^{page 125 note 1} In the British Museum Library, among the Additional MSS. (No. 9067), there is a beautifully written facsimile of the Exeter Book to which Sir Frederick Madden set his signature under date ‘February 24, 1832.’ The line-endings at the foot of the several pages of this MS. run thus (‘⊥’ indicates a half-line of verse):—

In this facsimile the foliation and line-endings of the Exeter Book are preserved; cp. Mr. Chambers's marginal notes, Widsith, 1912, pp. 190, 205, 212, 218, 223.Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 1} The MSS. containing the poetical Old English texts belong chiefly to the tenth and eleventh centuries. They are all copies made by Southern scribes and the texts represent no dialect in a pure form. Earlier and later forms of the same dialect alternate with each other and Anglian forms have frequently been transferred from the originals; cp. An Old English Grammar, by Sievers-Cook, , 1887, p. 245.Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 2} Cp. Widsith, 1912, p. 5Google Scholar, and contrast The Origin of the English Nation, by Chadwick, H M., 1907, p. 135Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 1} Idum-ing-as = Edom.-ites. For the folk-ending compare ‘Assyring-’ MS. exs— [ecss with ec::a], ‘Sodom-ing-’ and ‘Lidwic-ing-,’ for Assyrians, Sodom-ites, and Lidwiccas. Latin ē became ī in O.E. loans; cp. Wright, , O.E. Grammar, § 125, note, p. 61.Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 2} Cp. Cebuslus [with c::g] for *Gebudus, i.e. Gēpidus, in the XIth-cent. Chartres MS. of the Historia Brittonum, cd. Momnisen, , p. 160, 1. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 1} MS hine from myrgingum æþele onwocon; cp. Notes and Queries, 11. S. ix. 161.Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 2} MS. hreþ- (Anglian ē = W.S. ); cp. 11. 45, 110.

^{page 132 note 3} MS. and alexandreas.

^{page 132 note 4} MS. holm rycum.

^{page 132 note 5} MS. henden [with n::a] for *Headen, the Anglian equation of W.S. “Heoden” (ēo).

^{page 132 note 6} MS. rondingum = rōd- (with the length-mark).

^{page 132 note 7} MS. ongend-. MS. weald.

^{page 133 note 1} MS. manna.

^{page 133 note 2} MS. wið myrgingum, with a misread ū.

^{page 133 132 note 3} MS. hreð, with Anglian ē retained.

^{page 133 note 4} These lines are misplaced in MS. after I. 44.

^{page 133 note 5} MS. heaðo.

^{page 133 note 6} MS. anenum [with ne::ce] indicates older Anglian c for W.S. ēac-.

^{page 133 note 7} MS. deanum; cp. 1. 54.

^{page 133 note 8} MS. þrowendum in which -end=ing by contamination with burgendum.

^{page 133 note 9} MS. frumtingum (with a misread ū > um).

^{page 133 note 10} MS. eatule [with t::r] for Anglian Earule, Herulia.

^{page 134 note 1} MS. misplaces finnum after creacum.

^{page 134 note 2} MS. winburga (gen. pl.).

^{page 134 note 3} MS. hæðnum [with ð::g].

^{page 134 note 4} MS. moidum [with d::n] partly suggested by persum.

^{page 134 note 5} MS. mofdingum.

^{page 134 note 6} MS. ongend [with n::a and d::n].

^{page 134 note 7} MS. istum. Iscum < *iescum < * Easci.

^{page 134 note 8} MS. þær [with r::t].

^{page 135 note 1} MS. earmanrices with Anglian breaking.

^{page 135 note 2} MS. heþcan with Anglian ē (= W. S. ā).

^{page 135 note 3} MS. Ægelmund, with g to mark the breathing which took the place of þ c. 975.Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 4} MS. wiþ.

^{page 135 note 5} MS. hræda.

^{page 135 note 6} MS. wistláwudu.

^{page 135 note 7} MS. þær.

