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The Attempts to Establish A Balance of Power in Europe During the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century (1648–1702)
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 June 2009
Extract
The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 put an end to the war which had troubled Europe for thirty years, and which had its origin in the bitter religious hatred, intensified by political jealousy, of the partisans of the Reformation on the one hand, and of the adherents of the Roman Catholic Church on the other.
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- Copyright © Royal Historical Society 1903
References
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page 37 note 1 Gardiner, , Commonwealth and Protectorate, i. 310, 312, and iii. 122Google Scholar.
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page 38 note 7 Mignet, i. 178.
page 38 note 8 Ibid. i. 178.
page 39 note 1 Mignet, ii. 13 (1651).
page 39 note 2 Vast, i. 67.
page 39 note 3 Mazarin to Terlon, D'Avenal, viii. 295.
page 39 note 4 Vast, i. 67.
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page 39 note 9 Mignet, i. 178.
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page 41 note 2 1655 and 1656.
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page 41 note 5 Treaty of Königsberg, January 1656.
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page 41 note 7 Treaty of Wehlau, September 19, 1657.
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page 41 note 12 May 3, 1660, between Sweden, Polan, and Brandenburg.
page 41 note 13 June 16, 1660, between Sweden and Denmark.
page 41 note 14 July 1661, between Sweden and Russia.
page 42 note 1 Mignet, iv. 95.
page 42 note 2 Cavaignac, Formation de la Prusse Contemporaine.
page 42 note 3 D'Embrun to Lionne, November 5, 1665; Mignet, i. 402.
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page 43 note 1 Mignet, i. 174 and 176.
page 43 note 2 Ibid. p. 183, d'Estrades to Louis XIV. March 30, 1663.
page 43 note 3 Mignet, i. 186, Louis to d'Estrades, April 6, 1663.
page 43 note 4 By the treaty of Paris, 1662.
page 43 note 5 Mignet, i. 200, d'Estrades to Louis XIV. May 10, 1663.
page 43 note 6 Ibid. i. 212, d'Estrades to Louis XIV. July 26, 1663.
page 43 note 7 Ibid.
page 44 note 1 Temple, , Works, i. 231Google Scholar, Sir W. Temple to Sir J. Temple.
page 44 note 2 Mignet, i. 415, Louis to d'Estrades.
page 44 note 3 Ibid. i. 421 (cited from Arlington Letters, ii. 205).
page 44 note 4 January 1666.
page 44 note 5 Mignet, i. 426 (Mémoires de Louis XIV, ii. 6).
page 44 note 6 Renewed 1663 and 1664.
page 44 note 7 Mignet, i. 479.
page 44 note 8 Ibid. ii. 27, August 12, 1666.
page 44 note 9 Ibid. ii. 28, October 22, 1666.
page 44 note 10 Ibid. ii. 35, May 4, 1667.
page 44 note 11 Despatches of William Perwich, p. 7, Perwich to Sir J. Williamson, May 1, 1669 (printed from State Papers, France, Record Office).
page 44 note 12 Mignet, i. 468, Louis to d'Embrun, May 30, 1666.
page 45 note 1 Mignet, i. 433.
page 45 note 2 Ibid. i. 427 and 476, Lionne to d'Embrun, March 14, 1666; Lionne to St Romain, May 30.
page 45 note 3 Ibid. i. 543.
page 45 note 4 Pontalis, i. 368.
page 45 note 5 Temple, , Works, i. 262–272Google Scholar.
page 45 note 6 January 1667.
page 45 note 7 Pontalis, i. 426, and Mignet, ii. 484.
page 45 note 8 Mignet, ii. 58, Louis XIV. to Queen Regent of Spain, May 8, 1667.
page 45 note 9 Temple to Lord St. Albans, May 13, 1667, i. 287.
page 46 note 1 Mignet, ii. 54, Castel Rodrigo to Queen of Spain, March 16, 1667.
page 46 note 2 Ibid. ii. 173, Grémonville to Louis XIV.
page 46 note 3 Perwich, to Arlington, Lord, 11 2, 1669, Perwich Papers, p. 40Google Scholar, and Louis to Grémonville, May 13, 1667, Mignet, ii. 147.
