^{page 91 note 1} Bel, Jean le, Chronique, ed. Viard, J. and Déprez, E. (Société de l'histoire de France, 1904–5), ii. 222Google Scholar.

^{page 91 note 2} ‘Aussi s'enclinoient à la guerre povres chevalliers et escuiers et archers d'Angleterre, qui avoient aprins les oiseuses [var. aises] et soustenoient leur estat sur la guerre',Œuvres, ed. Lettenhove, Kervyn de (Brussels, 1867–79), xiv. 314Google Scholar.

^{page 91 note 3} Froissart, ed. S. Luce and others (Soc. d'hist. de France, Paris, 1869ft.), xii. 205; cf.Boutruche, Robert, La Crise d'une Societe (Paris, 1947), p. 348Google Scholar. Further references to Froissart are to the Paris edition unless the contrary is stated.

^{page 92 note 1} Cf. the ‘finanche raisonnable, enssi que on doit mettre ung gentil homme sans lui trop presser’ (Froissart, ii. 345).

^{page 92 note 2} ‘Qui estoit moult grande a payer (mais non seroit à présent pour ung due de Bretaigne, car les seigneurs se fourment maintenant sur autre condition et manière que ils ne faisoient pour lors, et treuvent plus tost une finance [var. chevance] que ne firent jamais leurs prédécesseurs ou temps passé, mais du temps passé ils ne usoient fors de leurs rentes et revenues, et à present la Duchié de Bretaigne sur ung an ou sur deux, pour aidier à leur seigneur, très bien se tailleroient à deux cens mille nobles)’ (Froissart, ed. Kervyn, xii. 55)Google Scholar. In fact, Charles of Blois did call on his subjects: Luce, S., Bertrand du Guesclin (Paris, 1876), p. 226; cf. Jean le Bel, ii. 243Google Scholar; Robert, of Avesbury, , De gestis mirabilibus regis Edwardi III (Rolls Series), pp. 418–20Google Scholar;Rymer, , Foedera, iii (1). 336Google Scholar.

^{page 92 note 3} Concerning French losses at Sluys: ‘Li rois de France a à lor mort gaegniet deux cens mille florins. On lor devoit lors gages de quatre mois, et si en est la mer delivrée’ (Froissart, ii. 226).

^{page 92 note 4} So Cuvelier makes Bertrand du Guesclin talk of the war of Breton succession(Luce, , op. cit., p. 208)Google Scholar.

^{page 92 note 5} Cf. Luce, , op. cit., p. 51Google Scholar(Roche-Derrein, 1347); Froissart, vi. 168 (Auvray, 1364).

^{page 92 note 6} Froissart, xii. 162–3.

^{page 93 note 1} The assignments on these ransoms make it difficult to compute with certainty what was in fact paid. SeeBroome, D. M., ‘The Ransom of John II’ (Camden Miscellany, xiv. 1926)Google Scholar.

^{page 93 note 2} Perroy, E., ‘L'affaire du comte de Denia’, Melanges Halphen (Paris, 1951), PP. 573–80Google Scholar.

^{apge 93 note 3} ‘…et envoyérent tout leur butin et grand foison de prissoniers en Angleterre, dont grand tresor issi, dont le roy Edowart paya largement ses souldoiers’, Jean le Bel, ii. 74 (1346).

^{page 93 note 4} Rot. Part., ii. 323a, iii. 57b, 74a.

^{page 93 note 5} Gray, Thomas, Scalacronica, ed. Maxwell, H. (Glasgow, 1907), pp. 140–1Google Scholar.

^{page 94 note 1} For the dispute about JohnII, see Froissart, v. 55, 57 (and ed. Kervyn, xviii. 394–6); Rymer, iii (1), 385, 467, 706; Cal. Pat. Rolls 1358–61, p. 320. Jewel was taken at Cocherel, 16 May 1364, wearing a helmet engraved ‘Qui Jehan prendra, cent mille frans aura’, and died soon after his capture, but not before there was a dispute (Froissart, vi. 129–30, 310; Luce, , Bertrand du Guesclin, p. 445)Google Scholar. O. du Guesclin was taken during the second half of 1378 and his ownership was disputed by Charles of Navarre and Sir John d'Arundel, while further litigation arose between Arundel's heirs and other interested parties (Froissart, ix. 98 and introd., p. lvi, n. 1; Rymer, iv. 72; Calendar of London Plea and Mem. Rolls, 1364–81, pp. 297–300; 1381–1412, pp. 8–9).