^{page 136 note 1} Die Geschichte der Burgundionen und Burgundiens. Bis zum Ende er I. Dynastie, by Jahn, Albert, 1874.Google Scholar

^{page 137 note 1} ‘Fuit igitur Gundeuechus rex Burgundionum ex genere Athanarici regis persecutoris’; ‘Gregorii Episcopi Turonensis Historia Francorum,’ II. 28, edd. W. Arndt et Bruno Krusch, 1884, p. 53.Google Scholar

^{page 137 note 2} ‘Eodem tempore Gundicharium Burgundionum regem intra Gallias habitantem Aëtius bello obtriuit pacemque ei supplicanti dedit qua non diu potitus est. Siquidem ilium Hunni cum populo atque stirpe sua deleuerunt’; ‘Prosperi Tironis Epitoma Chronicon ad a. CCCCLV.,’ ed. Mommsen, , Chronica Minora, I. 1892, at annus = 435.Google Scholar

^{page 137 note 3} ‘Si quos apud regiæ memoriæ auctores nostros, id est—Gibicam. Gundomarem, Gislaharium, Gundaharium, patrem quoque nostrum et patruum, liberos liberasve fuisse constituit, in eadem libertate permaneant’; ‘Lex Burgundionum,’ ed. de Salis, Ludovicus, 1892, I. ii. p. 43.Google Scholar

^{page 137 note 4} V. ‘Wörterbuch zu der Nibelunge Not (Liet),’ by Lübben, August, 1877, p. ii. Verzeichnis der Handschriften.Google Scholar

^{page 137 note 5} ‘Hydatii Lemici Continuatio Chronicorum Hieronymianorum ad a. CCCCLXVIII.’ ed. Mommsen, , 1894, pp. 22, 23.Google Scholar ‘[= 435] Burgundiones qui rebellauerant a Romanis duce Aëtio debellantur.’ ‘[= 436] Bur-gundionum cæsa XX. millia.’ Hydatius was bishop from 427 to c. 470.

^{page 137 note 6} ‘Attila itaque primo impetu inox ut Gallias introgressus est, Gundi-charium Burgundionum regem sibi occurrentem protriuit’; ‘Pauli Diaconi Historia Miscella,’ XV. iv., ed. Frane, . Eyssenhardt, 1869, p. 332.Google Scholar Cp. ‘Attila rex Hunorum omnibus belluis crudelior habens multas barbaras nationes suo subiectas dominio, postquam Gundicarium, Bur-gundionum regem sibi occurrentem protriuerat ad uniuersas deprimendas Gallias suæ sæuitiæ relaxauit habenas’; eiusdem ‘Liber de Episcopis Mettensibus,’ ed. Pertz, , 1829, ‘SS.’ II. 262.Google Scholar

^{page 139 note 1} This name yielded the patronymic Rōding-. Medial þ was often written d in the oldest period of Old English, and the form Rondingum of Widsith, 1. 24, may equal Rōd- (with the length mark). þyle = *þuli. Mr. Chambers objects to it; p. 115. But cp. ‘Tholi,’ the name of the Sheriff of Norfolk; Domesday Book, fo. 264.Google Scholar Rōd-, Rōþing- = ‘Roothing’ (Essex).

^{page 139 note 2} The MSS. have bellonothus [with n::g]; v. ‘Apollinaris Sidonii Epistulæ et Carmina,’ ed. Lvetjohann, Chr., 1887Google Scholar, ‘M.G.H.,’ ‘Auct. Antt.’ torn. viii. p. 199, 1. 472.Google Scholar

^{page 139 note 3} V. ‘Origo Gentis Langobardorum’ (scr. post med. sæcul. VII.), ed. Waitz, G., in ‘SS. Rer. Langobardicarum et Italicarum,’ 1878, ‘M.G.H.’ p. 2.Google Scholar

^{page 140 note 1} V. DrWright, Joseph's Old English Grammar, 1908, §§ 52, 89, 90.Google Scholar

^{page 140 note 2} ‘Theodosii XX. Sapaudia Burgundiomim reliquiis datur cum indigenis diuidenda’; ‘Chronica Gallica ad an. CCCCLII,’ ed. Mommseni, Chronica Minora, I. p. 661.Google Scholar Cp. Marins Auenticensis who places the division under Joannes et Varanes Coss. (= a.d. 456). He says ‘Eo anno Burgundiones partem Galliae occupauerunt terrasque cum Gallis senatoribus diuiserunt.’ This is an anachronism of 13 years.

