^{page 85 note 1} Putnam, Bertha H., Proceedings before the Justices of the Peace ( London, 1938 )Google Scholar; see the bibliography given there of Professor Putnam's other works.

^{page 85 note 2} ‘Keeper’ in this paper refers only to the custos pacis, ‘warden’ to other types of keeper ( e.g. of marches or coast).

^{page 85 note 3} Eng. Hist. Rev., xl ( 1925 ), pp. 411 –19CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

^{page 85 note 4} For information on the baronial keepers, see Treharne, R. F., The Baronial Plan of Reform, 1258–63 ( Manchester, 1932 ), pp. 316 –18Google Scholar, 330, 335–36; Beard's, C. A. The Office of Justice of the Peace in England, and its Origin and Development ( New York, 1904 )Google Scholar, and Cam's, Helen M. The Hundred and the Hundred Rolls ( London, 1930 )Google Scholar are useful for the whole century.

^{page 86 note 1} Lambard, W., Eirenarcha ( London, 1610 ), pp. 16 – 18Google Scholar.

^{page 86 note 2} P[ublic] R[ecord] O[ffice], J. I. 1/734.

^{page 86 note 3} Stewart-Brown, R., The Serjeants of the Peace in Medieval England and Wales ( Manchester, 1936 )Google Scholar.

^{page 86 note 4} Ch. 16 of the petition of the barons (1258) states the connexion between high farms and extortion.

^{page 86 note 5} Infra, p. 105, n. 4

^{page 87 note 1} Pollock, F. and Maitland, F. W., History of English Law before Edward I, 2nd ed. ( Cambridge, 1898 ), ii, p. 583Google Scholar.

^{page 87 note 2} Powicke, F. M., ‘ Per Iudicium Parium vel per Legem Terrae ’, Magna Carta Commemoration Essays ( Royal Hist. Soc., 1917 ), pp. 114 –15Google Scholar.

^{page 87 note 3} Select Charters, 9th ed. ( Oxford, 1913 ), p. 257Google Scholar.

^{page 87 note 4} Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene, ed. Stubbs, W. (R[olls] S[eries], 1868 – 1871 ), iii, pp. 299 – 300Google Scholar.

^{page 87 note 5} Gervase, of Canterbury, , Historical Works, ed. Stubbs, W. (R.S., 1879 – 1880 ), ii, pp. 96 – 97Google Scholar.

^{page 87 note 6} Stubbs, W., Select Charters, p. 362Google Scholar; cf. Cam, H. M., op. cit., p. 190Google Scholar, for the sheriff's rôle in a similar measure of 1253.

^{page 87 note 7} In 1241, the sheriffs of twenty counties were each instructed to see to the election of four to eight Serjeants ( Stewart-Brown, , op. cit., p. 137 )Google Scholar.

^{page 88 note 1} Cam, , op. cit., p. 190Google Scholar.

^{page 88 note 2} For these lesser custodes pacis, see ibid., p. 193, and Putnam, , op. cit., p. xxxviiGoogle Scholar; the evidence comes mostly from the gaol delivery rolls, where a prisoner is sometimes said to be captus or indictatus per custodem pacis hundredi de …

^{page 88 note 3} Pollock, and Maitland, , op. cit., i, p. 200Google Scholar.

^{page 88 note 4} See, for instance, Rot. Litt. Pat. (Rec. Comm. ed.), i, p. 62; for details on the keeping of the coast and sea, see Nicolas, N. H., History of the Royal Navy ( London, 1847 )Google Scholar.

^{page 88 note 5} Rot. Litt. Pat., i, p. 109.

^{page 88 note 6} Ibid., p. 156.

^{page 88 note 7} P[atent] R[olls], 1216–25, p. 468: Dorset, 1224 (Gernun is both sheriff of Dorset and constable of Corfe); P.R., 1225–32, p. 183: Norfolk and Suffolk, 1228. The wardens of the shore of Devon and Cornwall, and of Norfolk and Suffolk in 1224 ( P.R., 1216–25, pp. 468–69 and 492) seem to have been neither sheriffs nor castellans.

^{page 89 note 1} P.R., 1225–32, p. 241 (1229).

^{page 89 note 2} Murray, K. M., The Constitutional History of the Cinque Ports ( Manchester, 1935 ), pp. 79 ffGoogle Scholar.; cf. P.R., 1225–32, pp. 22, 180 and 258.