^{page 94 note 2} Black Prince's Register, iv. 338; below, p. 97.

^{page 94 note 3} Historical Essays in Honour of James Tait, ed. Edwards, J. G. and others (Manchester, 1933), pp. 283–97Google Scholar.

^{page 94 note 4} Op. cit., p. 295.

^{page 95 note 1} Wrottesley, G., Crécy and Calais (1898), p. 192Google Scholar.

^{page 95 note 2} John of Gaunt's Register, ed. Armitage-Smith, S., i (Camden Third Series, xx. 1911), 293Google Scholar.

^{page 95 note 3} Below, p. 98.

^{page 95 note 4} ‘The army and navy’, in Willard, J. F. and Morris, W. A., The English Government at work 1327–1336, i (1940), 332–93Google Scholar.

^{page 95 note 5} ‘Qil puisse avoir toutes autres avauntages de guerre’, Commission of Henry of Lancaster as Lieutenant in Gascony, 13 March 1345, Pub. Rec. Off. K. R. Mem. Roll E 159/123, m. 254.1 have to thank Mr. Pierre Chaplais for drawing my attention to this. Cf. Black Prince's Register, iv. 143–5 (10 July 1355); ‘Et avera le dit M. Henri [de Scrop] les gains de guerre… comme autres capitains ant euz, par vertue de leur commissions ou endentures, en temps passez’; John duke of Lancaster appointing a captain of the town and castle of Calais, 1369 (Rymer, iii (2). 881–2).

^{page 96 note 1} ‘Ceux sont les estatutz, ordenances, et coustumes a tenir en lost… a Duresme, le xvij jour du Moys de Juyl, Ian du regne nostre seignur le Roy Richard second noefisme’, printed accurately by Twist, Travers, Black Book of the Admiralty (Rolls Series), i. 453–8Google Scholar, from Brit. Mus. Cotton MS. Nero D. vi, fos. 89V–90. Other early MSS. in the British Museum are Add. 32097, fos. 42–4, Domitian A. xviii, fos. 30V–32 (dates 27 July). Another French version in Stowe 140, fos. 148–50, and English versions in Harley 369, Harley 1309, Egerton 2342, Add. 6297. There are late copies in the Bodleian, MSS. Rawlinson B. 131, B. 491, Ashmole 856, 863. There is a copy in the College of Arms (according to Grose, F., Military Antiquities, ii (1788), 60)Google Scholar, and doubtless there are others. The date of 27 July looks more plausible than the generally accepted 17 July: Cal. Pat. Rolls 1385–9, pp. 7, 10; Cal. Close Rolls, 1385–9, p. 83.

^{page 96 note 2} The thirds are also mentioned in clause 19, where penalties are laid down for not taking prisoners promptly to king, constable and marshal and for failing to guard prisoners properly. The Black Book makes two words of hostyant, in error.

^{page 96 note 3} E.g. Froissart passim, and the count of Dammartin's narrative of his surrender at Poitiers in Black Prince's Register, iv. 339.

^{page 97 note 1} Above, p. 94.

^{page 97 note 2} ‘Statutes and Ordenances made by… Henry the Fifft at… Maunt’, Nicolas, Nicholas Harris, History of the Battle of Agincourt (2nd ed. 1832), appendix, pp. 31–40Google Scholar, from a MS. in the College of Heralds; a Latin paraphrase will be found in Upton, Nicholas, De studio militari, ed. Bysshe, E. (London, 1654), pp. 133–45Google Scholar, and other English versions in Black Book of the Admiralty, i. 282–95, 459–72. In general see Short Title Catalogue, nos. 9332–9336; Grose, , Military Antiquities, ii. 66–106Google Scholar; Cruickshank, C. G., Elizabeth's Army (Oxford, 1946), pp. 112, 149–50Google Scholar.

^{page 97 note 3} Prohibition, of unauthorized ransoms, 20 May 1416, Cal. Close Rolls Henry V, i. 355Google Scholar; cf. Newhall, R. A., English Conquest of Normandy (New Haven, 1924), pp. 285–6Google Scholar. For instances of the thirds and thirds of thirds being collected see Newhall, , op. cit., pp. 156–7Google Scholar, and also Pub. Rec. Office E. 101/46/4 (bond to pay a third to the crown, 3 Henry V), E. 101/48/2 (file of 47 bonds, 3 and 4 Henry V), E. 101/53/7 (receipt for 96 bonds to Henry V, 19 October 13 Henry VI); cf. Rot. Pad. iv. 178a, petition (1422) for a settlement between crown and the lords and captains of the late Henry V, taking account of the ‘tierces et tierce de tierce de tout manere de gaignes, gaigneez par voie de guerre’.

