^{page 13 note 01} E.H.R., 1915, pp. 660–2.Google Scholar The occasion for the note was J. H. Round's article in the same volume on the St. John peerage case of 1914, in which the expression plenum parliamentum had been variously interpreted as ‘a full meeting of the assembly, whatever be its constitution’ (Parmoor), ‘a legislative representative assembly with full powers’ (Atkinson, Finlay and Cozens Hardy), ‘a great pow wow’ or ‘a formal sitting’ (Simon). See Minutes of evidence fatten before the House of Lords committee of privileges in the St. John peerage claim (1915), pp. 55, 72, 189, 209, 218.Google Scholar

^{page 13 note 02} I should like especially to thank Professors Buckland, Deanesly, Holland, Prévité Orton, and Stenton, Miss E. S. Procter, Miss Inez Macdonald and Mr. L. C. Harmer for their kind answers and help.

^{page 13 note 03} Constitutional History, § 230.Google Scholar

^{page 13 note 04} Ibid., §§ 180, 224.

^{page 13 note 05} Ibid., §§ 203, 216.

^{page 14 note 01} Of the judicature in Parliament, p. 158. See also pp. 42, 161.Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 02} Studies in the constitutional history of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, p. 1.Google Scholar Note also Miss Rayner's remark ‘pleno consilio can be little different from magno consilio’, E.H.R., 1941, p. 220, n. 1.Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 03} Medieval representation and consent, p. 170.Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 04} Loc. cit., p. 660.Google Scholar Exceptions to this generalisation will be noted later.

^{page 14 note 05} Cheney, C. R., English Synodalia, p. 26 (c. 1100).Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 06} Chron, monasterii de Abingdon (R.S.), ii. 226 (1158?).Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 07} B.M. Add. Charters, 1045 (1180).

^{page 14 note 08} Deeds of dean and chapter of Windsor, xi.G.11, no. 14 (1174–88).

^{page 14 note 09} Madox, , Formulare Anglicanum, no. 660 (after 1180).Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 010} Chronicon de Melsa (R.S.), i. 309 (1197–1210).Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 011} Liebermann, , Gesetze der Angelsachsen, i. 656 (ca. 1212).Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 012} Bracton's notebook, Case 754 (1233).

^{page 14 note 013} Madox, , op. cit., no. 689 (1274).Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 014} Rot. Parl., i. 84 (1292).Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 015} Higden, (R.S.), vi. 337 (1387).Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 016} Wedgwood, J., History of Parliament, Register of Members, 1439–1500, p. ciii (1451).Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 017} Pollard, , Reign of Henry VII, ii. 56 (1487).Google Scholar For parallel usages, such as in plain battle, see New English dictionary, vii. 936, 938.Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 018} Rot. Parl., v. 356.Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 019} Thévenin, , Textes relatifs aux institutions … carolingiennes, no. 132.Google Scholar

^{page 15 note 01} Rodrigo, of Toledo, , Historia de Rebus Hispaniae, lib. vii. 2, 24Google Scholar, ed. Lorenzana, , Opera Patrum Toletanorum, iii. 166 (1188).Google Scholar A late thirteenth-century rendering is ‘ante todos, la corte llena’. Another instance in 1202 is translated en cumplida corte, but this is a later rendering. Cortes de los antiques reinos de Leon y de Castilla, i. 43, 45.Google Scholar I owe this reference to Miss Procter's kindness.

^{page 15 note 02} Langlois, , Textes relatifs á l'histoire du parlement, p. 78.Google Scholar

^{page 15 note 03} Cartulaire des îles normandes (Société Jersiaise), p. 141.Google Scholar

^{page 15 note 04} Acts of Parliament of Scotland, i. 426.Google Scholar

^{page 15 note 05} Ibid.

^{page 15 note 06} Barbour, , Bruce, xix. 49.Google Scholar

^{page 15 note 07} Wilkinson, , op. cit., p. 2, n. 3.Google Scholar

^{page 15 note 08} Cited Littré, Dictionnaire, i. 558Google Scholar, from Garnier de Pont Sainte Maxence (12th century). For copious illustration of the general statement that en plein = au milieu de, see ibid., iii. 1161.

