¹ Massachusetts Historical Society (hereafter MHS), Records of Christ Church, Boston, MS N-2249, Box 21, folder 2, Vestry to Gunter, 12 Mar. 1744. On the establishment of the Rudhall firm, see L. M. Middleton, ‘Rudhall, Abraham, the Elder (1657–1736)’, rev. Hudson, Giles, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004)Google Scholar (www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24254, accessed 10 Dec. 2009). Bells made by the Rudhalls also reached South Carolina, and the West and East Indies: George Worrall Counsel, The History and Description of the City of Gloucester: From the Earliest Times to the Present (Gloucester, 1829), 218. Information relating to the bells has been collected in Arthur H. Nicols, ‘Christ Church Bells, Boston, Mass.’, New England Historical and Genealogical and Register (1904), 63–71.

² MHS, MS N-2249, Box, 21, folder 2, Rudhall to Gunter, 9 Mar. 1744.

³ It is not easy to be precise about this from the extant records, but this is the surmise of Eaton, Asa, Historical Account of Christ Church, Boston. A Discourse, 29 December 1823 (Boston, MA, 1824), 24Google Scholar; MHS, MS N-2249, Box, 21, folder 2, Rudhall to Gunter, 9 Mar. 1744.

⁴ Eaton, Historical Account, 24–25.

⁵ See Woolverton, John Frederick, Colonial Anglicanism in North America (Detroit, 1984)Google Scholar; Bell, James B., The Imperial Origins of the King's Church in Early America, 1607–1783 (Basingstoke, 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶ Johnson, Richard R., ‘Growth and Mastery: British North America, 1690–1748’, in The Oxford History of the British Empire, ii: The Eighteenth Century, ed. Marshall, P. J. (Oxford, 1998), 289–91Google Scholar; McCusker, John J., ‘The Current Value of English Exports, 1697 to 1800’, William and Mary Quarterly, 28 (1971), 623–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bushman, R. L., The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities (New York, 1992), chs. 3–5Google Scholar; Crowley, John E., The Invention of Comfort: Sensibilities and Design in Early Modern Britain and Early America (Baltimore, 2001)Google Scholar.

⁷ On the centrality of the Book of Common Prayer to the Church, see Judith Maltby, ‘The Prayer Book and the Parish Church: From the Elizabethan Settlement to the Restoration’, Jeremy Gregory, ‘The Prayer Book and the Parish Church: From the Restoration to the Oxford Movement’, and Sachs, William L., ‘Plantations, Missions and Colonies’, in The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer Worldwide, ed. Hefling, C. and Shattuck, C. (Oxford, 2006), 80–93, 93–105, 153–65Google Scholar. For its proscription in New England, see Pestana, Carla, The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution, 1640–1661 (Cambridge, MA, 2004), 123ffGoogle Scholar.

⁸ Standard histories of the SPG are H. P. Thompson, Into All Lands: The History of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (1951), and Daniel O'Connor et al., Three Centuries of Mission. The United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, 1701–2000 (2000). See also Strong, Rowan, Anglicanism and the British Empire, c. 1700–1850 (Oxford, 2006)Google Scholar, and Porter, Andrew, Religion Versus Empire? Protestant Missionaries and Overseas Expansion, 1700–1914 (Manchester, 2004), 16–28Google Scholar. The SPG's export of suitable books for the New England mission needs to be seen as part of the broader book trade between Britain and the colonies: see A History of the Book in America, i:The Colonial Book in the Atlantic World, ed. Hugh Amory and David D. Hall (Cambridge, 2000). See also Irving Henry King, ‘The S.P.G. in New England, 1701–1784’ (Ph.D. thesis, University of Maine, 1968), and John Kendall Nelson, ‘Anglican Missions in America, 1701–1725. A Study of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts’ (Ph.D. thesis, Northwestern University, 1962).