^{page 89 note 3} C[alendar of] P[atent] R[olls], 1232–47, pp. 33 (1233), 268 (1241) and 292 (1242). Although, in this and subsequent notes, the only references given are to the published Calendars, the manuscript rolls have been consulted.

^{page 89 note 4} P.R., 1216–25, pp. 465–66 (1224); C.P.R., 1232–47, pp. 92 (1235) and 300 (1242).

^{page 89 note 5} Ibid., p. 287.

^{page 89 note 6} P.R., 1216–25, p. 522; infra, p. 102.

^{page 89 note 7} Rot. Litt. Pat., i, p. 109.

^{page 89 note 8} C.P.R., 1247–58, p. 580.

^{page 89 note 9} C.P.R., 1258–66, p 238; notice that the ‘preservation of the peace and tranquillity’ of Strettondale received special attention) Ibid., p. 64, and C.P.R., 1232–47, p. 18).

^{page 89 note 10} P.R., 1216–25, p. 457; C.P.R., 1232–47, p. 19; cf. p. 165.

^{page 89 note 11} C.P.R., 1232–47, p. 28.

^{page 90 note 1} C.P.R., 1232–47, pp. 21, 26–27 and 31.

^{page 90 note 2} Ibid., p. 28.

^{page 90 note 3} Ibid., pp. 182, 184, 186 (all concerning Chester, 1237); cf. commissions with almost the same terms for Wiltshire ( Ibid., p. 228: 1238) and Devon ( Ibid., p. 298: 1242).

^{page 90 note 4} Ibid., pp. 21, 26–28, 31; the commission to the sheriff mentioned, p. 89, n. II, is from the same months.

^{page 90 note 5} Ibid., pp. 21 and 26.

^{page 90 note 6} P.R., 1216–25, p. 282.

^{page 90 note 7} Ibid., pp. 282 and 293.

^{page 90 note 8} C.P.R., 1232–47, pp. 28 and 31; see also the commissions listed supra, n. 3.

^{page 90 note 9} For the steward, see C.P.R., 1232–47, pp. 26 and 165; for Henry de Trubleville and Nicholas de Molis, at various times seneschals of Gascony, see Ibid., pp. 21, 164–65.

^{page 90 note 10} Infra, p. 106.

^{page 90 note 11} C.P.R., 1232–47, pp. 139 and 217.

^{page 91 note 1} C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 287; Edmund's chief task was to expedite the escape overseas of unpopular ministers and relations of the king ( Treharne, , op. cit., p. 305 )Google Scholar.

^{page 91 note 2} Powicke, F. M., The Thirteenth Century ( Oxford, 1953 ), pp. 164 –67Google Scholar.

^{page 91 note 3} C.P.R., 1258–66, pp. 263–64.

^{page 91 note 4} Ibid., p. 271; the names of six of the baronial keepers of 1263 can be found in the chancery rolls: see C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 271; C[lose] R[olls], 1261–64, pp. 242, 250 and 309; Hunter, J., Rotuli Selecti ( Rec. Comm., 1834 ), pp. 153, 166Google Scholar.

^{page 91 note 5} See, for instance, C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 283, and C.R., 1261–64, pp. 243 ff.

^{page 91 note 6} See their commission.

^{page 91 note 7} C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 273.

^{page 92 note 1} C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 288, and C.R., 1261–64, p. 247.

^{page 92 note 2} Hunter, , Rotuli Selecti, pp. 153 –57, 166 and 194Google Scholar.

^{page 92 note 3} He stopped the sending of writs of venire facias to the keepers, summoning them to account for shire revenues ( cf. Treharne, , op. cit., pp. 316–18)Google Scholar.

^{page 92 note 4} C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 357 ( cf. Abbreviatio Placitorum ( Rec. Comm., 1811), p. 265Google Scholar, and infra, p. 94). For supplementary appointments, see Ibid., pp. 314–15.

^{page 92 note 5} For a reference to the ‘bailiwicks’ of the baronial keepers, see Ibid., p. 283.

^{page 92 note 6} Of those named in the commission, FitzPeter, Clifford, Lestrange, Nevill, Gesemuth, Montalt and Eustace de Balliol were sheriffs.

^{page 92 note 7} C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 360; to complete a list of the baronial keepers of 1264–65, see Ibid., pp. 327, 331, 430, 434 487.

^{page 92 note 8} See the instructions to the keepers in the growing emergency: Ibid., pp. 424, 426, 434, 475 and 487; C.R., 1261–64, p. 402.

