^{page 28 note 1} The best authority for the early activity of the Dutch in the far north of Russia is still Scheltema, who has consulted the old chronicles of Wassaenar, Horch, Bachmeisher and others. See also, in Russian, the Collection of the Imp. Russ. Hist. Soc., T.N. 116, edited by Kordt.

^{page 29 note 1} See for the activity of the Dutch in Lapland two Russian papers by Filippov in the Literary Miscellanea, old Russian series, entitled: “The Russians in Lapland in the Sixteenth Century,” Vol. I, Book 3, and “The Dutch Salingen in Russia in the Sixteenth Century,” Vol. IV, Book 3.

^{page 29 note 2} Scheltema, , Russland en de Neiderlanden, I, p. 66. Klutchevsky, in his work. Foreign Reports of Muscovy, spoke of the Dutch in Novgorod, p. 251.Google Scholar

^{page 29 note 3} The Russian Chronicle of the Dvina states that the Dutch had arrived there by 1555, but this is certainly a mistake.

^{page 30 note 1} Coll. of Russ. Imp. Hist. Soc., Vol. 24; also Lygïne, The Peace of Stolbovo and Dutch Affairs MSS., 1615, Aug. 15, No. 2.

^{page 31 note 1} He lived in Russia from 1600 to 1610, and returned again in 1614, sending letters from Arkangelsk to Holland. These are published in the Russian Messagerie de l'Europe, 1868, January.

^{page 31 note 2} See English Affairs MSS. in Moscow, 1619, No. 1, January and July; Royal Letters 49 and State Pap. Russia, I f. 3, August 17, 1621. Also in my paper, “Correspondence of the first Stuarts with the Romanovs,” Roy. Hist. Soc. Trans., Ser. 4, Vol. I, p. 82.

^{page 31 note 3} On the journey of Massa see his work, Histoire des guerres de la Muscovie, p. xc: “Rapport sur ce qui est arrivé au surdit Isaak Massa pendant sa mission vers le Tsar.” Also Dutch Affairs MSS., No. 2, 1615, August 12; 1617, July 26.

^{page 32 note 1} Coll. of the Imp. Russ. Hist. Soc., Vol. 116.

^{page 32 note 2} Dutch Affairs MSS., No. 13. Dutch Charters, No. 17. This is the first ornamented Dutch charter preserved in Moscow, but its decoration is very inferior to the beautiful illumination of some of the English charters sent to the Czars. See also Dutch books MSS., No. 6, 1664, December.

^{page 32 note 3} The Embassy of K. T. Klink, edited in Russia by Loviagine.

^{page 34 note 1} Dutch Affairs MSS. in Moscow, 1635, No. 2; 1644, No. 2; 1646, No. 5.

^{page 34 note 2} Lüder, Geschichte des Holländischen Handels, p. 473. Pringsheim is of the opinion that such a monopoly in favour of Amsterdam only came into existence in 1636. In the MSS. of Dutch Affairs an Amsterdam Company is mentioned in 1657 as one among several others. Aug. 28, 1657, No. 2, “Letter to Czar Alexis from the Amsterdam Company.”

^{page 34 note 3} Scheltema, I, p. 61: of seventeen members six are from Amsterdam.

^{page 35 note 1} Lüder, op. cit., p. 621. Coll. of the Imp. Russ. Hist. Soc., Vol. 116, p. vii.

^{page 35 note 2} Concerning the merchants of the Dutch East India Company, see Raynal, , Histoire Philosophique, pp. 435–436Google Scholar; cf. on the Dutch merchants Brazil, Zimmermann, , Die Kolonialpolitik der Niederländer, p. 67.Google Scholar

^{page 36 note 1} Calendars State Papers, Domestic, anno 1649, p. 64.

^{page 36 note 2} Collins, , “The Present State of Russia,” Russian translation in Readings of the Soc. of History and Antiquities in Moscow, 1846, III, P. 39.Google Scholar

^{page 36 note 3} Messagerie de l'Europe, 1868, August, letters of Massa, pp. 809–10.

^{page 36 note 4} Dutch Affairs MSS., petitions of Merrick, 1615, No. 5; 1616, No. 3; and others.

^{page 37 note 1} Dutch Affairs MSS., 1631, No. 2; 1658, No. 2. Dutch Charters, No. 16, 1647.

^{page 37 note 2} See, for example, in 1647 a petition of seventeen Dutch merchants for permission to pass from Moscow to Arkangelsk.

^{page 37 note 3} Fogelar, Klink and their companion were allowed to pay the halfcustoms, and after 1614 were entirely exempted for three years from all customs. In 1641 they pretended that their privilege of paying halfcustoms was still in force; Acts of the Archeograph Commission (in Russian), III, No. 17. Dutch Affairs MSS., 1641, No. 3; 1642, No, 2; June 15, 1646; May 25, 1659, and July 31, 1661

^{page 38 note 1} Dutch Books MSS., No. 6, Dec–June, 1664, and Dutch Affairs MSS., No. 5, June. See also Scheltema, I, p. 262.

^{page 38 note 2} Massa stated that in 1619 some Dutch merchants had concealed more than half their wares. Messagerie de l'Europe, 1868, pp. 800–4. Also Collection of Kilkov (Russian), No. 82.

^{page 38 note 3} Dutch Affairs MSS., No. 8, 1647, and 1644, No. 1; Dutch Charters, No. 31, 1669; Dutch Books MSS., No. 1, 1662; No. 7, 1669 and 1671.

^{page 38 note 4} One of the landing-places at this port belonged to the Dutch merchant Klink; Dutch Affairs MSS., 1637, No. 6.

^{page 38 note 5} Dutch Affairs MSS., 1637 and 1638, No. 6.