⁹ For such gifts to Christ Church, Boston, see MHS, MS N-2249 (XT) Old North Church, Vestry Book, 1724–1802, 45, 7 Sept. 1733; Foote, Henry Wilder, Annals of the King's Chapel. From the Puritan Age of New England to the Present Day (2 vols., Boston, MA, 1882), i, 122Google Scholar. The altar painting (depicting ‘The Last Supper’) was for the King's Chapel, although, in deference to Puritan sensibilities, it was never put up in the chapel: Cameron, Kenneth Walter, Letter-Book of the Rev. Henry Caner, SPG Missionary in Colonial Connecticut and Massachusetts until the Revolution. A Review of his Correspondence from 1728 through 1778 (Hartford, 1972), 55Google Scholar. On Church of England attitudes to art in this period, see Gregory, Jeremy, ‘Anglicanism and the Arts: Religion, Culture and Politics in the Eighteenth Century’, in Culture, Politics and Society in Britain, 1660–1800, ed. Black, Jeremy and Gregory, Jeremy (Manchester, 1991), 81–109Google Scholar, and Haynes, Claire, Pictures and Popery: Art and Religion in England, 1660–1760 (Ashgate, 2006)Google Scholar. For ‘Puritan’ suspicion of religious art in churches, see Collinson, Patrick, From Iconoclasm to Iconophobia: The Cultural Impact of the Second English Reformation (Reading, 1998)Google Scholar; Aston, Margaret, ‘Puritans and Iconoclasm, 1560–1660’, in The Culture of English Puritanism, 1560–1700, ed. Durston, C. and Eales, J. (Basingstoke, 1996), 91–121Google Scholar; Spraggon, Julie, Puritan Iconoclasm in the English Civil War (Woodbridge, 2003)Google Scholar.

¹⁰ MHS, MS N-2249 (XT) Old North Church, Vestry Book, 1724–1802, 111, 1 Sept. 1746: sending the large bible belonging to Christ Church, Boston to London to be rebound.

¹¹ Ibid., 136.

¹² J. A. Schutz, William Shirley: King's Governor of Massachusetts (1961). See also Paul David Nelson, ‘Shirley, William (1694–1771)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25442, accessed 18 Jan 2010).

¹³ Woolverton, Colonial Anglicanism, 235–8.

¹⁴ See Boyd Stanley Schlenther, ‘Religious Faith and Commercial Empire’, in The Oxford History of the British Empire, ii, ed. Marshall, 128–50.

¹⁵ For the list of subscribers, see Nicols, ‘Christ Church Bells’.

¹⁶ Foote, King's Chapel, 41–89.

¹⁷ [John Dunton], The Life and Errors of John Dunton Late Citizen of London; Written by Himself in Solitude (1705), 152.

¹⁸ Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS Tanner MS 30, fo. 257, Randolph to Sancroft, 7 July 1688.

¹⁹ Haffenden, Philip, New England in the English Nation, 1689–1713 (Oxford, 1974)Google Scholar.

²⁰ Foote, King's Chapel, 116

²¹ Ibid., 438.

²² Mather, Increase, A Brief Discourse concerning the Unlawfulness of the Common Prayer Worship (Boston, MA, 1686), 2–8, 12, 14, 17, 19–20, 21Google Scholar.

²³ Increase Mather, A Testimony against Several Prophane and Superstitious New Customs now Practised by Some in New England (1687), A.2.

²⁴ Diary of Cotton Mather (2 vols., Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, seventh series, vii, viii, Boston, MA, 1911–12), ii, 413–14; ‘Some Original Papers respecting the Episcopal Controversy in 1723’ (Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, second series, ii, Boston, MA, 1814), 39.

²⁵ Hobart, Noah, A Second Address to the Members of the Episcopal Separation in New-England. Occasioned by the Exceptions Made to the Former, by Dr. Johnson, Mr Wetmore, Mr Beach and Mr Caner (Boston, MA, 1751), 26Google Scholar. See also Hobart, Noah, A Serious Address to the Members of the Episcopal Separation in New-England. Occasioned by Mr. Wetmore's Vindication of the Professors of the Church of England in Connecticut (Boston, MA, 1748)Google Scholar.

²⁶ Jonathan Mayhew, Observations on the Charter and Conduct of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts; Designed to Shew their Non-Conformity to Each Other (1763); idem, A Defence of the Observations on the Charter and Conduct of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, against an Anonymous Pamphlet Falsly Intitled, A Candid Examination of Dr. Mayhew's Observations, &c. (Boston, MA, 1763).

²⁷ The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, ed. Franklin B. Dexter (3 vols., New York, 1901), i, 125: Appleton to Stiles, 19 July 1760. On Stiles, see Morgan, Edmund S., The Gentle Puritan: A Life of Ezra Stiles, 1727–1795 (New Haven, 1962)Google Scholar.