^{page 98 note 1} References to most printed indentures will be found in Lewis, N. B., ‘The organization of indentured retinues in fourteenth-century England’, Trans. Roy. Hist. Soc, 4th ser., xxvii (1945)Google Scholar; McFarlane, K. B., ‘Bastard Feudalism’, Bulletin of the Inst. of Hist. Research, xx (1943–1945)Google Scholar; and in Mr. Prince's articles quoted above, pp. 94–5. The biggest MS. collection of them is at the Public Record Office, in the Exchequer series 101/68, use of which is made below.

^{page 98 note 2} See above, p. 95 and n. 2. For an example from 1370 see below, p. 99, n. 2.

^{page 98 note 3} John of Gaunt's Register, ii. 5–6.

^{page 98 note 4} Ibid., i. 294–5, ii. 4; John of Gaunt's Register 1379–1383, ed. Lodge, Eleanor C. and Somerville, R., i (Camden Third Series, lvi. 1937), 16–26Google Scholar; cf. a similar indenture between the Earl of Warwick and John Russell, 29 March 1383, Blount, Thomas, Nomo-Lexicon (London, 1670)Google Scholar, sig L [2v] s.v. ‘Bouche of Court’. Much the same language (‘come il ferra as autres banretz deson estat et solonc le manere de pais’) is found in the enrolled copy of the contract of 1370 between Lancaster, and Nevill, (which Mr. H. C. Johnson kindly consulted for me) summarized in Cat. Pat. Rolls 1370–74, p. 46Google Scholar. Mr. K. B. McFarlane directed my attention to this document; I owe him further thanks for discussing with me some of the general problems examined in this paper.

^{page 98 note 5} P.R.O., E 101/68/8–9. The phrase is ‘la tierce partzde touz les prouffis gaignez par la personne du dit [captain's name] et la tierce part du tiers du prouffit de sa retenue’.

^{page 98 note 6} P.R.O., E 101/68/10, between the king and Sir Thomas Abberbury.

^{page 99 note 1} Nicolas, N. H., Agincourt, app., pp. 8–10Google Scholar; Rymer, ix. 230–2, x. 392–4; Lysons, S. in Archaeologia, xvii (1814), 214–16Google Scholar; Abram, A., Social England in the Fifteenth Century (1909), pp. 227–8Google Scholar; cf. the royal pardon in Whetamstede, John, Registrum (Rolls Series), i. 89Google Scholar.

^{page 99 note 2} The first ‘thirds of thirds’ I have found explicitly referred to occurs in 1370; Bain, J., Calendar of docs, relating to Scotland, iv. 178Google Scholar.

^{page 99 note 3} See the references in Schultz, Alwyn, Das höfische Leben iur Zeit der Minnisinger (2nd ed. Leipzig, 1889), ii. 298–305Google Scholar; Gautier, L., La chevallerie (3rd ed. Paris, 1895), pp. 699–700Google Scholar; Meyer's, P. note to Guillaume le Marechal iii (Paris, 1901), 39Google Scholar; refs. quoted by Powicke, F. M., Loss of Normandy, cited below, p. 108Google Scholar.

^{page 99 note 4} Rymer, ii (2). 970, 984, 992.

^{page 100 note 1} Cf. Cal. Pat. Rolls 1338–40, p. 370; Lucas, H. S., The Low Countries and the Hundred Years War (Ann Arbor, 1929), p. 330Google Scholar.

^{page 100 note 2} P.R.O., E 101/68/3, 26 February 1339.

^{page 100 note 3} E.g. Guy count of Namur (1335) (Rymer, ii (2). 921).

^{page 100 note 4} Burghersh, Bartholomew to Stratford, July 1346: ‘et le chambelen de Tankerville fust pris dun bacheler monseignur le prince, si qil est le prison moun seignur’, Murimuth, Adam, Continuatio Chronicorum (Rolls Series), p. 203Google Scholar.

^{page 100 note 5} Murimuth, loc. cit.; Rymer, iii (1). 98; Knighton, Henry, Chronicon (Rolls Series), ii. 44Google Scholar; Cal. Pat. Rolls Ed. Ill 1348–50, pp. 60–1, 312.