page 46 note 4 Pontalis, i. ch. vii., de Witt to Meerman and Boreel, 1668.
page 46 note 5 Ibid. i. ch. vii., Louis to d'Estrades, September 27, 1667, and Mignet, ii. 493
page 46 note 6 Mignet, ii. 514, Ruvigny to de Lionne, September 19, 1667.
page 47 note 1 Mignet, ii. 519–546.
page 47 note 2 Temple to Arlington, January 24, 1668; Temple, i. 314–325.
page 47 note 3 Mignet, ii. 577, February 13, 1668.
page 47 note 4 Ibid. ii. 606–608, 1668.
page 47 note 5 Ibid. ii. 622 (Mémoires de Louis XIV, 360–370).
page 48 note 1 Mignet, ii. 441, January 19, 1666.
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page 48 note 4 Pontalis, ii. ch. ix., de Witt to Boreel, March 30, 1670.
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page 49 note 1 Mignet, iii. 551, treaty of November 1, 1671, clause iii.
page 49 note 2 Ibid. iii. 9, Ruvigny to Louis, April 23, 1668.
page 49 note 3 Baschet, Transcripts from Paris, R. O., xxxv. 3 and xxxv. 8 (Colbert to Louis).
page 49 note 4 Perwich to Williamson, September 4, 1670, Perwich, p. 108.
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page 49 note 7 Ibid. ii. ch. ix., to de Witt, July 31, 1668.
page 50 note 1 Baschet, Transcripts, xxxv. 3 (Colbert, June 1, 1671).
page 50 note 2 Perwich to Arlington, pp. 54 and 58, January 1670; Perwich to Arlington, p. 216, May 14, 1672.
page 50 note 3 Baschet, Transcripts, xxxv. 7 (Colbert, January 12, 1671). Vast, ii. 26 Lionne to Louis, October 1, 1669. Perwich to Arlington, November 2, 1669, Perwich, p. 39. Perwich to Arlington, February 27, 1672, Perwich, p. 200.
page 50 note 4 Mignet, iii. 565 seq., Corresp. of Pomponne and Louis.
page 50 note 5 Perwich to Williamson and Arlington, Perwich, pp. 120, 122, &c.
page 50 note 6 Ibid.passim.
page 50 note 7 Mignet, iii. 685, Villars to Louis XIV., March 16, 1672.
page 51 note 1 Mignet, iii. 657, States General to Louis XIV., December 10, 1671. Perwich to Arlington, December 1671, Perwich, p. 169.
page 51 note 2 Louis to States General, January 6, 1672, Mignet, iii. 661.
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page 51 note 4 Mignet, iv. 33–35.
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page 52 note 2 Hamley, Art and Operations of War, passim.
page 52 note 3 Perwich to Arlington, April 2, 1672; Perwich, p. 211.
page 52 note 4 Mignet, iii. 694 and iv. 76.
page 52 note 5 Mignet, iv. 78, Grémonville to Louis, June 13, 1672, and State Papers, Germany (Empire), xiii. 237.
page 52 note 6 Perwich, p. 243, October 12, 1672; State Papers, Germany (Empire), xiii. 237.
page 53 note 1 State Papers, Germany (Empire), xiii. 269, seq. (and Baschet's Transcripts, xxxv. 314).
page 53 note 2 Ibid. xiii. 266.
page 53 note 3 Ibid. xiii. 244.
page 53 note 4 Treaty of Berlin, July 13, and ot the Hague, July 28; Mignet, iv. 88 and 89.
page 53 note 5 Vauguyon to Pomponne, August 7, 1672; Mignet, iv. 93.
page 53 note 6 State Papers, Empire, xiii. 237.
page 53 note 7 Perwich to Arlington, p. 244, and Mignet, iv. 135.
page 53 note 8 State Papers, Germany (Empire), xiii. 357, May 25, 1673.
page 54 note 1 State Papers (Empire), xiii. 21, June 8, 1673.
page 54 note 2 Ibid. xiii. 357; Mignet iv. 139, Courtin to Louis XIV., September and October 1672.
page 54 note 3 Ibid. xiii. 322.