²⁸ Carl Bridenbaugh, Mitre and Sceptre. Transatlantic Faiths, Ideas, Personalities and Politics, 1689–1775 (1962).

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³² Bridenbaugh, Mitre and Sceptre.

³³ Ingram, Robert G., Religion, Reform and Modernity in the Eighteenth Century. Thomas Secker and the Church of England (Woodbridge, 2007)Google Scholar; Bell, War of Religion; Doll, Peter M., Revolution, Religion and National Identity: Imperial Anglicanism in British North America, 1745–1795 (Madison, 2000), esp. 155–239Google Scholar; Rhoden, Nancy, Revolutionary Anglicans: The Colonial Church of England Clergy during the American Revolution (New York, 1999), 37–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gerardi, Donald F. M., ‘The Episcopate Controversy Reconsidered: Religious Vocation and Anglican Perceptions of Authority in Mid-Eighteenth Century America’, Perspectives in American History, 3 (1987), 81–114Google Scholar; Bridenbaugh, Mitre and Sceptre; Cross, Arthur Lyon, The Anglican Episcopate and the American Colonies (New York, 1902)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³⁴ Taylor, Stephen, ‘Whigs, Bishops and America: The Politics of Church Reform in Mid-Eighteenth-Century England’, Historical Journal, 36 (1993), 3331–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Ingram, Religion, Reform and Modernity, 234–59.

³⁵ Clark, Language of Liberty. See also his English society, 1660–1832: Religion, Ideology and Politics during the Ancien Regime (revised edn, Cambridge, 2000).

³⁶ Bell, King's Church.

³⁷ But see Steiner, Bruce E., ‘New England Anglicanism: A Genteel Faith?’, William and Mary Quarterly, 27 (1970), 122–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³⁸ Historical Collections relating to the American Colonial Church, ed. William Stevens Perry (5 vols. in 4, Hartford, 1870–8), iii, 72: Lewis Morris to Archdeacon Beveridge, 27 July 1702.

³⁹ The story can be traced in Reed, Susan M., Church and State in Massachusetts, 1691–1740 (Urbana, 1914)Google Scholar.

⁴⁰ Miller, Perry, The New England Mind: The Seventeenth Century (New York, 1939)Google Scholar; but as a counter to this see Stout, Harry S., The New England Soul: Preaching and Religious Culture in Colonial New England (New York, 1986)Google Scholar, and Peterson, Mark A., The Price of Redemption: The Spiritual Economy of Puritan New England (Stanford, 1997)Google Scholar.

⁴¹ Fiering, Norman, ‘The First American Enlightenment: Tillotson, Leverett, and Philosophical Enlightenment’, New England Quarterly, 54 (1981), 307–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 309, and Corrigan, John, The Prism of Piety: Catholick Congregational Clergy at the Beginning of the Enlightenment (New York, 1991)Google Scholar. See also Tucker, Bruce, ‘The Reinvention of New England, 1691–1770’, New England Quarterly, 63 (1985), 315–40Google Scholar, and Winship, Michael P., Seers of God: Puritan Providentialism in the Restoration and Early Enlightenment (Baltimore, 1996)Google Scholar.

⁴² Ellis, Joseph J., The Puritan Mind in Transition. Samuel Johnson of Connecticut, 1696–1772 (New Haven, 1973), 62–7, 72–4Google Scholar. See also Samuel Johnson, President of King's College: His Career and Writings, ed. Herbert and Carol Schneider (New York, 1929).

⁴³ On the Yale apostacy, see Daggy, Robert E., ‘Education, Church and State: Timothy Cutler and the Yale Apostasy of 1722’, Journal of Church and State, 13 (1971), 43–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Geradi, D. F. M., ‘Samuel Johnson and the Yale “Apostacy” of 1722: The Challenge of Anglican Sacramentalism to the New England Way’, Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church, 47 (1978), 153–75Google Scholar.