^{page 15 note 09} Langlois, , op. cit., p. 186.Google Scholar

^{page 15 note 010} Rot. Parl., ii. 254 (1354).Google Scholar

^{page 15 note 011} Stat. Realm, i. 180 (1320).Google Scholar

^{page 15 note 012} Langlois, , op. cit., p. 86.Google Scholar

^{page 15 note 013} Boutaric, . Actes des Parlements, i. 179Google Scholar; Beugnot, , Les olim, ii. 54.Google Scholar

^{page 15 note 014} It should perhaps be made clear at this point that I do not hold that the non-use of the phrase is evidence that the conditions described by it were non-existent. The use of the phrase implies an emphasis on the solemnity of the occasion and the validity of the deeds; the validity and solemnity do not depend on the use of the formula.

^{page 16 note 01} Rot. Parl., i. 19, 146, 186, 172.Google Scholar

^{page 16 note 02} Ibid., 104.

^{page 16 note 03} Ibid., 19, 181.

^{page 16 note 04} Ibid., 104, 214.

^{page 16 note 05} Ibid., 172.

^{page 16 note 06} Ibid., 32.

^{page 16 note 07} Ibid., 79.

^{page 16 note 08} Ibid., 178.

^{page 16 note 09} Ibid., 25, 266.

^{page 16 note 010} Ibid., 79, 219, 177.

^{page 16 note 011} Cole, H., Documents illustrative of English history, pp. 2–3.Google Scholar

^{page 16 note 012} Ibid., p. 49.

^{page 17 note 01} Stat. Realm., i. 188.Google Scholar

^{page 17 note 02} Rot. Parl., i. 294, 365.Google Scholar

^{page 17 note 03} Stat. Realm, i. 183.Google Scholar

^{page 17 note 04} Ibid., 163.

^{page 17 note 05} Murimuth, (R.S.), p. 273.Google Scholar The Latin summary of the letter in Bridlington merely says in parliamento, omitting the pleno. Chron. of reigns of Edward I and Edward II (R.S.), ii. 50.Google Scholar

^{page 17 note 06} Ibid., p. 250.

^{page 17 note 07} Rot. Parl., ii. 31.Google Scholar

^{page 17 note 08} Ibid., ii. 65.

^{page 17 note 09} Ibid., 127.

^{page 17 note 010} 1332, 1339, 1352.

^{page 18 note 01} 1330, 1331, 1373.

^{page 18 note 02} 1339, 1352.

^{page 18 note 03} 1340, 1351.

^{page 18 note 04} 1372, 1373.

^{page 18 note 05} Willard, and Morris, , The English government at work, 1327–1336, i. 108.Google Scholar

^{page 18 note 06} Cole, , op. cit., p. 3.Google Scholar

^{page 18 note 07} Ibid., pp. 4 f., 17 f.

^{page 18 note 08} Rot. Parl., ii. 61, 64, 67, 69, 150.Google Scholar

^{page 18 note 09} Ibid., 67.

^{page 18 note 010} Ibid., 127 (6).

^{page 18 note 011} Ibid., 129 (17).

^{page 18 note 012} Ibid., 237.

^{page 18 note 013} Ibid., 62 (14) (1331).

^{page 18 note 014} Ibid., 65 (9) (1332).

^{page 19 note 01} Rot. Parl., 65 (10) (1332).Google Scholar

^{page 19 note 02} Ibid., 127 (5) (1341).

^{page 19 note 03} Ibid., 300 (8) (1369).

^{page 19 note 04} Ibid., 64 (4), 65 (10).

^{page 19 note 05} Ibid., 127 (5) (1341).

^{page 19 note 06} Ibid., 67, 69 (6) (1332, 1333).

^{page 19 note 07} Ibid., 147–8, 150 (14) (1344).

^{page 19 note 08} Rotuli parliameniorum … inediti (Camden 3rd series, no. 51), p. 276.Google Scholar

^{page 19 note 09} Rot. Parl., iii. 10–12.Google Scholar

^{page 19 note 010} Ibid., 24 (99).

^{page 19 note 011} Ibid., 105.

