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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 February 2009
There are few more remarkable developments during the nineteenth century than the movement overseas from the United Kingdom, which was to people first the backwoods of Canada and later the other Dominions. The history of this great exodus has been written only in part and one aspect has been practically neglected—the story of the Atlantic passage. Not only does this form a most important chapter in the history of emigration, but it also reveals an aspect of the humanitarian movement which has never been emphasized. It is therefore proposed in the following pages to trace the efforts made to secure the enactment of laws enforcing humane conditions on the passage to America, to follow the steps taken to secure the efficient administration of these laws, and to consider whether these efforts led to any radical improvement.
page 198 note 1 See, as an example, letter from Henry Dundas, Sept. 5th, 1775. Auckland Papers, Additional MSS., British Museum, No. 34412, f. 352.
page 198 note 2 T. 1/1583 of 1801, T. 1/1736 of 1801, etc., and Minutes of Treasury Board, T. 29/77, PP. 415 and 427, etc.
page 198 note 3 H.O. 100/105. Cornwallis to Portland, April 16th, 1801.
page 198 note 4 H.O. 102/18. Hope to Portland, June 2nd, 1801.
page 198 note 5 Sederunt Book, Highland Society of Scotland, Edinburgh.
page 198 note 6 P.P., 1802–3, IV, 80.
page 199 note 1 Caledonian Mercury, July 4th, 1803.
page 200 note 1 T. 1/3193 of 1801 (in with No. 3667 of 1801), List of passengers, July 20th, 1801, and Sederunt Book, Highland Society of Scotland.
page 200 note 2 Irvine, A., An Enquiry into the Causes and Effects of Emigration from the Highlands and W. Island of Scotland, 1801, p. 67Google Scholar, and Brown, R., Strictures and Remarks on the Earl of Selkirk's Observations on the Present State of the Highlands of Scotland, 1806, p. 7Google Scholar.
page 200 note 3 Patterson, E., A History of the County of Pictou, Montreal, 1877, p. 226Google Scholar.
page 201 note 1 Journal of the House of Commons, May 17th, 18th, 19th, 24th, 25th, and June 6th, nth, and 24th; also note no comment in Parl. Deb. or in newspapers.
page 201 note 2 43 Geo. III, 56.
page 201 note 3 C. H. Minutes of the Scottish Board of Customs, 1803–4, p. 45, and Circular Orders Scotland, 1791–1804, August 5th, 1803.
page 202 note 1 T. 11/43. S. Sargent, Treasury, to the Commissioners of Customs, March 20th, 1804.
page 202 note 2 44 Geo. III, 44.
page 202 note 3 C.O. 384/12, passim.
page 202 note 4 C.O. 42/170. Memorial of Alex. Macleod, etc., to C.O., May 6th, 1816.
page 203 note 1 CO. 384/6. William Allen to Lord Bathurst, May 10th, 1820.
page 203 note 2 C.H. Circular Orders, Scotland, 1813–20. May 26th, June 15th and June 27th, 1820.
page 203 note 3 T. 29/204, p. 351. Treasury Minutes, Dec. 18th, 1821, and C.O., 324/143, p. 359.
page 203 note 4 Geo. IV, 84.
page 204 note 1 P.P., 1826, IV, 404; 1826–7, V, 88 and 237.
page 204 note 2 P.P., 1826–27, I. 223.
page 204 note 3 Times, March 27th, 1827.
page 204 note 4 CO. 42/214. W. Todhunter to Goderich, June 8th, 1827. CO. 43/70, P. 50. R. Wilmot Horton to W. Todhunter, June 27th, 1827.
page 205 note 1 Journal of the House of Commons, April 9th, 1827.
page 205 note 2 Times, Dec. 29th, 1827.
page 205 note 3 C.O. 194/74. Cochrane to Goderich, Sept. 25th, 1827.
page 205 note 4 C.O. 217/k47. Kempt to Goderich, Sept. 7th, 1827.
page 205 note 5 C.O. 189/12, p. 299. W. Huskisson to Sir Howard Douglas, Oct. 30th, 1827.
page 206 note 1 Parl. Deb., Vol. XVIII, New Series, March 4th, 1828, pp. 962 ff., and March 18th, 1828, pp. 1208 ff.
page 206 note 2 9 Geo. IV, 21.
page 208 note 1 C.O. 384/35. Notes on Memorandum submitted by A. C. Buchanan to H.M.'s Government.
page 208 note 2 C.O. 384/32. A. C. Buchanan's suggestions re the amendment of the Passenger Act, July 12th, 1833.
page 208 note 3 C.O. 384/32. Proposed plan for an emigrant ship's between decks submitted by R. Low.
page 208 note 4 P.P., 1863, XXXVIII, 430, p. 19.
page 209 note 1 C.O. 43/71, p. 163. R. W. Hay to A. C. Buchanan, May 1st, 1828. CO. 42/222. Sir James Kempt to Sir George Murray, Feb. 4th, 1829.
page 209 note 2 Howison, J., Sketches of Upper Canada, 1821, pp. 3 and 4Google Scholar.
page 209 note 3 P.P., 1833, XXVI, 141, pp. 14–19. Report for 1832.
page 210 note 1 C.O. 384/27. The petition of the St. Patrick’s Society of St. John, July 2nd, 1831, and the petition of the Quebec Emigrant Society, Nov. 30th, 1831, and their notification to emigrants. Also C.O. 384/30. Presentment of the Grand Jury of the District of Quebec, 1831, of 16 cases in which the Passenger Act had been evaded, and comment thereon.
page 210 note 2 C.O. 188/41. Petition of the Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty of St. John, enclosed with despatch of Mr. President Black, May 25th, 1831.