⁴⁴ Kidd, Thomas S., The Protestant Interest: New England after Puritanism (New Haven, 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Haffenden, New England in the English Nation, and Johnson, Richard, Adjustment to Empire: The New England Colonies, 1675–1715 (New Brunswick, 1981)Google Scholar. See more recently Pestana, Carla, Protestant Empire: Religion and the Making of the British Atlantic World (Philadelphia, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁵ See Jaffee, David, People of the Wachusett. Greater New England in History and Memory (Ithaca, 1999)Google Scholar; Clark, Charles E., The Eastern Frontier: The Settlement of Northern New England, 1610–1753 (New York, 1970)Google Scholar; Daniels, Bruce C., The Connecticut Town: Growth and Development, 1635–1790 (Middletown, CT, 1979)Google Scholar; and Withey, Lynne, Urban Growth in Colonial Rhode Island: Newport and Providence in the Eighteenth Century (Albany, 1984)Google Scholar.

⁴⁶ The pioneering study of ‘Anglicisation’ was John M. Murrin, ‘Anglicising an American Colony: The Transformation of Provincial Massachusetts’ (Ph.D. thesis, Yale University, 1966), summarised in ‘A Roof without Walls: The Dilemma of American National Identity’, in Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American National Identity, ed. Richard Beeman, Stephen Botein and Edward C. Carter (Chapel Hill, 1987), 333–48. See Grasso, Christopher, A Speaking Aristocracy. Transforming Public Discourse in Eighteenth-Century Connecticut (Chapel Hill, 1999)Google Scholar; Landsman, Ned C., From Colonials to Provincials: American Thought and Culture, 1680–1760 (Ithaca, 2000)Google Scholar; Mancke, Elizabeth and Shammas, Carol, The Creation of the British Atlantic World (Baltimore, 2005)Google Scholar; The British Atlantic World, 1500–1800, ed. David Armitage and Michael J. Braddick (Basingstoke, 2002); Marshall, Peter, The Making and Unmaking of Empires: Britain, India and America, 1750–1783 (Oxford, 2006)Google Scholar; McConville, Brendan, The Rise and Fall of Royal America, 1688–1776 (Chapel Hill, 2007)Google Scholar; and Jassanoff, Maya, ‘The Other Side of Revolution: Loyalists in the British Empire’, William and Mary Quarterly, 65 (2008), 205–32Google Scholar.

⁴⁷ Clap, W. W., A History of the Boston Stage (Boston, MA, 1853), 2Google Scholar. However, Samuel Drake suggested that there were clandestine theatrical performances before this, History and Antiquities of Boston (Boston, MA, 1856), 631. See Collins, Sherwood, ‘Boston's Political Street Theatre: The Eighteenth-Century Pope Day Pageants’, Educational Theatre Journal, 25 (1973), 401–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar, for a wider definition of Boston's theatre.

⁴⁸ Lambeth Palace Library, SPG Minutes 1, fo. 48v, 18 May 1705. Bradford did publish an edition of the Prayer Book in 1706, with a reissue in 1710, which was the only edition printed in North America during the colonial period: James N. Green, ‘The English Book Trade in the Middle Colonies, 1680–1720’, in Colonial Book in the Atlantic World, ed. Amory and Hall, 199–223, at 213–14. The venture was a publishing failure since, as Bradford informed the SPG, the Prayer Books were not subsidised and therefore were too expensive for people to buy.

⁴⁹ Reported in the ‘Abstract of Proceedings’ appended to James Johnson, A Sermon Preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts; at their Anniversary Meeting in the Parish Church of St. Mary-le-Bow, on Friday February 24, 1758 (1758), 38.

⁵⁰ Lambeth Palace Library, MS 1124/2, fo. 257v, Thompson to SPG, 26 Mar. 1764.

⁵¹ Frederick Keppel, A Sermon Preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts; at their Anniversary Meeting in the Parish Church of St. Mary-le-Bow, on Friday February 16, 1770 (1770), ‘Abstract of Proceedings’, 2.

⁵² The Diary of Samuel Sewall, 1674–1729, ed. M. Halsey Thomas (2 vols., New York, 1973), see i, 406, 4 Jan. 1699, ii, 779, 25 Dec. 1714.

⁵³ Ibid., i, 385, 25 Dec. 1697.

⁵⁴ Reported in the ‘Abstract of Proceedings’ appended to Matthew Hutton, A Sermon Preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts; at their Anniversary Meeting in the Parish Church of St. Mary-le-Bow, on Friday February 21, 1745 (1745/6), 40.