^{page 19 note 012} Historia mirabilis parliamenti, p. 15.Google ScholarCamden Miscellany, xiv, cf.Google ScholarRot. Parl., iii. 236.Google Scholar A similar protest in 1397 is described on the parliament roll as being made overtement en Parlement, Rot. Parl., iii. 341.Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 01} Rot. Parl., iii. 148, 204.Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 02} Ibid., 203–10. In 1389 and 1397 other creations take place in full parliament (ibid., 263, 264, 355), but the phrase is not invariably used in this connection. It is not, for instance, used in the instance of John Cornwall, created baron of Fanhope in 1422 ‘in the presence of the three estates of the same parliament’ (Rot. Parl., iv. 401Google Scholar) and created baron of Milbroke ‘in parliament’ in 1442 (Rot. Parl., v. 40Google Scholar), though G.E.C, describes him as having been made a peer ‘in open parliament’. Complete Peerage, v. 254.Google Scholar See also Calendar of Close Rolls, 1432, p. 247.Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 03} Rot. Parl., iii. 283 (38).Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 04} Ibid., 310 (6).

^{page 20 note 05} Ibid., 300 (6).

^{page 20 note 06} Ibid., 301 (8). In 1391 the commons in full parliament had asserted that the king might suspend the statute by the advice of the lords. Ibid., 285.

^{page 21 note 01} Rot. Parl., iii. 415, 545.Google Scholar

^{page 21 note 02} Ibid., iii. 526, 604.

^{page 21 note 03} Ibid., iv. 275.

^{page 21 note 04} Ibid., iv. 94 (1416).

^{page 21 note 05} Ibid., iv. 419 (1433).

^{page 21 note 06} Nicolas, , Acts of the privy council, iv. 76.Google Scholar

^{page 21 note 07} Rot. Parl., iv. 502.Google Scholar

^{page 21 note 08} Ibid., v. 141–2, 143, 172, 228, 238.

^{page 21 note 09} Of the five successive prorogations of the parliament of 3 Edward IV, that on 4 Nov. 1463 is read in full parliament by the archbishop in the presence of the lords and commons (ibid., v. 498 f.), that on 5 May 1464 is by royal letters read in the great hall of the archbishop's palace at York before lords and commons in full parliament (ibid., v. 499 f.). The formula is not used for the prorogations on 17 June 1463 or 26 November 1464 (ibid., v. 500), and on 20 February 1464 the bishop of Lincoln reads the king's letters in the presence of the lords and commons in the great hall at York ‘palam et coram omnibus’ (ibid., v. 499).

^{page 21 note 010} Ibid., v. 497; vi. 4, 168, 197.

^{page 22 note 01} Rot Parl., v. 462, 618; vi. 197.Google Scholar

^{page 22 note 02} Ibid., vi. 39, 111, 149, 153, 197 (bis).

^{page 22 note 03} Ibid., vi. 153.

^{page 22 note 04} Ibid., v. 487.

^{page 22 note 05} Ibid., vi. 278.

^{page 22 note 06} Langlois, , op. cit., p. 78.Google Scholar

^{page 22 note 07} Langlois, , op. cit., p. 86.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 01} Actes du parlement de Paris, ed. Boutaric, E., i. 179, 201, 205, 206, 277, 283.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 02} Les olim, ed. Beugnot, A. A., ii. 191.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 03} Actes, i. 224.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 04} Brissaud, J., Hist, de droit français, i. 882.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 05} Madox, , Formulare, no. 687.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 06} Ibid., no. 660.

^{page 23 note 07} Deeds of dean and chapter of Windsor, xi.G.11, no. 14; Madox, , Formulare, no. 336.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 08} Chronicon de Melsa (R.S.), i. 309.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 09} Bracton's note book, case 754.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 010} B.M. MS. Harl. 1708, fo. 70b. I owe this reference to the President of the Society.

^{page 23 note 011} Cartulaire des îles normandes (Société Jersiaise), p. 140.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 012} Medieval administration of ike Channel Islands, p. 100.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 013} Cartulaire, pp. 444, 450, 453, 455, 457.Google Scholar

^{page 24 note 01} University of California publications in History, 1926. Note especially pp. 163 ff.

^{page 24 note 02} Chron. mon. de Abingdon (R.S.), ii. 226.Google Scholar

^{page 24 note 03} Burton Cartulary, William Salt Archaeological Collections, V. i. 48–9.Google Scholar

^{page 24 note 04} Reg. Malmesburiense (R.S.), i. 459–60.Google Scholar

^{page 24 note 05} Madox, , Formulare, no. 221.Google Scholar For transactions in full county of Cheshire, 1189–1222, see Cheshire Sheaf, 1923, pp. 9–12.Google Scholar

^{page 24 note 06} Stat. West., ii, c. 39.