^{page 92 note 9} Norwich Castle was given to de Burgh, John ‘because he is keeper of the peace’ ( C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 322 )Google Scholar.

^{page 93 note 1} See their commission.

^{page 93 note 2} Powicke, F. M., King Henry III and the Lord Edward ( Oxford, 1947 ), ii, p. 446Google Scholar.

^{page 93 note 3} See the commission to John de Plessetis ( C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 405): ‘Nolumus autem quod pretextu hujus mandati nostri de aliquibus que ad officium vicecomitis pertinent vos intromittatis …’; cf. Ibid., p. 331.

^{page 93 note 4} C.P.R., 1247–58, p. 649.

^{page 93 note 5} C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 272.

^{page 93 note 6} Ibid., pp. 349 and 351.

^{page 93 note 7} Ibid., pp. 420 and 481.

^{page 93 note 8} Ibid., pp. 360–61, and 368; infra, p. 97.

^{page 93 note 9} During a vacancy in the shrievality, the baronial keeper held sole authority for a time in Cumberland, ( C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 328Google Scholar).

^{page 93 note 10} Westmorland Ibid., p. 489), Yorkshire Ibid., p. 656), Lincolnshire Ibid., p. 604), Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Ibid., p. 553; C.P.R., 1266–72, p. 133), Huntingdonshire, and Cambridgeshire, (C.P.R., 1258–66), p. 671Google Scholar; C.P.R., 1266–72, p. 132), Norfolk, and Suffolk, ( C.R., 1264–68, p. 236Google Scholar; C.P.R., 1266–72, p. 132), Essex, and Hertfordshire, ( C.P.R., 1258–66, pp. 636Google Scholar, 655–56, 657–58, 668; C.P.R., 1266–72, p. 129; C.R., 1264–68, p. 297), Middlesex, and Buckinghamshire, ( C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 652 )Google Scholar, Warwickshire Ibid., pp. 652, 654), Oxfordshire Ibid., p. 652; C.P.R., 1266–72, p. 131), Somerset, , Dorset, and Wiltshire, (C.P.R., 1258–66, pp. 663 –64Google Scholar, Hampshire, ( C.P.R., 1266–72, pp. 105, 128)Google Scholar, Surrey, and Sussex, ( C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 661; C.P.R., 1266–72, p. 128); forGoogle Scholar Kent, , see infra, p. 95Google Scholar.

^{page 94 note 1} C.P.R., 1258–66, pp. 489, 553,604, 668; C.P.R., 1266–72, pp. 105, 132; C.R., 1264–68, pp. 211, 236.

^{page 94 note 2} C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 661; cf Ibid., p. 655.

^{page 94 note 3} C.P.R., 1266–72, pp. 129, 133.

^{page 94 note 4} C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 652.

^{page 94 note 5} Powicke, , King Henry III and the Lord Edward, ii, pp. 445 –46Google Scholar.

^{page 94 note 6} For the appointments connected with Kenilworth, , see C.P.R., 1258–66, pp. 652 and 654Google Scholar; with Ely, Ibid., pp. 652–53, and C.P.R., 1266–72, pp. 132– 33, 168, 667.—Essex, which was ravaged by the rebels from Ely ( Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, ed. Stubbs, W., R.S., i, pp. 73 – 74 )Google Scholar, received no less than eight keepers.

^{page 94 note 7} P.R.O., E. 163/1/41.

^{page 95 note 1} de Muleton, Thomas, custos pacts in Cumberland, 1265Google Scholar ( C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 360), ‘captain and warden of the maritime parts’, 1264 ( Ibid., pp. 349 and 351), keeper in the parts of Holland, Dec. 1265 ( Ibid., pp. 652–53); John de Burgh the elder, keeper in Norfolk, 1264 ( Ibid., p. 360), Essex and Herts., 1266 ( Ibid., p. 636); John de Burgh junior, in Essex and Herts., 1266 ( Ibid., pp. 636 and 668); Richard de Tany the younger, in Essex and Herts., 1266 ( Ibid., p. 655; his father was custos pads in 1264 and was pardoned in 1267, C.P.R., 1266–72, p. 38).

^{page 95 note 2} Supra, p. 85.

^{page 95 note 3} C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 652.

^{page 95 note 4} C.P.R., 1266–72, p. 130 (John de Vallibus).

^{page 95 note 5} C.R., 1264–68, p. 168; cf. C.P.R., 1266–72, p. 265.

^{page 95 note 6} C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 489.