⁵⁵ Quoted in Martin Benson, A Sermon Preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts; at their Anniversary Meeting in the Parish-Church of St. Mary-le-Bow, on Friday, February 15, 1739–40 (1740), 55.

⁵⁶ Hobart, A Serious Address, 56.

⁵⁷ It has been suggested that many people were unchurched in the eighteenth century: Bonomi, Patricia U. and Eisenstadt, Peter R., ‘Church adherence in the eighteenth-century British American Colonies’, William and Mary Quarterly, 39 (1982), 245–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For some of the failings of the Congregationalist churches in attracting the laity, see Onuf, Peter S., ‘New Lights in New London: A Group Portrait of the Separatists’, William and Mary Quarterly, 37 (1980), 626–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁸ For example, MHS, MS N-2249, folder 33, 18 Feb. 1770.

⁵⁹ MHS, MS N-2249 (XT) Old North Church, Vestry Book, 1724–1802, 170.

⁶⁰ On Huguenot settlers, see Butler, Jon, The Huguenots in America. A Refugee People in New World Society (Cambridge, MA, 1984)Google Scholar.

⁶¹ Mayhew, Defence of the Observations, 16–130.

⁶² Literary Diary of Stiles, ed. Dexter, ii, 113.

⁶³ King, ‘S.P.G. in New England’, 29.

⁶⁴ Foote, King's Chapel, i, 53.

⁶⁵ Pestana, Carla, Quakers And Baptists In Colonial Massachusetts (New York, 1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶⁶ Stiles, Ezra, A Discourse on the Christian Union (Boston, MA, 1761), 142–4Google Scholar.

⁶⁷ Literary Diary of Stiles, ed. Dexter, i, 294–5, 488. Steiner, ‘New England Anglicanism’, puts the figure at 25,000 persons at that date (122).

⁶⁸ Gilbert, Alan. D., Religion and Society in Industrial England. Church, Chapel and Social Change, 1740–1914 (London and New York, 1976), 31–2Google Scholar.

⁶⁹ King, ‘S.P.G. in New England’, 225–6.

⁷⁰ This was according to John Beach, the missionary there, in letters to the SPG in 1762, quoted in the ‘Abstract of Proceedings’ appended to John Egerton, A Sermon Preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts; at their Anniversary Meeting in the Parish Church of St. Mary-le-Bow, on Friday February 18, 1763 (1763), 51. For the original, see Lambeth Palace Library, MS 1124/2, fo. 55, Beach to SPG, 6 Apr. 1762.

⁷¹ The Records of Trinity Church, Boston, 1728–1830, ed. Andrew Oliver and James Bishop Peabody, Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, lv and lvi (Boston, MA, 1980). See also Tyng, Dudley, Massachusetts Episcopalians, 1607–1957 (Pascoag, RI, 1960)Google Scholar.

⁷² For example, Cutler to SPG, 5 Feb. 1738 in Historical Collections relating to the American Colonial Church, ed. Perry, iii, 321.

⁷³ Quoted in the ‘Abstract of Proceedings’ appended to John Waugh, A Sermon Preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts; at their Anniversary Meeting in the Parish-Church of St. Mary-le-Bow; on Friday, February 15, 1722 (1723), 51.

⁷⁴ George Berkeley, A Sermon Preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts; at their Anniversary Meeting in the Parish-Church of St Mary-le-Bow, on Friday, February 18, 1731 (1732), 17, 22.

⁷⁵ Mayhew, Observations on the Charter, 43.

⁷⁶ Seeman, Erik R., Pious Persuasions: Laity and Clergy in Eighteenth-Century New England (Baltimore, 1999)Google Scholar.

⁷⁷ Mathias Plant to SPG, 24 Sept. 1732, in Historical Collections relating to the American Colonial Church, ed. Perry, iii, 288.

⁷⁸ Nelson, ‘Anglican Missions’, 449–51.

⁷⁹ Lambeth Palace Library, MS 1124/2, fo. 200, Matthew Graves to SPG, 20 Feb. 1763.

⁸⁰ For example, dissenters contributed to the refurbishment of the interior of the church at Hebron: see ‘Abstract of Proceedings’ appended to William Warburton, A Sermon Preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts; at their Anniversary Meeting in the Parish Church of St. Mary-le-Bow, on Friday February 21, 1766 (1766), 23.