^{page 24 note 07} Close Rolls, 1227–31, pp. 23, 46, 58Google Scholar; ibid., 1231–4, pp. 369, 403, 411, 427, 432. 477. 478. 499; Ibid., 1234–7, pp. 34, 51, 62, 132, 140, 203 (and ten more examples).

^{page 24 note 08} Compare Cheney, C. R., English Synodalia, p. 33Google Scholar, for a similar development in the diocesan synod.

^{page 25 note 01} Burton Cartulary, loc. cit., V. i. 178.Google Scholar

^{page 25 note 02} Eng. Hist. Rev., 1922, pp. 481–500.Google Scholar

^{page 25 note 03} Cheshire Sheaf, 1923, pp. 1–58Google Scholar; Calendar of county court rolls of Chester (Chetham Society, 1925), pp. 13, 23, 53, 95, 109, 134.Google Scholar

^{page 25 note 04} Cheshire Sheaf, 1923, p. 66.Google Scholar

^{page 25 note 05} Early English county court, pp. 131–42.Google Scholar

^{page 25 note 06} Besides Morris's instances, the notification by the Lord Edward in full county court of Cheshire of the appointment of a warden of forests and escheats in 1259 is of interest. Calendar of county court rolls of Chester, p. 2.Google Scholar

^{page 26 note 01} Constitutional history, §§ 128, 203Google Scholar; Select charters (9th ed.), p. 124.Google Scholar

^{page 26 note 02} Pollock, and Maitland, , H.E.L., i. 526.Google Scholar

^{page 26 note 03} Op. cit., p. 100.Google Scholar

^{page 26 note 04} Morris, , op. cit., p. 151Google Scholar; E.H.R., 1924, pp. 401–3.Google Scholar

^{page 26 note 05} Morris, , op. cit., p. 98.Google Scholar

^{page 26 note 06} Curia Regis Rolls, vi. 229–30.Google Scholar For other instances of the use of plenarius at this period to mean, apparently, the fully afforced court, see Monasticon, I. 44Google Scholar; II. 281; VI. i. 598; Madox, , Formulare, nos. 64, 195Google Scholar; MSS. of dean and chapter of Windsor, xi.G.11, no. 32; Lawrie, A. C., Early Scottish Charters, p. 166.Google Scholar

^{page 27 note 01} Rotuli Lit. Claus., i. 165–6.Google Scholar

^{page 27 note 02} Vicecomes comitatum plenum apud Ferneburgam congregans. Hist. Mon. de Abingdon (R.S.), ii. 228.Google Scholar

^{page 27 note 03} Rot. Lit. Cl., i. 437.Google Scholar Note also coram pleno comitatu in 1221 (Rolls of Justices in Eyre, vol. 59, Selden Soc., p. 367).Google Scholar

^{page 27 note 04} Bracton's note book, case 1672.

^{page 27 note 05} Rot. Parl., v. no.Google Scholar

^{page 28 note 01} Liber vitae ecclesiae dunelmensis (Surtees Soc.), i, fo. 46 v.Google Scholar I owe this reference to the kindness of Mr. C. R. Cheney.

^{page 28 note 02} Apart from, the Metz deed, en plain chapitre and in plena synodo seem to be the earliest examples of the construction.

^{page 28 note 03} Larson, L. M. in Haskins anniversary essays, p. 135.Google Scholar

^{page 28 note 04} Ficker, J., Forschungen zur Rechtsgeschichte Italiens, iv. 14, 53, 74.Google Scholar

^{page 28 note 05} Cited Brissaud, Hist, du droit français, ii. 1278.Google Scholar

^{page 29 note 01} Thévenin, , Textes relatifs aux institutions … carolingiennes, nos. 62, 69, 80, 81, 85, 90, 110, 134.Google Scholar See also Zeumer, , Formulae (Mon. Germ. Hist.), pp. 189, 214.Google Scholar

^{page 29 note 02} Thévenin, no. 132.

^{page 29 note 03} iv Edgar 3–5. (Liebermann, , i. 211.)Google Scholar

^{page 29 note 04} Kemble, , Cod. Dip., no. 186, 1034.Google Scholar

^{page 29 note 05} Kemble, , op. cit., nos. 923, 693, 998, 1288.Google Scholar

^{page 29 note 06} Kemble, , op. cit., no. 789.Google Scholar

^{page 29 note 07} Dd., i, 36.Google Scholar

^{page 29 note 08} Madox, , Formulare, p. xxiv.Google Scholar

^{page 29 note 09} Madox, , Formulare, nos. 322, 329.Google Scholar

^{page 29 note 010} Salter, H. E., Oxford charters, no. 52.Google Scholar

^{page 29 note 011} Jeayes, , Derbyshire charters, no. 1397.Google Scholar

^{page 29 note 012} Ibid., no. 134.