^{page 100 note 6} P.R.O., E 101/68/4 (1355): Northampton as ‘chevetein et gardein’ of Brittany (cf. Rymer iii (1). 37, a similar commission of 1345). The Black Prince as lieutenant in Gascony (1355) was to have all prisoners, except the chief of the enemy (Black Prince's Register, iv. 143–5). Cf. Prince, A. E., ‘Strength of English armies in the reign of Edward III’, Eng. Hist. Review, xlvi (1931), 370–1Google Scholar.

^{page 100 note 7} Cf. McFarlane, , ‘Bastard Feudalism’, pp. 177–8Google Scholar.

^{page 100 note 8} ‘Et quia est consonum rationi quod praedicto Waltero [de Manny],… satisfactionem competentem a nobis habeat pro prisonibus supradictis’, Rymer, , ii (2). 1123Google Scholar; Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1338–40, p. 479. Cf. Rymer, ii. 304 (Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1313–17, p. 602), licence to David earl of Atholl to plunder the Scots, 1316: he is to hand over any prisoners whom the king wishes to have, in return for 100 marks.

^{page 101 note 1} Cf. Col. Pat. Rolls Ed. Ill, 1345–8, pp. 225 (William Douglas), 285 (W. de Haliburton), 337, 538, 550 (count of Eu); 1358–61, pp. 63 (royal purchase of a share in a French prisoner), 300 (purchase of Black Prince's prisoners).

^{page 101 note 2} Black Book of the Admiralty (Rolls Series), i. 20–2, 30, 145–7, 223; Marsden, R. G., Law and Custom of the Sea (Navy Record Society), i. 1–2, 66–74, 169nGoogle Scholar. In E 101/68/7 there is a damaged indenture in which the crown reserves a quarter of spoils taken at sea, 10 April 1 Richard II; cf. Rymer, iii (2). 970, indenture of 1373 with two Genoese captains for service at sea, the crown reserving a half of the spoils.

^{page 101 note 3} Black Book, i. 150, 247, 399; Marsden, , ‘Early prize jurisdiction’, Eng. Hist. Review, xxiv (1909), 675–97Google Scholar, esp. pp. 675–6; Schwarzenberger, G., ‘International law in early English practice’, Brit. Year Book of International Law, xxv (1948), 81–2Google Scholar.

^{page 101 note 4} See Pares, Richard, Colonial Blockade and Neutral Rights, 1739–63 (Oxford, 1938), pp. 5–20Google Scholar, and the literature there quoted.

^{page 101 note 5} Pares, , op. cit., p. 6Google Scholar.

^{page 102 note 1} Above, p. 98.

^{page 102 note 2} Wrottesley, G., Crécy and Calais (cited above, p. 95, n. 1)Google Scholar.

^{page 102 note 3} Register, i. 128–9.

^{page 102 note 4} 4 July 1348, Rymer, iii. 164, 168; Luce, pp. 89–90.

^{page 102 note 6} Berkeley Castle, Select Charters. I owe this information to Dr. N. B. Lewis.

^{page 103 note 1} Col. Pat. Rolls, Ed. Ill, 1350S4, p. 205.

^{page 103 note 2} Printed from Brequigny's collections (who, so I am told by Professor Le Patourel, got it from the French Roll), by Kervyn de Lettenhove in the supplementary volume of his edition of Froissart, xviii. 339–43.

^{page 104 note 1} Mr. Le Patourel kindly communicated this document (from Caligula D III) to me; he is inclined to date it 1358.

^{page 104 note 2} Cf. above, p. 98, and below, p. 106 and n. 5.

^{page 105 note 1} Register, iii. 251–2, 294–5.

^{page 105 note 2} Ibid., iv. 249.

^{page 105 note 3} Froissart, iv. 105; Coville, A., Le Petit Jehan de Saintré: recherches complémentaires (Paris, 1937), p. 64Google Scholar. Saintré had been captured before in 1351.

^{page 105 note 4} Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 24062, f. 162. For a discussion of it see Perroy, E. in Mélanges Halphen (cited above, p. 93Google Scholar, n. 2). Professor Perroy uses the old foliation (172).

^{page 105 note 5} Cal. Close Rolls Edward III, 1374–7, PP. 337–8 (13 March 1375).

^{page 105 note 6} Rymer, iii (2). 800 (Sept. 1366).

^{page 106 note 1} Chapters, ii. 133.

^{page 106 note 2} Cf. ibid., iv. 317, n. 5.

^{page 106 note 3} Ibid., iv. 329–30.

^{page 106 note 4} Ibid., iii. 245–8.

