notice that a John de Eggisclyve witnessed two undated charters of the friars preacher of Yarm which received royal confirmation in 1314 (Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1313–17, p. 172).

^{page 72 note 2} Palmer, loc. cit.

^{page 72 note 3} Reg. Winchelsey, p. 514.

^{page 72 note 4} Annales de Oseneia in Annales Monasdci, iv. 324.

^{page 72 note 5} Reg. Winchelsey, pp. 5–8, 513–14, 1342; Sede Vacante Wills (Kent Records, iii), p. 65; Church Quarterly Rev., cxxxviii. 59, 61, 67–8, 71–2, 74.

^{page 72 note 6} Cf. Morris, J. E., Welsh Wars of Edward I (Oxford, 1901), p. 86Google Scholar.

^{page 73 note 1} Waters, W. H., Edwardian Settlement of North Wales, p. 91Google Scholar.

^{page 73 note 2} Chapters, ii. 14.

^{page 73 note 3} Gibbs, M. and Lang, J., Bishops and Reform, 1215–72, p. 11Google Scholar.

^{page 74 note 1} Ibid., pp. 3–4 et passim.

^{page 74 note 2} Quoted by Smalley, Beryl, ‘ Robert Holcot, O.P.’, Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum, xxvi (1956), 94Google Scholar.

^{page 75 note 1} Knowles, D., Religious Orders in England, ii (Cambridge, 1955), pp. 229–30Google Scholar.

^{page 75 note 2} Cf. Edwards, K., The English Secular Cathedrals in the Middle Ages (Manchester, 1949), p. 34Google Scholar.

^{page 75 note 3} M. Gibbs and J. Lang, op. cit.; Pantin, W. A., op. cit., pp. 56–7Google Scholar; Highfield, J. R. L., op. cit., p. 132Google Scholar.

^{page 76 note 1} Cf. Davies, J. C., ed. Episcopal Acts and Cognate Documents relating to Welsh Dioceses, 1066–1272 (Hist. Soc. of Church in Wales, 1948), ii. 594–605Google Scholar.

^{page 76 note 2} For the importance of Yorkshiremen in the royal administration in the period from about 1280 until the early fifteenth century, see especially W. H. Stevenson's unpublished introduction to the Calendar of Close Rolls of Edward IPs reign, quoted in Scottish Hist. Rev., xxv (1928), III, 381–2Google Scholar; Tout's Chapters, and Thompson, A. H., The Medieval Chapter (York Minster Tracts), pp. 12–15Google Scholar; Via- Co. Hist., Yorkshire, iii. 378; Register of Archbishop Greenfield, i, p. xviii.

^{page 77 note 1} Eng. Hist. Rev., lix. 312, 326, 333–8, 346–7.

^{page 77 note 2} I.e. Walter Reynolds, bishop of Worcester, who was translated to Canterbury in 1313.