^{page 142 note 1} In Geoffrey of Monmouth, 's Historia Begum Britanniæ, V. xv.Google Scholar, we read that Guanius, King of the Huns, and Melga, King of the Picts, wrought great destruction in the Germanias and on the sea-coast of the Gauls. They then invaded Britannia and were defeated by Gratian Municeps. This usurper reigned in Britain during four months in a.d. 407. Guanius [with n::ll] is Guallius, i.e. Vallia, and these Hunni were Hūnas of Mornaland (i.e. Maúringā) and Picard y. The Piccardach in Britain were the Picts. The scribal error is curious, but we find ‘millium’ represented in one edition of Gildas by the incongruous phrase ad unum [ad::m]; cp. ‘Gildæ Sapientis de Excidio Britanniæ,’ ed. Mommsen, , Chronica Minora, III. p. 25, 1. 12, 1894.Google Scholar

^{page 142 note 2} Procopius, , De Bello Gothico, IV xx.Google Scholar, stated that Φρίσσονες as well as Angli migrated to Britain. Mr. Chambers attributes the statement to confusion and says that it lacks confirmation; Widsith, p. 67Google Scholar, note 4. Similarly Bede's reference to Hunni dwelling in the north of Germany in the seventh century is discredited. But when Bede asserts that some of these Hunni came to Britannia along with Old Saxons, Frisians, Danes, &c., the rejection of his testimony assumes a different aspect. It is no longer a case of gratis asseritur: gratis negatur, and the too-facile rejection overlooks the fact that ‘Hūnu-,’ ‘Hūni-,’ are Old Germanic protothemes of regular and frequent occurrence. Moreover we must remember that Jordanes, Bishop of Ravenna, c. 550, had something to say about a related ethnological fact which seemed equally inexplicable to him. In the Getica, he tells us about a Gothic tribe called the Hūnugari ‘quorum mansionem primam esse in Scythiæ solo iuxta paludem Mæotidem; secundo in Mœsia Thraciaque et Dacia; tertio supra mare Ponticum rursus in Scythia legimus habitasse.’ ‘Nee eorum,’ he continues, ‘fabulas alicubi reperimus scriptas qui eos dicunt in Britannia vel in una qualibet insularum in servitutem redactos et unius caballi pretio quondam redemptos.’ Jordanes could not accept this statement, but students of the Notitia Dignitatum of c. 390 will recall to mind that among the auxiliary troops stationed in the Britannias ‘per linearti valli’ was an ‘Ala Saviniana,’ whose headquarters were at Hunnum. An ala, generally speaking, was a wing of an army and comprised both cavalry and light-armed auxiliaries. A particular ala could only be a troop of horse. The stem of Saviniana is the stem of the river-name Sav-us, and that was the northern boundary of Mœsia in which province the Emperor Valens allowed the WisiGoths to settle in 376 under Athanaric. The facts about the Hunugari recorded by Jordanes, c. 550; the inclusion of Hunni among the Germanic invaders of 450 by Bede in 730; the report about the Hunni made by Geoffrey of Monmouth in c. 1130, and the hitherto undetected connexion of Mœsia with Hunnum near the Picts’ Wall, through the Ala Saviniana, are items worthy of credence and application.

^{page 144 note 1} Cp. Onomasticon, Anglo-Saxonicum, by Searle, W. G., 1897, pp. 62, 76.Google Scholar

^{page 144 note 2} V. ‘Sexti Aurelii Victoria Liber de Cæsaribus,’ ed. Pichlmayr, Fr., 1911, p. 109Google Scholar: ‘filiæ Attali Germanorum regis Pipæ nomine.’ And ‘Incerti auctoris Epitome de Cæsaribus,’ p. 160Google Scholar, u.s.: ‘a patre Marcoman-norum rege matrimonii specie susceperat Pipam.’

^{page 145 note 1} Cp. Prosper Tiro, u.s.; ‘Fl. Theodosius Aug.xvii. et Festus. Littorius qui secunda ab Aëtio patricio potestate Hunnis auxiliaribus præerat…’ It is noteworthy that Litorius was called Comes. Hydatius Anno xv. Theod. [= 439] calls him ‘Romanus Dux.’