page 210 note 3 C.O. 384/27. Address from the Quebec Emigrant Society to Lord Aylmer, Dec. 5th, 1831, with enclosures.
page 211 note 1 P.P., 1831–32, XXXII, 730. Papers concerning the imposition of a tax on emigrants.
page 211 note2 C.O. 384/32. Annual Report of the Quebec Emigrant Society sent by A. C. Buchanan, June 10th, 1833.
page 211 note 3 C.O. 42/223. Aylmer to Goderich, Nov. 18th, 1831. Extract enclosed.
page 211 note 4 A. C. Buchanan to R. W. Hay, May 17th, 1834, and P.P., 1835, XXXIX, 87, p. 6; A. C. Buchanan's Report for 1834; objections to immigrant tax.
page 212 note 1 P.P., 1835, XXXIX, 87, p. 6; A. C. Buchanan's Report for 1834.
page 212 note 2 , C.H., op. cit. Memorial of John Fife to Lord Aylmer, 12 30th, 1833Google Scholar.
page 212 note 3 SirTaylor, Henry, Autobiography, 1800–1875, 1885Google Scholar.
page 212 note 4 P.P., 1831–1832, XXXII, 724. Report of Commissioners of Emigration, and Instructions issued by them, Feb. 9th, 1832.
page 213 note 1 C.O. 188/41. Memorial enclosed in President Black to Goderich, May 25th, 1831.
page 213 note 2 C.O. 43/75, p. 20. R. W. Hay to J. K. Stewart, July 9th, 1831.
page 213 note 3 CO. 384/27. Report from the Commissioners of Customs to the Lords of the Treasury, Aug. 19th, 1831; C. H. L., General Letters, 1831–2; C. Sewell to the Collector and Controller, Liverpool, Sept. 15th, 1831.
page 214 note 1 C.H.L. Charles Horsfall, Mayor of Liverpool, to Goderich, Jan. 4th, 1833. Enclosed in Board to Collector.
page 214 note 2 C.O. 43/77. R. W. Hay to Lieut. R. Low, May 15th, 1833.
page 214 note 3 C.O. 384/32 passim. R. Low to R. W. Hay.
page 215 note 1 C.O. 384/32 passim. See also P.P., 1826, IV, 404, p. 296. Report of a Committee of the American Chamber of Commerce, appointed Aug. 16th, 1822.
page 215 note 2 C.O. 384/35. Communications from Emigration Agents, 1834.
page 215 note 3 C.O. 384/35. A. C. Buchanan's suggested amendments of the Passenger Act, July 12th, 1833.
C.O. 42/239. Paper submitted by Nat. Gould to Goderich, Feb. 9th, 1832.
C.O. 384/32. R. Low to E. G. Stanley, Dec. 19th, 1833.
page 215 note 4 5 & 6 William IV, c. 53.
page 217 note 1 SirLucas, C., Lord Durham's Report on the Affairs of British North America, 1912, Vol. II, pp. 247, 253Google Scholar.
page 217 note 2 Ibid., Vol. III, pp. 121–2.
page 218 note 1 P.P., 1839, XVII, 3, pp. 80, 82, and 86.
page 218 note 2 C.O. 42/284. Durham to Glenelg, Oct. 20th, 1838.
page 219 note 1 C.O. 42/284. Glenelg to Sir J. Colborne, Nov. 30th, 1838.
page 219 note 2 P.P., 1835, XXXIX, 87, pp. 13 and 5. Buchanan's yearly Report.
page 219 note 3 C.O. 384/32 ff. Correspondence of Emigrant Agents with the Colonial Office. See also tribute of Customs officials. C.H.L. Collector and Controller, Liverpool, to Commissioners of Customs, Jan. 30th, 1839.
page 220 note 1 , C.H., op. cit. Fife, J. to Jessop, H., 07 21st, 1840Google Scholar. Amongst papers dealing with the Catherine.
page 220 note 2 P.P., 1840, XXXIII, 35, p. 7. Copy of Commission appointing, and instructions issued to, the Colonial Land and Emigration Commissioners, and C.O. 384/62.
page 220 note 3 5 & 6 Vict. 107.
page 220 note 4 C.O. 386/25. List of agents sent to A. Wedderburn, St. John's, Sept. 17th, 1840.
page 220 note 5 C.H. Index to Minutes of the Board of Customs, 1792–1843, May 9th, 1842.
page 221 note 1 C.O. 384/67. Emigration Commissioners to J. Stephen, Jan. 27th, 1841.
page 221 note 2 P.P., 1841, XV, 298, p. 369. Correspondence concerning Emigration to Canada. See as an example the lengthy correspondence on the cases of the John & Robert and the Catherine; long papers also on these vessels in C.H. and CO. records.
page 221 note 3 , C.H., op. cit. Seymour, N., Tide-Surveyor, , Cork, , to Collector and Controller, Cork, 08 26th, 1840Google Scholar.
page 221 note 4 Ibid. William McDonough, Master of the Lively, to Collector, Quebec, June 27th, 1840.
page 222 note 1 C.H., op. cit. Charles Kingston, Controller, Westport. Report on letter of Collector, Quebec, to Commissioners, London, July 11th, 1842.
page 222 note 2 Ibid. Sworn statement before the magistrates of John Reid, ship-agent, and Thomas Robertson, Master of the Warrior, to the Collector, Quebec, July 7th, 1842.
page 222 note 3 Ibid. Notes of legal advisers to the Board of Customs on the preceding correspondence.
page 222 note 4 Ibid. Tide-Surveyor, Sligo. Report on case of Marquis of Normandy, Oct. 3rd, 1840.
page 224 note 1 P.P., 1851, 632, XIX, 32.