^{page 29 note 013} Madox, , Formulare, no. 316.Google Scholar

^{page 29 note 014} Round, J. H., Ancient charters, p. 73.Google Scholar

^{page 29 note 015} Royce, D., Landboc de Winchelcumba, p. 188.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 01} Chron. Mon. de Abingdon, ii. 160.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 02} Ibid., ii. 119.

^{page 30 note 03} Glanvill, , lib. i, c. 30.Google Scholar See also Bracton, De legibus, lib. iv, c. 15.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 04} Close rolls, 1247–51, p. 107.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 05} Rot. Parl., v. 499.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 06} Ibid., ii. 323; iii. 153, 241, 257, 258, 341.

^{page 30 note 07} Statute rolls of the parliament of Ireland, 12–13 to 21–22 Edward IV, p. 56.Google Scholar (I owe this reference to the kindness of Mr. Richardson.)

^{page 31 note 01} Note the Irish version of the Modus: (of obtaining license to depart from parliament) ‘Et hoc in pleno parliamento ita quod inde fiat mencio in rotulis parliamenti. Clarke, M. V., Medieval representation and consent, p. 389.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 02} Leges Henrici, 31, 4; 48, 5.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 03} Modus tenendi parliamentum, c. xviiGoogle Scholar (Clarke, M. V., op. cit., p. 381).Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 04} Rotuli parliamentarian … inediti, p. xi.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 05} Willard, and Morris, , English government at work, 1327–36, i. 108.Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 06} Baldwin, , Select cases before the king's council (S.S.), pp. 63, 69Google Scholar; cf. Introduction, p. xc, and Rot. Parl., ii. 330.Google Scholar

^{page 32 note 01} Rot. Parl., iii. 256 (19).Google Scholar

^{page 32 note 02} Memoranda de Parliamento de 1305 (R.S.), pp. 4, 293.Google Scholar I accept Maitland's interpretation of the passage (ibid., pp. xxxv–vi) rather than that of Wilkinson (op. cit., pp. 8–9Google Scholar) or of Cozens Hardy (Saint John peerage claim, p. 154Google Scholar) which I cannot regard as warranted by the French text.

^{page 32 note 03} Nicolas, , Proceedings of privy council, iv. 76.Google Scholar

^{page 32 note 04} It might be argued that the absence of the king in 1377 was due to Richard's minority, but in 1318 Edward II was absent when Langton's petition was read in full parliament. See E.H.R., 1932, p. 201, n. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 32 note 05} Rot. Parl., ii. 68.Google Scholar

^{page 33 note 01} See Jollifie, , ‘Some factors in the beginnings of parliament’, Trans. R. Hist. S., 1940, pp. 101–39.Google Scholar

^{page 33 note 02} Baldwin, , Select cases before the king's council (S.S.), pp. 117–18.Google Scholar

^{page 33 note 03} Pollard, , Reign of Henry VII, p. 56.Google Scholar

^{page 33 note 04} Ibid., p. 73.

^{page 33 note 05} Of the Judicature in Parliament, p. 120.Google Scholar

^{page 33 note 06} Ibid., p. 42.

^{page 33 note 07} Ibid., p. 164. Compare the contrast in c. 18 of the Irish Modus between in pleno and in aperto (Clarke, M. V., op. cit., pp. 389 f.).Google Scholar

^{page 33 note 08} Clarke, M. V., op. cit., p. 384.Google Scholar

^{page 33 note 09} Saint John peerage claim, p. 197.Google Scholar

^{page 34 note 01} Saint John peerage claim, p. 183.Google Scholar

^{page 34 note 02} Ibid., p. 72.

^{page 34 note 03} Nicolas, , Acts of the privy council, iv. 76.Google Scholar The discussion by A. R. Myers and W. H. Dunham of the record of 1449 preserved in MS. Harl. 6849, fo. 77 (John Rylands Bulletin, 10 1938Google Scholar; Speculum, 07 1942Google Scholar) illustrates the obscurity, at present, of the relations of the council and parliament at this date.

^{page 34 note 04} Note, for instance, the development of the fine.