^{page 145 note 2} V. line 233, Carmen vii.—

‘Nam post luthungos et Norica bello subacto

Victor Vindelico Belgam Burgundio quern trux

Presserat, absoluit iunctus tibi.’

^{page 145 note 3} Cp. The Parker MS. of The Saxon Chronicle: ‘660.…Ægelbryht onfeng Persa biscopdomes on Galwalum bi Signe’: In a.d. 660 Ægelbryht received the bishopric of the Persé, in Gaul, on the Seine. Parisii > *Prisi > ‘Perse,’ according to rule.

^{page 146 note 1} V. ‘Libellus de Vita et Moribus Imperatorum breviatus ex libris S. Aurelu Victoris,’ ed Pichlmayr, Fr, u s, 1911, p. 166Google Scholar: ‘Quo mortuo cunctis, qui aderant, anmtentibus, sed præcipue Croco Alamannorum rege auxiln gratia Constantium comitato, Imperium (Constantinus) capit’ The oldest MS , Gudianus 84Google Scholar, Biblioth Guelferbytan, was written at the end of the ninth century.

The Latin word cr cus means ‘saffron.’ We do not know the quantity of o in ‘Crocus’ Contrast f cus ‘a hearth,’ fodcale ‘a bandage for the neck’; v co, ‘I call,’ vōcula ‘a weak voice,’ &c That the quantity is long will be proved in the sequel.

^{page 146 note 2} ‘In Macriani locum Bucmobantibus, quse contra Mogontiacum gens est Alamanna, regem Fraomarium ordinauit (Valentinianus); quem paulo postea, quoniam recens excursus eundem penitus uastauerat pagum, in Brittannos translatum potestate tribuni Alamannorum præfecerat numero, multitudine umbusque ea tempestate fiorenti’; ‘Ammiani Marcellini Rerum Gestarum Libri qui supersunt,’ ed Gardthausen, V., 1874, XXIX 4, 7, p. 182.Google Scholar

^{page 146 note 3} V. ‘Ravennatis Anonymi Cosmographia,’ edd. Pinder, M and Parthey, G., 1860 p 432Google Scholar The oldest MS is Vaticanus Urbinas 961Google Scholar, of the thirteenth century. Cp. Kluge, Fr.'s Etymologisches Wörterbuch,’Google Scholar sub ‘Gau,’ where ‘Pathergō’ is cited.

^{page 147 note 1} See his Collectanea de Rebus Britannicis, ed. Hearne, , 1770, I. p. 200Google Scholar, and cp. Notes and Queries, 8th Series, X. 216, 325.Google Scholar

^{page 147 note 2} V. ‘Trioed Arthur ae Wyr’ (from Peniarth MS. No. 45, olim Hengwrt MS. No. 536, written at the end of the thirteenth century), ed. Skene, W. F., Four Ancient Books of Wales, 1868, p. 463.Google Scholar Cp. also MrEvans, J. Gwenogvryn's Reports on MSS. in the Welsh Language (Hist. MSS.Com.), I. pt. 2. 1899, p. 379.Google Scholar

^{page 147 note 3} Cp. ‘Zur Keltische Lautgeschichte’ by Foy, W. in Ztschr. f. c. Philologie, III. 1901, p. 272Google Scholar, (pāgus). Also cp. Prof. Wright's remarks on au, ou, ō, Historical German Grammar, 1907, I. 25, 36.Google Scholar Old Welsh ou rimes with ‘coy’; Old High Dutch ou with ‘cow.’

^{page 148 note 1} The XIth-century Vatican MS. has ‘Cair graut.’ The error of t for c is frequent. The scribe of the Durham MS. of the Historia Brittonum, who was writing c. a.d. 1150, could even write ‘Cair Taratauc’ for Caratauc.