⁸¹ For the Great Awakening in a broad context, see Kidd, Thomas S., The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America (New Haven, 2007)Google Scholar. For New England in particular, see Winiarski, Douglas L., ‘Souls Filled with Ravishing Transport; Heavenly Visions and the Radical Awakening in New England’, William and Mary Quarterly, 61 (2004), 3–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and his ‘“A Journal of Five Days at York”: The Great Awakening on the Northern New England Frontier’, Maine History, 42 (2004), 47–85; Nordbeck, Elizabeth C., ‘“Almost Revived”: The Great Revival in New Hampshire and Maine, 1727–1748’, Historical New Hampshire, 35 (1980), 24–58Google Scholar. See also Goen, Clarence C., Revivalism and Separatism in New England, 1740–1800 (New Haven, 1962)Google Scholar.

⁸² See Gilbert, Religion and Industrial Society. For a revised view see Gregory, Jeremy, ‘“In the Church I will Live and Die”: John Wesley, the Church of England and Methodism’, in Religion and Identity in Eighteenth-Century Britain, ed. Gibson, William and Ingram, Robert (Ashgate, 2005), 147–78Google Scholar, and David R. Wilson, ‘Church and Chapel: Parish Ministry and Methodism in Madeley, c. 1760–1785, with Special Reference to the Ministry of John Fletcher’ (Ph.D. thesis, University of Manchester, 2010).

⁸³ Lambeth Palace Library, SPG Minutes iv, 1740–4, fo. 254, Caner to SPG, 10 Nov. 1743. An abstract of this was quoted in Philip Bearcroft, A Sermon Preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts; at their Anniversary Meeting in the Parish Church of St. Mary-le-Bow, on Friday February 15, 1744 (1744), 43–4.

⁸⁴ See George Whitefield's Journals, 1737–1741, ed. William Wale (Gainesville, 1969 reprint); Stout, Harry S., The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids, 1991)Google Scholar; Lambert, Frank, ‘Pedlar in Divinity’. George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals, 1737–1770 (Princeton, 1994)Google Scholar. See also Goodwin, Gerald J., ‘The Anglican Reaction to the Great Awakening’, Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church, 35 (1966), 345–6Google Scholar.

⁸⁵ Quoted in the ‘Abstract of Proceedings’ appended to Bearcroft, Sermon, 44.

⁸⁶ Goen, Revivalism and Separatism, 157; John Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (1990), 320.

⁸⁷ Quoted in the ‘Abstract of Proceedings’ appended to Samuel Lisle, A Sermon Preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts; at their Anniversary Meeting in the Parish-Church of St. Mary-le-Bow, on Friday February 19, 1747 (1747/8), 54.

⁸⁸ Quoted in the ‘Abstract of Proceedings’ appended to Hutton, Sermon, 40. See also Stenerson, Douglas C., ‘An Anglican Critique of the Early Phase of the Great Awakening in New England: A Letter by Timothy Cutler’, William and Mary Quarterly, 30 (1973), 475–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar. This is an edition of Cutler's letter of 28 May 1739 to Bishop Gibson's request for information about the recent outbreak of revivalism and contains his views on Jonathan Edwards’ account of the religious revival in Northampton.

⁸⁹ Quoted in Matthias Mawson, A Sermon Preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts; at their Anniversary Meeting in the Parish-Church of St. Mary-le-Bow, on Friday, February 18, 1742–3 (1743), 41–2. On women in the revival, see Brekus, Catherine, Strangers and Pilgrims: Female Preaching in America (Chapel Hill, 1998)Google Scholar, Juster, Susan, Disorderly Women: Sexual Politics and Evangelicalism in Revolutionary New England (Ithaca, 1996)Google Scholar.