^{page 95 note 7} C.P.R., 1266–72, p. 607.

^{page 95 note 8} Ibid., p. 501 (Sandwich); p. 663 (Osbert Giffard appointed capitaneus et custos pads and defensor contra inimicos in Oxford and its surroundings).

^{page 95 note 9} C.P.R., 1266–72, p. 56: four knights are appointed wardens of the liberty of St Edmunds against disturbers of the peace, with the aid of the posse.

^{page 95 note 10} C.P.R., 1258–66, pp. 652–53, and 604.

^{page 96 note 1} C.P.R., 1266–72, p. 667.

^{page 96 note 2} C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 659; C.P.R., 1266–72, p. 601.

^{page 96 note 3} For this rivalry in the Isle of Wight, see Ibid., pp. 67, 156, 165; for the appointment of royal keepers in Ely, see Ibid., pp. 168 and 230.

^{page 96 note 4} The sheriffs of Nottinghamshire, ( C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 553 )Google Scholar and Hampshire, ( C.P.R., 1266–32, p. 105 )Google Scholar were made custodes pacis.

^{page 96 note 5} Prince, R. W., ‘ The Army and Navy ’, The English Government at Work, 1323–36, i (ed. Willard, J. F. and Morris, W. A., Cambridge, Mass., 1940 ), p. 357Google Scholar.

^{page 96 note 6} Infra, p. 99.

^{page 96 note 7} Noyes, A. H., The Military Obligation in Mediaeval England ( Columbus, 1930 ), p. 23Google Scholar and n. 7; Stubbs, W., Constitutional History, 5th ed., ii, p. 298Google Scholar.

^{page 96 note 8} C.P.R., 1258–66, pp. 263–64.

^{page 97 note 1} Ibid., pp. 349 and 351.

^{page 97 note 2} Ibid., pp. 663–64; C.P.R., 1266–72, p. 132.

^{page 97 note 3} Thus, in 1276, Roger Mortimer was captain against the Welsh for Shropshire, Herefordshire and Staffordshire, William de Beauchamp for Cheshire and Lincolnshire, ( C.P.R., 1232–81, p. 171 )Google Scholar.

^{page 97 note 4} Cam, H. M., The Hundred and the Hundred Rolls, p. 191Google Scholar.

^{page 97 note 5} Rymer, , Foedera ( Rec. Comm. ed.), I. i, 437Google Scholar.

^{page 97 note 6} C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 368; similar assurances had to be given to men of higher rank about their feudal service ( Ibid., p. 340).

^{page 97 note 7} Ibid., pp. 360–61, and C.R., 1261–64, p. 402.

^{page 97 note 8} The quotation is from the mandate to Arundel ( C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 661); for the Winchester case, see C.P.R., 1266–32, p. 128.

^{page 98 note 1} C.P.R., 1258–66, pp. 657–58.

^{page 98 note 2} Ibid., p. 132; cf. C.R., 1264–68, p. 168: the warden of the sea-shore in Kent is to raise his expenses from levies in hundredis et locis aliis, and by the amercement of those who do not serve in person.

^{page 98 note 3} C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 636; C.P.R., 1266–72, pp. 168 and 230 (in the latter case the sum is allotted from the issues of an eyre).

^{page 98 note 4} See P.R.O., Exch. K.R., Memoranda Roll, E.159/42, mm. 15d and 16d.

^{page 98 note 5} See the detailed account in P.R.O., Exch. K.R., Ace. Var., E.101/3/9.

^{page 98 note 6} C.P.R., 1266–72, pp. 633–34; cf. Powicke, , Henry III and the Lord Edward, ii, p. 530Google Scholar.

^{page 98 note 7} Morris, W. A., The Welsh Wars of Edward I ( Oxford, 1901 ), p. 33Google Scholar.

^{page 98 note 8} Cam, , The Hundred and the Hundred Rolls, p. 191Google Scholar.

^{page 99 note 1} C.P.R., 1266–32, p. 596.

^{page 99 note 2} C.P.R., 1232–81, p. 10.

^{page 99 note 3} Ibid., p. 218; cf. p. 228, for a mandate to the elected keeper in Norfolk.

^{page 99 note 4} C.P.R., 1281–92, p. 66, under the same heading De malefactoribus intercipiendis et arrestandis; also Ibid., p. 215.

^{page 99 note 5} Ibid., p. 30; Calendar of Chancery Rolls, Various, pp. 217–18; at the same time the bishop of Ely was told to keep the peace at Ely.