page 54 note 4 Ibid. pp. 357 (and 359).
page 54 note 5 Ibid. p. 19.
page 54 note 6 Ibid. p. 21.
page 54 note 7 Ibid. p. 39.
page 54 note 8 Ibid. p. 60.
page 54 note 9 Ibid. Perwich to Arlington, 245, May 31, 1673.
page 54 note 10 Grémonville to Louis XIV., July 17, 1673; Mignet, iv. 189.
page 55 note 1 Mignet, iv. 124, seq.
page 55 note 2 Baschet's Transcripts, xxxvi. 328 and 332.
page 55 note 3 Ibid. p. 286.
page 55 note 4 Ibid. p. 326.
page 55 note 5 Ibid. pp. 293, 294.
page 55 note 6 Ibid., xxxvii. 124, 128, 129.
page 55 note 7 Ibid., xxxviii. 288 seq.
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page 55 note 9 Baschet, xxxviii. 291.
page 55 note 10 Ibid. pp. 288, 292, 303, 316.
page 55 note 11 Mignet, iv. 280 seq.
page 56 note 1 State Papers, Holland, cxcviii. 11, 98, 124, 148, 149.
page 56 note 2 Ibid. p. 105.
page 56 note 3 Ibid. p. 114.
page 56 note 4 Ibid. p. 116.
page 56 note 5 Louis to plenipotentiaries at Nimwegen, Mignet, iv. 390–398.
page 56 note 6 William of Orange to Fagel, August 10, 1675, Mignet, iv. 363; a Corresp. of d'Estrades and Pomponne, 1676 and 1677, Mignet, iv. 408 and 414.
page 56 note 7 State Papers, Holland, cxcviii. 112.
page 56 note 8 Ibid. cxcviii. 116.
page 56 note 9 D'Avaux to Louis XIV., September 1678, Mignet, iv. 558.
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page 57 note 3 Commons Journals, 1678, April 29, May 2, and May 27.
page 57 note 4 State Papers, Holland, cxcviii. 134.
page 57 note 5 Koch, and Schoell, , Hist, abrégée des Traités de Paix, i. 367Google Scholar.
page 58 note 1 Treaties of St. Germain, June 1679, of Fontainebleau (France and Denmark), and of Lunden (Sweden and Denmark).
page 58 note 2 St. Germain, art. v., Vast, ii 119.
page 58 note 3 Ibid. art. vii., Vast, ii. 120.
page 58 note 4 Mignet, iv. 702.
page 59 note 1 Vast, i. 65.
page 59 note 2 Ibid. ii. 131, art. xi. and xiii.
page 59 note 3 Ibid. ii. 129, art. ix.
page 59 note 4 Perwick Letters, passim.
page 60 note 1 London Gazette, September 15, 1670.
page 60 note 2 Koch and Schoell, i. 382 seq., 1681–1683.
page 60 note 3 Legrelle, , Succession d'Espagne, i. 249Google Scholar.
page 61 note 1 Legrelle, i. 288.
page 61 note 2 Lexington Papers, p. 339 (Mr. Hop's Journal).
page 61 note 3 Ibid.
page 61 note 4 Ibid. December 12, 1688.
page 61 note 5 Ibid. February 27, 1689.
page 61 note 6 Rebenac to Louis XIV., January 27, 1689; Legrelle, i. 336.
page 61 note 7 Corresp. of Feuquière and Louis XIV., Legrelle, i. 307 seq.
page 61 note 8 Corresp. of Villars and Louis XIV., Legrelle, i. 294 seq.
page 63 note 1 Hist, of England, iv. 12.
page 63 note 2 Coloma to Charles II., August 1690; Lonchay, , La France et l'Espagne aux Pays-Bas p. 312Google Scholar, Mémoires couronnés de l'Ac. de Belgique, tome 54.
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page 63 note 4 Portland to Lexington, January 1695, Lexington Papers.
page 63 note 5 Lonchay, pp. 313, 314, 318.
page 63 note 6 Stanhope to Lexington, January 1695, Lexington Papers.
page 63 note 7 Charles II. to William and Leopold, March 3, 1695, Lonchay, p. 330.
page 63 note 8 Lord Paget to Lexington, 1695.