⁹⁰ Chauncy, Charles, Enthusiasm Described and Caution'd Against (Boston, MA, 1742)Google Scholar. Compare this with the tract attributed to Thomas Comber, prebendary of Durham cathedral, Christianity no Enthusiasm, or, the Several Kinds of Inspirations and Revelations Pretended to by the Quakers Tried and Found Destructive to Holy Scripture and True Religion (1678); George Hickes, The Spirit of Enthusiasm Exorcised in a Sermon Preached before the University of Oxford, on Act Sunday, July 11 1680 (1680); and George Lavington, The Enthusiasm of Methodists and Papists Compared, 3 Parts (1749–51). Seventeenth-century English Presbyterians had also targeted those they considered enthusiastic sectaries: Thomas Edwards, The First and Second Part of Gangraena, or, A catalogue and Discovery of Many of the Errours, Heresies, Blasphemies and Pernicious Practices of the Sectaries of this Time (1646). On the durability of religious language castigating opponents, see Jeremy Gregory, ‘Articulating Anglicanism: The Church of England and the Language of “The Other” during the Long Eighteenth Century’, in Religion, Language and Power, ed. Nile Green and Mary Searle Chatterjee (2008), 143–66.

⁹¹ Quoted in the ‘Abstract of Proceedings’ appended to Richard Osbaldeston, A Sermon Preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts; at their Anniversary Meeting in the Parish Church of St. Mary-le-Bow, on Friday February 21, 1752 (1752), 37.

⁹² Quoted in the ‘Abstract of Proceedings’ appended to Frederick Cornwallis, A Sermon Preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts; at their Anniversary Meeting in the Parish Church of St. Mary-le-Bow, on Friday February 20, 1756 (1756), 38.

⁹³ Quoted in the ‘Abstract of Proceedings’ appended to Johnson, Sermon, 38. On the iconic status of Plymouth, see Seelye, John, Memory's Nation: The Place of Plymouth Rock (Chapel Hill, 1998)Google Scholar.

⁹⁴ Quoted in the ‘Abstract of Proceedings’ appended to Egerton, Sermon, 53.

⁹⁵ Lambeth Palace Library, MS 1124/2, fo. 145, Davies to SPG, 28 Dec. 1762.

⁹⁶ See Welles, Noah, The Real Advantages which Ministers and People May Enjoy Especially in the Colonies, by Conforming to the Church of England; Faithfully Considered, and Impartially Represented, in a Letter to a Young Gentleman (Boston, MA, 1762)Google Scholar, which satirised the Church's links to politeness, moderation and financial gain (as well as to Popery).

⁹⁷ Quoted in Woolverton, Colonial Anglicanism, 88.

⁹⁸ Lambeth Palace Library, MS 1124/2, fo. 102, Davies to SPG, 3 July 1762.

⁹⁹ Lambeth Palace Library, MS 1124/1, fo. 152, Browne to SPG, 10 Sept. 1760.

¹⁰⁰ Lambeth Palace Library, MS 1124/2, fo. 134, Samuel Peters to SPG, 24 Dec. 1762. Joshua Bailey, the itinerant missionary on the eastern frontier of Massachusetts, rode between 600 and 700 miles in 1761: ibid., fo. 169v, Bailey to SPG, 26 Mar. 1761.

¹⁰¹ Hall, Timothy D., Contested Boundaries: Itinerancy and the Reshaping of the Colonial Religious World (Durham, NC, 1994)Google Scholar.

¹⁰² Berkeley, Sermon, 56.

¹⁰³ Lambeth Palace Library, MS 1124/2, fos. 200–1, Graves to SPG, 20 July 1763.

¹⁰⁴ Quoted in ‘Abstract of Proceedings’ attached to John Hume, A Sermon Preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts; at their Anniversary Meeting in the Parish Church of St. Mary-le-Bow, on Friday February 19, 1762 (1762), 44.

¹⁰⁵ Lambeth Palace Library, MS 1124/2, fo. 100, Fayerweather to SPG, 25 Dec. 1761.

¹⁰⁶ Lambeth Palace Library, MS 1124/2, fo. 89v, ‘Petition from the Church of Warwick in the Colony of Rhode Island, 17 June 1762’.

¹⁰⁷ Cameron, Letter-Book of the Rev. Henry Caner, 239, Caner to Secker, 23 Oct. 1767.

¹⁰⁸ Ibid.

¹⁰⁹ Ibid.

¹¹⁰ On the Mathers see Middlekauff, Robert, The Mathers: Three Generations of Puritan Intellectuals, 1596–1728 (New York, 1971)Google Scholar. For Byles's father, also called Mather Byles, see Eaton, Arthur Wentworth, The Famous Mather Byles: The Noted Boston Tory Preacher, Poet and Wit (Boston, MA, 1914)Google Scholar. For our Mather Byles, see Shipton, Clifford K., Sibley's Harvard Graduates, xiii, 1751–1755 (Massachusetts Historical Society, 1965), 6–26Google Scholar.