^{page 99 note 6} C.P.R., 1281–92, pp. 264–66.

^{page 100 note 1} Few approach the local importance of Tany, one of the two known keepers of 1277 and himself one of the military custodes of 1265–67.

^{page 100 note 2} Infra, p. 108.

^{page 100 note 3} C.P.R., 1307–1313, p. 29.

^{page 100 note 4} C.P.R., 1292–1301, pp. 169 and 187. For the organization of the militia, see Exch. K.R., Ace. Var., E.101/5/29.

^{page 100 note 5} C.P.R., 1292–1301, pp. 152, 157, 169.

^{page 100 note 6} Ibid., p. 408.

^{page 100 note 7} Ibid., p. 308.

^{page 100 note 8} Cf. Ibid., p. 291.

^{page 100 note 9} Ibid., pp. 149, 165, 245.

^{page 101 note 1} See, for instance, C.P.R., 1313–17, p. 516; some such division is apparent as early as 1264 ( C.P.R., 1258–66, pp. 349 and 351).

^{page 101 note 2} Putman, , op. cit., pp. xxviii and 150–51Google Scholar. By this time the ordinary commission of array had become the prerogative of professional soldiers ( Prince, , op. cit., p. 357 )Google Scholar.

^{page 101 note 3} Putnam, , op. cit., p. xxxiGoogle Scholar; the act does not seem to have been implemented.

^{page 101 note 4} Cf. Parliamentary Writs, i, p. 222; Calendar of Chancery Rolls, Various, pp. 212 and 354.

^{page 101 note 5} C.P.R., 1292–1301, p. 168.

^{page 101 note 6} Ibid., p. 301.

^{page 101 note 7} Ibid., p. 152.

^{page 101 note 8} Ibid., p. 185.

^{page 101 note 9} C.P.R., 1307–1313, pp. 3–4.

^{page 101 note 10} Ibid., p. 428; cf. p. 415.

^{page 102 note 1} Parliamentary Writs, ii, p. 432.

^{page 102 note 2} C.P.R., 1292–1301, pp. 312, 315, 387; C.P.R., 1301–1307, pp. 44 and 103.

^{page 102 note 3} Reid, R. R., The King's Council in the North ( London, 1921 ), pp. 22 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 102 note 4} Note the similarities between ‘wardens of the shore in maritime counties’ and ‘captains of the march of Scotland in Cumberland and Westmorland’ (for the latter, see C.P.R., 1292–1301, p. 312; cf. C.P.R., 1301–1307, p. 44). Cf. Murray, K. M., op. cit., p. 80Google Scholar. Wardens of the several types were often appointed together in emergencies ( C.P.R., 1324–27, pp. 162 and 171). The keeping of the maritime parts of the border counties was often included in the commission of the warden of the Scottish marches.

^{page 103 note 1} See the commissions on the dorse of the Patent Roll (not printed in the Calendars ); cf. Pollock, and Maitland, , op. cit., i, pp. 200 – 201Google Scholar.

^{page 103 note 2} Ibid., p. 200.

^{page 103 note 3} Holdsworth, W. S., History of English Law, 7th ed., i, p. 278Google Scholar.

^{page 103 note 4} Second Statute of Westminster (1285), ch. 29; cf. Stephen, J. F., A History of the Criminal Law of England ( London, 1883 ), i, pp. 107 – 110Google Scholar.

^{page 103 note 5} See Select Cases in the Court of King's Bench, ed. Sayles, G. O., iv ( Selden Soc, vol. lxxiv ), pp. lv ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 103 note 6} Putnam, B. H., ‘ The Transformation of the Keepers of the Peace into the Justices of the Peace, 1327–1380 ’, Trans. Roy. Hist. Soc., 4th series, xii ( 1929 ), p. 47Google Scholar.

^{page 103 note 7} E.g., P.R., 1216–25, p. 293; C.P.R., 1258–66, pp. 663–64.

^{page 103 note 8} Supra, p. 88.

^{page 103 note 9} C.P.R., 1232–47, p. 165.

^{page 103 note 10} Ibid., p. 298.

^{page 104 note 1} C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 360; cf. p. 475 (mandate to Devon keeper: see the manuscript enrolment).

^{page 104 note 2} Ibid., p. 489.

^{page 104 note 3} C.P.R., 1266–72, p. 128; cf. C.P.R., 1258–66, pp. 663–64.