^{page 148 note 2} ‘Igitur omnipotens Deus tres plagas maxime gladium venire permisit super regnum christianorum et super civitatem Trevirorum tribus vicibus: prima autem plaga Grecorum sub imperatore Constante filio Constantini [† 350]; secunda Wandali et Alemanni [a.d. 406]; tertia Hunorum [a.d. 451].’ Vide ‘Codices S. Mathiæ et S. Gisleni’ in Hillar, 's Vindicatio Historiæ Treverorum, pp. 57, 159.Google Scholar Also cp. ‘Post quern [sc. post S. Paulinum Treverensem episcopum († 358)] Bonosius; deinde Brittonius… Horum temporibus Greci cum magna manu Treberim invasere et cædibus et rapinis et incendiis graviter attrivere’; Gesta Treverorum ed. Waitz, G., ‘M.G.H.,’ ‘SS.’ torn. VIII. 1848, p. 154.Google Scholar

^{page 148 note 3} Cp. King Alfred's ‘Orosius,’ and ‘Dialects and Prehistoric Forms of Old English’ (1876)Google Scholar in Collected Papers of Henry Sweet, 1913, p. 196.Google Scholar

^{page 150 note 1} Sweet's doubts are expressed as above in the preceding footnote, Sievers's may be found in Sievers-Cook, 's Grammar of Old English, 1887, p. 32.Google Scholar

^{page 151 note 1} V. ‘Althochdeutsche Glossen,’ ed. Steinmeyer, , iii. p. 610.Google Scholar The West Saxon of 892 is ‘Galwala,’ land or rice being understood; cp. annals 60 B.C. and 650 a.d. The Middle Welsh is ‘Gwalltir,’ in which ‘tir’= terra.

^{page 151 note 2} V. ‘Liber Vitæ Dunelmensis’ (IXth cent.), ed. Sweet, Henry, 1885, The Oldest English Texts, p. 154, line 6.Google Scholar

^{page 151 note 3} ‘[Per] Agyulfum nobilem Gothum in Spalæ Cæsarius comes iugulatur. An. xxiv. regni Theudosiæ’ (sic); ‘Chronica quæ dicuntur Fredegarii Scholastici,’ ed. Krusch, Bruno, 1888, SS. Rerum Merovingicarum, ii. p. 73, apud ‘M.G.H.’Google Scholar

^{page 151 note 4} V. ‘Notitia Dignitatum utriusque Imperii,’ ed. Seeck, Otto, 1876, pp. 104, 121, 137.Google Scholar

^{page 152 note 1} An XXIIII. Theodosii [= AD. 448] ‘Per Agiulfum Hispah Censorius iugulatur’; vide ‘Hydatu Lemici Continuatio Chronicorum Hierony-mianorum,’ u s, p. 22Google Scholar Variant manuscript renderings of the Count's name are Censurius, Consurius (-ānus?). The Old High Dutch āri is equivalent in meaning to Latin -āri-us; v Wright, , Historical German Grammar, 1907Google Scholar, I § 302 Mommsen's text was taken from Cod. Phillipps (Berol) No 1829, scr. IX. sæcl

^{page 152 note 2} V. ‘Gregorii Episcopi Turonensis Historia Francorum,’ II. 11. p. 60.Google Scholar

^{page 154 note 1} Cp. also ‘Gensimundus,’ ‘Gesimundus,’ in Cassiodori Variarum Liber VIII, ix., ed. Mommsen, , 1894, ‘M.G.H.,’ XII p. 239.Google Scholar

^{page 154 note 2} Cp. Wright, , O.E. Grammar, 1908, § 286, also §§ 61 and 147.Google Scholar

^{page 155 note 1} An ‘insula’ and an ‘eu’ are not necessarily islands; cp. ‘Isle de France’ and ‘Beardan-eu,’ ‘Herut-eu,’ and ‘Peartan-eu’ in Bede; also ‘Lindisfarana-ēē,’ in Chronicle, MS. F, Annals 779, 780, for another form of ‘eu.’

^{page 156 note 1} The Council of the Royal Historical Society wish to observe that Mr. Anscombe's Paper (which, owing to the difficulty of following the Old English 1ext, was printed and circulated at the Meeting) has at their suggestion been revised by the Author, before publication, for the purpose of deleting any expression that might savour of discourtesy towards the distinguished scholar from whose views on certain academic questions Mr. Anscombe has ventured frankly to differ.

^{page 165 note 1} I have contributed fourteen little articles on ‘Widsith’ to Notes and Queries since 07 6, 1912.Google Scholar