^{page 39 note 1} See Inna Lubimenko, “Les marchands anglais en Russie au XVII siècle,” Revue Hist., t, cxli, ann. 1922, pp. 19–20.

^{page 40 note 1} Messagerie de l'Europe, 1868, Aug., p. 811. Istomine, “Concerning Foreign Wares brought to Arkangelsk at the beginning of the Seventeenth Century,” Gubernsky Vedomosti of Arkangelsk, No. 4, 1863.

^{page 40 note 2} Kilburger, pp. 136–9.

^{page 40 note 3} Collins, op. cit., ed. 1667, III, p. 38.

^{page 40 note 4} The “poud” is a Russian measure of weight, containing 40 Russian pounds, the Russian pound containing 420 grams.

^{page 40 note 5} Dutch Affairs MSS., 1653, No. 7; 1658, No. 1; Coll. of Charters and Treaties (Russian), III, No. 93, 1673.

^{page 41 note 1} Lubimenko, Inna, “The Correspondence of the first Stuarts with the first Romanovs,” R. Hist. Soc. Trans., Ser. 4, Vol. I, 1918, pp. 87–88.Google Scholar

^{page 41 note 2} Letter of Smith to Secretary Cook, dated from Arkangelsk, Aug. 24, 1623, State Pap. Russia, II; see also ibid., the letter of the Czar, ff. 103 and 116.

^{page 41 note 3} Dutch Charters, No. 10, Nov. 16, 1628.

^{page 42 note 1} For details of this transaction, see the account of the Embassy of 1630, Coll. of the Imp. Russ. Hist. Soc., Vol. 116.

^{page 42 note 2} Fochner, Chronik der evangelischen Gemeinden in Moscou, Vol. I, p. 302; State Papers, Russia, II and English Affairs MSS. (in Moscow), March 16, No. 4. Also Scheltema, I, p. 162.

^{page 43 note 1} English Charters, No. 97, 1663, and No. 98, 1666; also English Affairs MSS., 1666, No. 1.

^{page 43 note 2} Kilburger, op. cit., p. 51; Lubimenko, “Les marchands anglais en Russie au XVII^e siècle,” Rev. Hist., t. cxli, p. 23.

^{page 43 note 3} Kilburger, p. 35; Scheltema, I, p. 172.

^{page 43 note 4} Janitzky, The Fur Trade in the Seventeenth Century (Coll. of the Hist. Ethnograph Circle in Kiev, I, pp. 61–93.)

^{page 43 note 5} Cal. S. P. Dom., anno 1617, p. 503.

^{page 44 note 1} Carr, C., Select Charters of Trading Companies, pp. 28–30.Google Scholar

^{page 44 note 2} MSS. of Hamel at the Acad. of Science in Petrograd, Vol. xxxi. No. 1378. British Museum Add. MSS., 33837, f. 76.

^{page 44 note 3} Cal. S. P. Dom., Vol. 1615–25, Addenda, anno 1613, p. 546, and Vol. 1611–18, p. 252; also Patent Roll, 11 Jas. I, Part 15; Exch. K.R., 6 Ch. I; British Museum, Lansdowne MSS., 142, f. 191. Concerning the Dutch, see Müller, Der Nordsche Companie.

^{page 45 note 1} Coll. of the Imp. Russ. Hist. Soc., Vol. 116, pp. 178–9. The organisation of a Persian Company, of Amsterdam merchants, was discussed at various times in Holland. See Greifenhagen, , Archangehk Handelskon-kurrentin Revals im XVIItn Jahrhundert; Beitrage zur Kunde Est-Liv. and Kurlands. 4, I, p. 170.Google Scholar

^{page 46 note 1} Kilburger, pp. 165, 444, 458; and Scheltema, I, pp. 229–30 and 282.

^{page 46 note 2} Coll. of Charters and Treaties (Russian), III, 351; Kornilovitch, p. 61.

^{page 46 note 3} In 1632 the fortress was built at Rostov, see Dutch Affairs MSS., 1632, No. 2. Dutch architects were sent to Astrakan and to Cerek. Chronik of the Dvina, 29, and Scheltema, I, 121.

^{page 46 note 4} Archeological Proceedings (Russian), I, p. 880, Charter of March 4, 1583; Wassenaer, Hist. Verh., VIII, p. 916; Coll. Imp. Russ. Hist. Soc., Vol. 116, pp. liii–lv.

^{page 46 note 5} English Charters (in Moscow), Nos. 42, 45, 46 and 58; English Affairs MSS., 1613, June 14, No. 2; Coll. Imp. Russ. Hist. Soc., Vol. 116, p. 90. Also the Czar's letter dated May 31, 1637, in State Papers Russia, II.

^{page 47 note 1} Ogorodnikov, History of the Town of Archangel (in Russian); Marine Collection (Morskoy Sbornik), 10, p. 117.

^{page 48 note 1} Differee, , De Geschiedenis van der Nederl. Handel, pp. 176–177.Google Scholar

^{page 48 note 2} Coll. Imp. Russ. Soc., Vol. 116, p. cclxxxi; Ogorodnikov, op. cit. In 1614 the Government of the States, in writing to the Czar, stated that the Dutch were sending more ships yearly to Russia than all other nations together; Dutch Charters, 1614, March 27, No. 1, from The Hague.

^{page 48 note 3} Scheltema, I, p. 225; Kilburger, p. 163.

^{page 48 note 4} Naudé, , Getreidehandelspolitik, p. 338.Google Scholar

^{page 49 note 1} Messagerie de l'Europe, 1668, December, pp. 800–4.

^{page 49 note 2} The statistics given above do not include the results of the important researches of Miss Watts-Smith in the recently discovered “Port Books” at the Public Record Office and in many other hitherto unused sources.