^{page 104 note 4} Ibid., p. 271.

^{page 104 note 5} C.P.R., 1266–32, pp. 129 and 132.

^{page 104 note 6} C[alendar of] M[iscellaneous ] I[nguisitions], nos. 287, 326, 2114.

^{page 104 note 7} Parliamentary Writs, ii, p. 432.

^{page 104 note 8} C.P.R., 1292–1301, p. 408.

^{page 105 note 1} Putnam, , Proceedings before the Justices of the Peace; see Professor Plucknett's, T. F. T. commentary in this volume, pp. cliv ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 105 note 2} Powicke, , The Thirteenth Century, p. 143Google Scholar.

^{page 105 note 3} Milsom, S. F. C., ‘ Trespass from Henry III to Edward III, Part I: General Writs ’, Law Quarterly Review, lxxiv ( 1958 ), pp. 223 –24Google Scholar.

^{page 105 note 4} Woodbine, G. E., Yale Law Journal, xxxiv ( 1925 ), pp. 369 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 105 note 5} Powicke, , op cit., pp. 143 –44Google Scholar.

^{page 105 note 6} Maitland, F. W., Collected Papers ( Cambridge, 1911 ), ii, p. 154Google Scholar.

^{page 105 note 7} See Jacob, E. F., Studies in the Period of Baronial Reform and Rebellion ( Oxford, 1925 ), p. 70Google Scholar.

^{page 105 note 8} Studies in the Hundred Rolls ( Oxford, 1921 ), pp. 136 –37Google Scholar.

^{page 105 note 9} P.R.O., J.I. 1/343 (Huntingdon).

^{page 106 note 1} C.P.R., 1258–66, pp. 53 and 196; cf. p. 97: the magnates had at first been permitted to correct these abuses themselves.

^{page 106 note 2} C.R., 1264–68, p. 128.

^{page 106 note 3} Supra, p. 91.

^{page 106 note 4} C.M.I., no. 2114.

^{page 106 note 5} Sometimes schedules containing such presentments were returned and survive attached to the eyre roll; see J.I. 1/237, m. 2d.

^{page 106 note 6} Thomas, A. H., Calendar of the Plea and Memoranda Rolls of the City of London, 1323–64 ( Cambridge, 1926 ), pp. xiii ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 107 note 1} C.P.R., 1272–81, p. 218: ‘et nos in reditu nostro … te … pro laboribus … curialiter respiciemus juxta quod viriliter et strenue vos habueritis in premissis’.

^{page 107 note 2} Holdsworth, , op. cit., i, pp. 530 –32Google Scholar.

^{page 107 note 3} Murray, , op. cit., p. 70Google Scholar; cf. P.R., 1225–32, p. 22.

^{page 107 note 4} Murray, , op. cit., p. 61Google Scholar.

^{page 107 note 5} See C.P.R., 1232–47, p. 73; cf. Murray, , op. cit., p. 122Google Scholar, for an early case where the constable of Dover was the commissioner.

^{page 107 note 6} C.P.R., 1258–66, p. 482.

^{page 107 note 7} Supra, p. 93.

^{page 107 note 8} C.P.R., 1281–92, pp. 255 and 423.

^{page 107 note 9} C.P.R., 1292–1301, p. 165.

^{page 108 note 1} See Select Pleas in the Court of Admiralty, ed. Marsden, R. G., i ( Selden Soc., vol. vi ), p. xliGoogle Scholar.

^{page 108 note 2} C.P.R., 1266–72, p. 132.

^{page 108 note 3} Holdsworth, , History of English Law, i, p. 545Google Scholar.

^{page 108 note 4} Professor Putnam thinks that the strengthening of the justices of the peace was one of the first conscious aims of the commons in parliament ( Trans. Roy. Hist. Soc, 4th series, xii, p. 47).

^{page 108 note 5} Select Cases in the Court of King's Bench, ed. Sayles, G. O., i ( Selden Soc., vol. lv ), pp. 9 and 136Google Scholar; iv (Selden Soc, vol. lxxiv), p. lxxx.

^{page 108 note 6} Parliamentary Writs, i, pp. 398–400.

^{page 108 note 7} For the proceedings of 1298, see Thomson, W. S., The Lincolnshire Assize Roll of 1298 ( Lines. Rec. Soc., 1944 )Google Scholar; cf. C.P.R., 1292–1301, p. 338.

^{page 109 note 1} Thomson, , op. cit., p. cxxiGoogle Scholar.