^{page 106 note 6} de Eves, Robert and Fogg, Thomas, Cal. Pat. Rolls Ed. Ill, 1361–4, pp. 122, 126Google Scholar; cf. the charges against Latimer, Lord in 1376, Cal. Pat. Rolls Ed. Ill, 1374–7, p. 353Google Scholar; and the quittance to the bishop of Lincoln in 1365, Rymer, iii (2). 776.

^{page 106 note 6} Above, p. 103.

^{page 106 note 7} Newhall, R. A., English Conquest of Normandy, pp. 156–7Google Scholar; Muster and Review (Cambridge, Mass., 1940), pp. 83–4Google Scholar.

^{page 107 note 1} P.R.O., E 101/68/6, with others of the same date in similar terms.

^{page 107 note 2} A useful collection of references in Grimm, Jakob, Deutsche Rechtsaltertiimer, ed. Heusler, A. and Hiibner, R., i (Leipzig, 1912), 343–4Google Scholar; cf. Chadwick, H. M., The Heroic Age (Cambridge, 1922), pp. 340–2Google Scholar.

^{page 107 note 3} For Clovis, , Gregory, of Tours, Historia Francorum, ii. 27Google Scholar; Guillaume le Marechal, ed. Meyer, P., lines 4177–4196Google Scholar, cf. 11,310: ‘Li uns desuz, l'autre desoz’; Froissart, ed. Kervyn de Lettenhove, xii. 6: ‘A ce coup serons-nous tous mors ou tous riches. II en faut attendre l'aventure’; appendix to Murimuth (Rolls Series), p. 247, on pillaging after Crécy: ‘spolia dividebant, sortem mittentes inter se quis quid tolleret.’ See, too, the ‘belle aventure de bons prisonniers’ in Froissart, iii. 144, and cf. the ‘adventuras quaerere’ of official documents, N. Denholm Young, ‘The tournament in the thirteenth century’, in Studies… presented to F. M. Powicke (1948), pp. 252, n. 3, 267.

^{page 107 note 4} Pidal, R. Menendez, Cantar del mio Cid, ii (Madrid, 1911), 816–17, 887Google Scholar; an instance in 1520 will be found in the forthcoming Calendar of Letters of James V of Scotland, pp. 428–9.

^{page 108 note 1} Topping, P. W., Feudal Institutions… In the Assizes of Romania (Philadelphia, 1949), pp. 81–2Google Scholar; La Monte, J., Feudal Monarchy in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1100–1291 (Cambridge, Mass., 1932), pp. 120, 163Google Scholar.

^{page 100 note 2} Powicke, F. M., The Loss of Normandy (Manchester, 1913), pp. 358–63, 438Google Scholar, and references is the most explicit discussion. For France, see the despairing note by Professor Fawtier, in Lot, F. and Fawtier, R., Le premier budget de la monarchie franáise: 1202–3 (Paris, 1932), p. 216Google Scholar.

^{page 108 note 3} Evans, A. W. Wade, Welsh Medieval Law (1909), pp. 154, 158, 165Google Scholar. This is an edition of the misnamed ‘Gwentian code’ of Owen's, Aneurin Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales (Record Commission, 1841)Google Scholar, where other references to the king's third are encountered passim. Ellis, T. P., Welsh Tribal Law and Custom (1926), i. 339Google Scholar, notices these without comment; cf. Lloyd, J. E., A History of Wales (1948), i. 317Google Scholar.

^{page 108 note 4} Mabinogion, trans. Jones, E. and Jones, G. (Everyman's Library), pp. 196–7Google Scholar.

^{page 108 note 5} Rees, W., South Wales and the March 1284–1415 (Oxford, 1924), pp. 43–4Google Scholar; Williams, A. H., An Introduction to the History of Wales, iiGoogle Scholar. The Middle Ages, pt. i (Cardiff, 1948), pp. 167–73Google Scholar.

^{page 109 note 1} Rot. Pad., i. 72a; cf. Morris, W. A., Welsh Wars of Edward I (1901), p. 231Google Scholar.

^{page 109 note 2} Cf. Reid, R. C., ‘Merkland Cross’, Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History Society, xxi (1939), 6–16Google Scholar. I hope to deal with the Scottish evidence elsewhere.

^{page 109 note 3} Menendez Pidal, he. cit.

^{page 109 note 4} Stenton, F. M., First Century of English Feudalism (Oxford, 1932), pp. 168–9Google Scholar.

^{page 109 note 6} Gautier, L., La chevallerie, p. 700Google Scholar.