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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 February 2009
In the sixteenth century England had not become Empress of the ocean; but the enterprising spirit which mainly contributed to her pre-eminence had induced her even then to compete with Spain, Portugal, and Genoa, for the sovereignty of the seas.
A favourite project of English navigators was the discovery of a direct passage through the polar seas to Cathay and India. They imagined that this passage could be found by ships sailing from English ports in a north-easterly direction. This theory being supported by the renowned navigator Sebastian Cabot, a company was registered in England under the title of “Merchants A dventurers for the Discoverie of Lands, Territories, and Seignories Unknown.” Each member was to subscribe not less than twenty-five pounds, and the company in a short time raised a capital of £6,000. The majority were swayed by the hope of gain; but there were some who desired to solve an interesting problem, and to advance the commercial interests of their country; among these were the Marquis of Winchester, the Earls of Arundel, Bedford, and Pembroke, and Lord Howard of Emngham.
Page 58 note * “First Forty Years of Intercourse between England and Russia, 1553—1593.” By Tolstoy, Geo.. St.Petersburg, 1875. Preface, pp. ii, iiiGoogle Scholar .
Page 59 note * , Hakluyt's Navigations, ii., 232–236Google Scholar .
Page 60 note * From the Dwina Chronicle, p. 125, we extract the following:— “Aug. 24 (1553), a ship arrived and anchored in the Dwina mouth, when one named Ritzert (Richard), envoy of the English King Edward, came to Kholmagora in boats, saying he was going to the Great Sovereign” (i.e., the Czar).
Page 60 note † Conf. with the descriptions of Kobenzel, the Austrian ambassador in 1575 (see Karamsin's Hist, of the Russian Empire, vol. ix.).
Page 62 note * To this word Hakluyt adds the following note: “Jair, I would reade Mair, that is in the Sarasen language; mixt of Turkish and Ægyptian; Februarie interpreted by them the moneth to set ships to the sea.”
Page 63 note * See Notes to vol. ix. of Karamsin's History of the Russian Empire.
Page 67 note * The original rouble as well as the original pound sterling was equal to 1 lb. of silver; but in the sixteenth century both had greatly decreased in value, the rouble in particular, so that the parallel indicated can be comprehended simply as explicative.
Page 71 note * Cotton MSS., Nero, B. xj., 332.
Page 74 note * Brit. Mus., Cotton MSS., Nero, Plut., xxii., E. 4.
Page 74 note † State Paper Office, London.
Page 75 note * Prince Athanasius Ivanowich Viasemsky.
Page 75 note † Peter Gregorieff.
Page 75 note ‡ Andrew Gregorievich.
Page 75 note § Simon Sevastianoff.
Page 77 note * This word is written on the margin.
Page 80 note * State Paper Office, London.
Page 80 note † Brit. Mus. Cotton MSS. Nero, B. xi., 331.
Page 82 note * These words have been erased.
Page 86 note * Brit. Mus. Cotton MSS., Nero, B. xi., 16.
Page 88 note * On the margin, “Midelton.”
Page 88 note * On the margin “Randall.”
Page 89 note * Prince Athanasius Ivanowich Viasemsky, John Mikhailof, and Andrew Vassilef.
Page 89 note * On the margin, “Reported by m-r Randolf honorablie.”
Page 89 note ‡ Peter Gregorief.
Page 89 note § On the margin: “Former lettres of the Q to be seen how much is aunswered and a fitt aunswere to be now made, and the lettres framed and brought by the Russ. Ambassadour to be seene.”
Page 89 note ∥ Incorrect translation: the original signifies, “without confirmation by oath.”
Page 90 note * Brit. Mus. Cotton MSS., Nero, B.xi., 341.
Page 91 note * Robert Best.
Page 92 note * Daniel Sylvester.
Page 93 note * Anthony Jenkinson.
Page 93 note † Ralph Rutter.
Page 94 note * , Hakluyt's “Navigations,” pp. 455,Google Scholar 456, 549, and 550.
Page 95 note * Public Record Office, London.
Page 96 note * State Paper Office, London.
Page 105 note * Daniell Syluester concerninge his yornaye to Mosco.
Page 105 note † A contemporary copy of these instructions is preserved in the British Museum, Cotton, Nero, B. xi., 343 and 393.
Page 106 note * Brit. Mus. Cotton MSS., Nero viij., 18 and 19.
Page 108 note * Brit. Mus. Cotton MSS., Nero viii. 18 and 19.
Page 113 note * For a full and detailed account of Pisseinsky's Embassy, and the affairs connected with it, see our article in the Reliquary, (quarterly journal of Archæology), edited by Llewellyn Jewitt, F.L.S., and entitled “Historical Notes relating to Czar John, ‘the Terrible,’ of Russia and Queen Elizabeth of England,” vol. xvi., pp. 1—18 (07, 1875)Google Scholar , with illustrations.
Page 115 note * Brit. Mus. Cotton MSS., Nero, b. viii. 29.
Page 119 note * Brit. Mus. Cotton MSS., Nero, B viij. 31.
Page 121 note * , Hakluyt's Navigations, p. 513Google Scholar .
Page 122 note * See Document, State Paper Office, London.