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page 64 note 3 Heinsius to Lexington, December 6, 1694, Lexington Papers.
page 64 note 4 Ibid. December 28, 1694, Lexington Papers.
page 64 note 5 Shrewsbury to Lexington, April 19, 1695, Lexington Papers.
page 65 note 1 Portland to Lexington, March 1696, Lexington Papers.
page 65 note 2 Anon. letter to Lexington, March 2, 1696, Lexington Papers.
page 65 note 3 Anon. letter to Lexington, March 16, 1696, Lexington Papers.
page 65 note 4 Corresp. of Galway and Lexington, Lexington Papers.
page 65 note 5 Lexington to Blathwayt, November 1696, Lexington Papers.
page 66 note 1 Prior to Lexington, May 1697, Lexington Papers.
page 66 note 2 Villiers to Lexington, December 1696, and January 1697, and Williamson to Shrewsbury, July 23, 1697, Lexington Papers.
page 66 note 3 Stanhope to Lexington, May 1696, Lexington Papers.
page 66 note 4 William to Heinsius, July 25, 1697, Lexington Papers.
page 66 note 5 Boufflers to Louis XIV., July 1697, Grimblot, Letters of William III. and Louis XIV.
page 66 note 6 William to Heinsius, July 19, 1697, Grimblot, ibid.
page 66 note 7 Louis to Boufflers, July 12, 1697, Grimblot.
page 66 note 8 Art. iv. Treaty of Ryswick, Vast, ii. 205.
page 67 note 1 Williamson to Lexington, September 24, 1697, Grimblot.
page 67 note 2 Prior to Lexington, October 1, 1697, Grimblot.
page 67 note 3 Anon. letter to Lexington, October 1, 1697, Grimblot.
page 67 note 4 Louis to Boufflers, July 12, 1697, Grimblot.
page 68 note 1 Stanhope to his son, June 25, 1698, Grimblot. (‘His eyes bag, his lids are as red as scarlet, and the rest of his face a greenish yellow’ Stanhope, June 25, of Charles II.).
page 68 note 2 Instructions to Bonrepos, January 13, 1698; Legrelle, ii. 374.
page 68 note 3 Instructions to Tallard, March 1698, Grimblot.
page 69 note 1 Portland to William III., March 15, 1698, Grimblot.
page 69 note 2 William III. to Portland, March 1698, Grimblot.
page 69 note 3 William to Heinsius, April 1698, Grimblot.
page 69 note 4 William to Portland, April 1698, Grimblot.
page 69 note 5 Tallard to Louis XIV., April 8, 1698, and February 26, 1699, Grimblot.
page 69 note 6 Portland to William III., March 15, 1697, Grimblot.
page 70 note 1 Louis to Tallard, April 1698, Grimblot.
page 70 note 2 Tallard to Louis, July 3, 1698, Grimblot.
page 70 note 3 Tallard to Louis, September 8, 1698, Grimblot; Legrelle, ii. 664 seq.
page 70 note 4 Louis to Tallard, October 10, 1698, Grimblot.
page 71 note 1 Legrelle, ii. 640–643.
page 71 note 2 Louis to Tallard, February 13, 1699, Grimblot.
page 71 note 3 Tallard to Louis, March 7, Grimblot.
page 71 note 4 Legrelle, iii. 690 seq.
page 71 note 5 Louis to Tallard, February 13, 1699, Grimblot.
page 72 note 1 Manchester to Blathwayt and Jersey, August 20 and 27, Grimblot.
page 72 note 2 Stanhope to his son, June 11, 1698, Grimblot.
page 72 note 3 Stanhope to Lexington, August 6, 1697, Grimblot.
page 73 note 1 Vehse, ii. 68, 69.
page 73 note 2 Legrelle, iii. 712 seq.
page 73 note 3 Legrelle, iv. 53.
page 74 note 1 Mémoire justificatif, Legrelle, iv. 44 seq.
page 74 note 2 William to Heinsius, November 16, 1700, Grimblot.
page 74 note 3 William to Heinsius, November 14, 1700, Grimblot.