¹¹¹ MHS, MS N-1153: ‘Life and Letters of Revd Mather Byles’, 78.

¹¹² Boston Gazette, 25 Apr. 1768. For one colonial Anglican clergyman's positive response to Byles's conforming, see Peters, Samuel, Reasons Why Mr Byes Left New London, and Returned to the Bosom of the Church of England (New London, 1768)Google Scholar, but for an opposite view (highlighting the financial reasons for the move) see Gales, Benjamin, A Debate between the Rev Mr Byles, Late Pastor of the First Church in New-London, and the Brethren of that Church (New London, 1768)Google Scholar. It is worth noting that the bitter anti-British feeling of 1765–6 occasioned by the Stamp Act had abated somewhat between 1766 and 1770: Jensen, Merrill, The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution, 1763–1776 (New York, 1968), chs. 10–11Google Scholar.

¹¹³ For a useful overview, see John Shy, ‘The American Colonies in War and Revolution, 1748–1783’, in The Oxford History of the British Empire, ii, ed. Marshall, 276–323, esp. 307–13. See Hatch, Nathan O., The Sacred Cause of Liberty. Republican Thought and the Millennium in Revolutionary New England (New Haven, 1977)Google Scholar; Wood, Gordon S., The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin (New York, 2004)Google Scholar; and Breen, T. H., ‘Ideology and Nationalism on the Eve of the American Revolution: Revisions Once More in Need of Revising’, Journal of American History, 84 (1997), 13–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹⁴ Bell, War of Religion, 160ff.

¹¹⁵ William McGilchrist to SPG, 17 July 1764, in Historical Collections relating to the American Colonial Church, ed. Perry, iii, 514–15.

¹¹⁶ William McGilchrist to SPG, 27 June 1766, ibid., 525.

¹¹⁷ Quoted in the ‘Abstract of Proceedings’ appended to John Ewer, A Sermon Preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts; at their Anniversary Meeting in the Parish Church of St. Mary-le-Bow, on Friday February 20, 1767 (1767), 48ff.

¹¹⁸ Quoted in the ‘Abstract of Proceedings’ appended to Jonathan Shipley, A Sermon Preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts; at their Anniversary Meeting in the Parish Church of St. Mary-le-Bow, on Friday February 19, 1773 (1773), 22.

¹¹⁹ Quoted in the ‘Abstract of Proceedings’ appended to Edmund Law, A Sermon Preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts; at their Anniversary Meeting in the Parish Church of St. Mary-le-Bow, on Friday February 18, 1774 (1774), 27.

¹²⁰ I have checked the digests of the letters printed in the ‘Abstracts of the Proceedings’ added to the printed sermons preached to the SPG with the originals in Rhodes House Library, Oxford.

¹²¹ Clark, Language of Liberty, 216–17.

¹²² Cameron, Letter-Book of the Rev. Henry Caner, 250, Caner to Terrick, 29 Sept. 1773.

¹²³ Ibid., Caner to Terrick, 258, 7 Oct. 1774. For Peters, see Cohen, Sheldon S., Connecticut's Loyalist Gadfly: The Revered Samuel Andrew Peters (Hartford, 1976)Google Scholar.

¹²⁴ Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, ed. Dexter, ii, 502, 20 Dec. 1774.

¹²⁵ Quoted in the ‘Abstract of Proceedings’ appended to William Markham, A Sermon Preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts; at their Anniversary Meeting in the Parish Church of St. Mary-le-Bow, on Friday February 21, 1777 (1777), 58.

¹²⁶ Breen, Timothy, The Marketplace of Revolution: How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence (New York, 2004)Google Scholar.

¹²⁷ Caner, Henry, A Candid Examination of Dr. Mayhew's Observations on the Charter and Conduct of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (Boston, MA, 1763), 89Google Scholar.

¹²⁸ Bridenbaugh, Mitre and Sceptre.

¹²⁹ Mills, Frederick V., Bishops By Ballot. An Eighteenth-Century Ecclesiastical Revolution (New York, 1978)Google Scholar.